Chapter 2 Page 17-30.docx

17 of their speakers. The loss of any indigenous language brings with it a loss of culture, of a whole way of perceiving and representing the world. Linguistic diversity, perhaps particularly in the case of indigenous languages, needs to be protected as part of humanity’s global cultural heritage. In addition, Thorn (2011) in the article entitled “Interpreting and Translating Indigenous Language” stated that: Interpreting services (which are currently used very inefficiently in the public health system) are vital to beginning to establish some common understanding between a “white” medical system and its Indigenous patients, but words and word use alone do not equate

to

understanding, especially where those providing the information (i.e. health care professionals and interpreters) may

not fully comprehend the information

themselves or the implications of that information. Dr. Jane Thorn added that the only way to connect is to come in some way of not just communicating in words but communicating in a framework where can negotiate and do everything. According to Commonwealth Ombudsman (2011) in the article entitled “Interpreting and Translating Indigenous Language” he states that in his experience, without interpreters and proper regard to the language barriers that Indigenous Australians face, service delivery can be misdirected and damaging and people can be excluded from, and alienated by, the very programs designed to assist them. Further, if Indigenous languages are not preserved and then taken into account in service delivery to Indigenous Australians, many closing the gap initiatives will be undermined.

18 Additionally, Feely and Harzing (2010) shows in their article entitled “The Language Barrier and its Implications to the Social Interaction” that language barriers are therefore likely to play a key role in any multilingual group relationship. However, perhaps the most pronounced manifestation of the language barrier at society can be found in the relationship between a multilingual people and its society, a relationship characterized by several distinguishing features: Often, and especially in relationships born out of acquisitions, the language competence of the second language users is at neither extreme of the language barrier. Typically, the second language users will have some proficiency, but not enough to be totally relaxed and effective in the communication. Generally, the communications are not interpersonal in nature, but more typically are encounters between language groups. Each of these factors contributes to the difficulty of achieving and sustaining effective communications, and a productive, collaborative relationship. In the section below, the causes and nature of the problems are outlined in more detail. While the article “The Perilous State of Indigenous Languages in Australia” (2009) states that there is now a significant body of evidence which demonstrates a range of benefits for Indigenous peoples and minority groups when they maintain strong connections with their languages and culture. Having one’s mother tongue bestows various social, emotional, employment, cognitive and health advantages. Bilingualism provides yet another layer of advantage for minority language speakers. Keeping the mother tongue and then mastering

19 English for example, provides minority language speakers with the advantage of being able to operate in different contexts. Additionally, “The Perilous State of Indigenous Languages in Australia” (2009) states also that creating a language program where young language learners have an opportunity to learn to read and write in their first language. A resource such as this one has the potential to transform literacy education in Indigenous communities and to assist in the preservation and revitalization of Indigenous languages. Furthermore, Pettigrew and Troop (2009) found that bringing different racial and cultural groups into contact may generate more heat than light. When people who have different cultural and language backgrounds come together, issues could lead to conflict. Most public institutions in America are inadequately prepared to deal with diversity issues, which in turn can create huge cultural and language barriers for non-English speakers. According to Henderson (2009), each speech community considers certain forms of speech behavior as appropriate, with speakers frequently considering these norms as universal. If their expectations are not met in communication across language barriers, they may erroneously attribute language-based friction to their colleagues’ personalities and consequently form negative attitudes about members of other speech communities. Once these negative attributions take on a leading role, the relationship between employees from different speech communities can quickly deteriorate.

20 Bowen (2009) shows in her article entitled “Language Barriers in Communication”, that the evidence and implications provision of language access services should be viewed not as a separate “add-on” program, but as an essential component of a strategy to meet organizational goals – to manage risk, improve quality, reduce communication disparities, and establish partnership with vulnerable communities. Addressing language barriers is the one strategy for improving organizational cultural responsiveness that has the greatest evidence of effectiveness. Challenges to addressing these barriers include: low provider awareness of the risks of using inappropriate interpreters; marginalization of minority language communities from organizational planning; and the invisibility of the effects of language barriers to decision-makers in a climate where other issues appear more urgent. An additional barrier is the common view that interpretation services are too costly – and failure to consider the costs of failing to provide adequate language access. According to Feely and Harzing (2008) the true cost of the impact of language barriers has to be seen in terms of the way language barriers distort and damage the relationship. This leads towards pressure and constraints on the strategies followed by the organization. Language barriers affect the level of suspicion, mistrust and conflict between HQ and subsidiaries. Furthermore, U.S. Census Bureau (2000), states that more than 46 million people in the United States do not speak English as their primary language, and more than 21 million speak English less than very well. Confronting this language barrier is one of the major challenges for Vietnamese adult immigrants.

