Chapter 16 Outlines-edited2

Kevin Zheng Euro History 6th Period September 20th, 2007 Chapter 16 Pages 433-445 VIII. The Renaissance in Italy (1375-1527) A. The Italian City-State: Social Conflict and Despotism 1. Italian cities expanded into states VIII. Humanism – study of Latin and Greek classics A. Petrarch, Dante, and Boccaccio 1. Francesco Petrarch – father of humanism 2. Dante Alighieri – Vita Nuevo, Divine Comedy 3. Giovanni Boccaccio – wrote the Decahedron B. Educational Reforms and Goals 1. Christie de Pisan – received as good as a man’s education. C. The Florentine “Academy” 1. Florentine “Academy” – formal teachings of Plato and the Neo Platonists D. Critical Work of the Humanists; Lorenzo Valla 1. Lorenzo Valla – author of the standard Renaissance text on Latin Philosophy, the Elegance of the Latin language 2. Exposed Donation of Constantine as forgery E. Renaissance Art 1. Oil paints, shading, proportioned figures in paintings F. Leonardo da Vinci 1. Foresaw future inventions 2. Painted Mona Lisa G. Raphael 1. The School of Athens H. Michelangelo 1. Sculpted David *** Pope Julius often quarreled with him about art. Also, he assigned Michelangelo the task of painting a tomb. This took four years. IX. Slavery in the Renaissance 1. After the Black Death, slavery demands soared 2. Bawdy – Dirty 3. Despest – Class that ruled through power (dictator, tyrant) 4. Renaissance – Age of the Individual honored artists 5. Because of trade routes, the Renaissance started in Italy 6. Petrarch wrote about his love for a married woman (Un-Christian) 7. Medici Family – Source of wealth X. Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasion (1494-1527) A. Treaty of Lodi – brought Milan, Naples, and traditional enemies, into alliance with Florence.

1. Alliance above goes against: Papal States and Venice (city-states) 2. Pope Alexander VI – wanted to attack Milan, wanted his kids to be royal B. Charles VIII’s March through Italy 1. While Charles VIII invaded Italy, Ferdinand of Aragon (fears France becoming stronger) countered with an alliance called the League of Venice 2. Did not end until 1559 3. Ludovico il Moro joined Venice, forcing Charles VIII to retreat C. Pope Alexander VI and the Borgia Family 1. Alexander VI withdraws from League of Venice, League looses Milan to France 2. 1469 – Louis XII invades Milan, 1500, he and Ferdinand of Aragon divided Naples between themselves. Cesare Borgia conquers the cities of Romagna without opposition. D. Pope Julius II – brought Renaissance papacy to peak of power 1. Pope Julius II places Borgia’s lands in Romagna 2. Holy League consists of: Julius II, Ferdinand, Venice, Emperor Maximilian I, and Swiss 3. By 1512, French fully retreated out of Italy, beaten by Swiss, 1513, Novara 4. Francis I has French invade Italy, massacres Swiss soldiers, Marignano, September, 1515 5. Concordat of Bologna – Italian Pope gave French king control over French clergy and the right to collect taxes from them, in exchange for French recognition of the pope’s superiority over church councils. 6. Habsburg – Valois wars – four wars in first half of the sixteenth century. None of which Franc won. E. Niccolò Machiavelli – a wealthy political philosopher from Italy 1. Nicolò Machiavelli believed that Italian political unification and independence were ends that justified the means. 2. Wrote the Prince in 1513 XI. Revival of Monarchy: Nation Building in the Fifteenth Century 1. King and people joined 2. Higher classes thought they were immune from government taxation A. France 1. Collapse of the English holdings in France 2. Charles the Bold – killed in Nancy, 1477. Dream of Burundian empire died with him. 3. France as divided as it was during the Hundred Years’ War 4. A defeated nation B. Spain 1. Isabella of Castile – wife of Ferdinand of Aragon (1469) 2. Together they secured borders and improved Spain 3. ended Islam, Judaism, and Christianity’s coexistence 4. Tomas de Torquemada – Isabella’s confessor (priest) C. England 1. House of York and Lancaster – sides during The War of the Roses 2. 1461 – Edward IV seized power

3. Henry Tudor – exiled Lancastrian 4. Henry married Elizabeth of York, gains power, joins forces 5. Shaped a monarchy 6. Exiled – Sent away 7. Edward IV – Son of Duke of York, brings York into power 8. Edward’s brother – Richard III 9. Henry VII – The king of York (also known as Henry Tudor) 10. Secular – non religious