21 Foreign Study Christian Phuoc-Lanh and Phan June, (2012)conducted a study entitled “Recognizing the Effects of Comprehension Language Barriers and Adaptability Cultural Barriers on Selected First Generation Undergraduate Vietnamese Students”, they found out that the first-generation Vietnamese undergraduate students often feel frustrated, sad, angry, confused, and anxious about many areas of their new lives. As non-native English speaking individuals, having to constantly listen, speak, and write in English often becomes overwhelming for them. Although their written English language proficiency is quite good, many find it difficult to understand conversations because people speak in slang, or speak too quickly, or use idioms that they do not understand. In addition to that, Tassilo Schuster and Helene Tenzer (2010) found out in their study entitled “Language Barriers in Different Forms of International Activities” that language effects on emotions and power relations are crucial when expatriates have extensive interactions with people in the host country. In case of high interactions with people in the host country language effects on social identity formation have to be considered as well. On the contrary, language effects on trust come to the fore when expatriates have only limited interactions with people in the host country, no matter how intensely they interact with people. Mancini-cross, Backman, and Baldwin (2010) conducted the study entitled “The Effect of the Language Barrier on Intercultural Communication”, states that language is perceived as a barrier in study abroad programs as it may limit

22 students’ opportunities to interact with the local culture. It also revealed that the understanding of what appeared to a counterintuitive phenomenon in which the language inadequacy and the international inexperience of the students and the hosts should have acted as a barrier for an authentic intercultural experience. While Hones (2009) research drew on stories of many immigrant and refugee students arriving from Australia to the United States regarding how they daily faced the contradiction of their languages and cultures in a new society. Hones argued that teachers should offer a pathway to engage these students, honoring their linguistic and cultural abilities, acknowledging their many struggles, and encouraging their academic and social progress through a transformative educational process. However, one of the greatest challenges facing immigrant language learners in colleges is how to learn academic subject areas while learning a new culture and language at the same time. In actuality, some bilingual students have limited formal education experiences in their countries of origin, and low (or non-existent) literacy in their first language. Hones concluded that these factors can contribute to a lack of academic success in high school, and sometimes a failure to graduate. Moreover, Xu (2009) in his research about Chinese students entitled ‟ Adjustment to Learning in an American University”, says that they had difficulties caused by the language deficiency and not enough awareness of the differences in teaching and learning between China and USA. Furthermore, Parker, Rubalcava

and Teruel (2009) conducted the study

entitled “Schooling Inequality among the Indigenous: A Problem of Resources or

23 Language Barriers” and they states that instrumental variable procedures and evidence on schooling outcomes in bilingual educational programs, suggest that the language barrier for children who do not speak Spanish is an important factor that greatly reduces their educational achievement. Language barriers can thus be taken as an important factor behind the continued social exclusion of the monolingual indigenous. Jurij Zalokar (2008) conducted his study entitled, “Language Barrier Immigrants and Cultural Change”, and he concluded that both language barrier and the pressure of assimilation contribute in varying degrees to regressive emotional and pathological development. A monolingual culture instills xenophobic trends which stifle the positive potential of a multicultural society. Mainstreaming - merely a euphemism for forced acculturation - has increasingly become the final aim for multiculturalism in monolingual countries. In short, the discouragement and resulting dissolution of native language has been shown to play a primary role in the genesis of psychological and sociological pathologies. To amend these detrimental trends, ethnic minorities, cultures and language must be met with positive discrimination. To inspire a peaceful, culturally symbiotic existence, immigrants must be allowed to adapt without being forced to give up their previous identity, and encouraged to institutionalize valuable traditions within the structure of a multicultural society.

24 Local Literature Ma. Suzette Palao (2018) in her article “Barriers to Effective Communication” states that language is the means which is said to be the most effective means of communication with others. The language provides understanding of the content that an individual is willing to express or communicate with the others. When two persons or groups of people are involved in communicating with each other and if a common language is used that is understandable to all individuals then their objectives will be fulfilled and the process of communication will be made effective. In addition, Susan Lopez (2017) conducted the study entitled “Beyond the Language Barrier”, this study has provided information about the need to identify the strategies to overcome the language barrier and it highlights the need for the toolkit to improve the language barriers. Most of the respondents of the study have suggested Filipino classes, access to electronic devices and need for interpreters to overcome the language barrier. The toolkit is important and is to be made available in all areas of the organization. According to Jessica David (2015) in her article entitled “Language Barriers in Education”, she found out that language barrier in education has become a major problem due to the growing number of minority students who do not speak English. For that reason, it is clear that a language barrier has the great implications in social interaction especially in education. Therefore, it would be very difficult for the students to meet their potential, learn new things and succeed in their school.

25 Based to Raissa M. Ponce (2011), in her article entitled “Communication Problems in Second Language Learning of Indigenous People” language barriers can cause intense frustration for all parties involved. A person may feel inadequate, shameful and sad for not being able to understand and share simple ideas. People who are not able to speak the native language may grow frustrated at the missed opportunities, embarrassing mistakes, serious consequences and negative attitudes from others. A person that knows the native language may be frustrated at someone else for not knowing the language. This frustration can manifest in the form of hostility, avoidance or resentment. According to Jocelyn B. Balili (2009) in her article entitled “Problems Encountered in Social interaction By Indigenous People in Cagayan De Oro City”, the inability to speak in the native language prevents individuals from being able to fully express their personality and form bonds with others. The individual may feel isolated from the rest of the population. Language barriers can foment discrimination and separation of groups. Groups that share the same language may avoid other language groups. Professional growth is also hindered if the individual is not able to communicate with co-workers on a deeper level. Clemencia C. Espiritu (2009) states in her article entitled “Indigenous Languages and its implication to Community Development in Asia” that language barriers prevent the free flow of information. Two groups that speak different languages may have a valuable perspective on solving the same issue. However without the capability to communicate the differing ideas, the two groups miss out on new knowledge. It can be difficult for people who speak different languages to

26 learn from each other. During travel it can also weaken the cultural experience. Tourists may not understand the full cultural implications of events, sites and tradition.

Local Study Wilbert Auner Namoc (2018), conducted the study entitled “The impact of language barrier and communication style in community” and he states that language barriers often go hand-in hand with cultural differences, posing additional problems and misunderstandings in the community. Thus, language barriers can easily give impact in the communication because messages can easily be misconstrued. This study showed the impact of these barriers may be significant in communication. Language barriers cause difficulties of people to communicate with others, lack of communication could lead to low trust formation. In 2016, John Bryan L. Alamillo’s study entitled “Language Pattern and Attitudes Of Kinamiging Manobo Speaker” states that language diversity reflects a society’s richness in culture. Kinamiging Manobo, a language spoken in the southern Philippines, faces a threat of extinction posed by a more dominant language. The study aimed to determine the language patterns and the attitude of the speakers towards their language and the survival probability of the language.

27 Violeta B. Lopez (2013) conducted the study “The Effect of Language Differences on Social Interaction Behavior”, this study sates that language differences in language styles, along with the underlying differences in cultural values and thinking styles, become a major source of misunderstanding, distrust, and conflict in intercultural communication, as they often evoke group-based identity perceptions, as well as corresponding stereotypes and prejudices toward language and culturally different “out group” members. A case in point is how the long standing interethnic conflict between people with different languages may be attributable, in part, to differences in language styles that reflect deep-rooted differences in cultural values and thinking styles. According to the study entitled “The Magbukon Literary Arts Among The Aeta’s Of Bataan Philippines” (2012) found out that Magbukon is the indigenous dialect of an Aeta tribe in Bataan which is potentially extinct due to cultural erosion as a result of tribe’s assimilation with the lowlanders. Using ethnographic approach, this study focused on the preservation of Aeta Magbukon oral tradition as a means of preserving their language. Their literary arts are preserved only by oral tradition and being transferred by the elders to the younger generation.

Synthesis and Relevance of the Reviewed Literature and Studies The foreign article supported the present study because they show how language barrier distort and damage the relationship of people. They show that addressing language barriers is the one strategy for improving organizational cultural responsiveness that has the greatest evidence of effectiveness.

28 Furthermore, articles supported the present study because they show that creating a language program where young language learners have an opportunity to learn to read and write in their first language will be a good thing to preserve and revitalize indigenous languages and that there is a significant body of evidence which demonstrates a range of benefits for Indigenous peoples and minority groups when they maintain strong connections with their languages and culture. It also states that when there is a program for maintaining language connections with the indigenous communities it will help to have a better social interaction experience for them. The language barriers can bring people a bad experience in service delivery. It is related to the present study because it shows how language barrier affect social services delivery to the Indigenous people. Those article supports the present study because it states that language barriers limit the capacity of individuals to learn from their environment due to the lack of comprehension and ability to communicate. It is related to the present study because it focuses on how the language barrier affects the social interaction activities of people in terms of education and learning. The foreign study supports the present study because it concluded that language barriers contribute in varying degrees to regressive emotional and pathological development because the study is focus on how language barrier affect the indigenous people behavior not only in their social interaction activities. The language barrier is an important factor behind the continued social exclusion of the monolingual indigenous because the study is focus on how language barrier affect the social interaction of the indigenous people. This study supports

29 the present study because it states that language barrier is an important factor behind the continued social exclusion of the monolingual indigenous. The study focused on how language barrier affect the social interaction activities of the indigenous people in terms of learning and education. The language barrier was an important factor that can contribute to a lack of academic success in high school, and sometimes a failure to graduate. Thus, the study focused on how language barrier affect the social interaction of the indigenous people and one of this was in education activities especially in language learning. Those articles in local literature supported the present study because they state that to overcome language barriers it need a toolkit and it must be available in all areas of the organization. They were also related to the present study because they focused on strategies on how to overcome language barrier and that is to have a translator through the use of electronic devices. In addition, articles supported the present study because they stated that language barriers prevented the free flow of information and the difficulty to learn other languages. They were also related to the present study because they focused what were the problems encountered of people with different languages when they are communicating with each other. The language barriers can foment discrimination and separation of groups because thy focused on how the language barriers affect the social interaction of people and what were the problems they encountered in terms of discrimination and separation of groups. The local studies supported the present study because they stated that difference in languages was one of the reasons of having mistrust, distrust and

30 conflict in intercultural communication. They were related to the present study because the study was focused on what were the factors that affect the communication. As this study gains acceptance and credence from both the simple and the prudent, the education and wisdom encompassed in the language under study would have an explicit possibility of incessant transfer to the younger age group, thus, an extensive and positive reception of the culture and its people as a whole.