Chapter 1 Introduction To Physics Teacher' Guide
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
Mechanical Energy
1.1 Understanding Physics PHYSICS Mechanical Energy
Study of the natural phenomena and the properties of matter. Matter
Solid
Light Energy
Energy
states
Liquid
Heat Energy
Wave Energy
forms
Electrical Energy
Gas
Nuclear Energy Chemical Energy
Properties of Matter
Relationship with matter
Relationship with energy
Properties of Energy
in the fields of
Mechanics
Properties of matter
Wave
Heat
Electronics
Electricity & Electromagnetism
Light
1
Atomic Physics & Nuclear
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
1.2
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Base quantity
any quantity that can be measured by a scientific instrument. A physical quantity is …………………………………………………………………….. stopwatch, metre rule balance,thermometer,ammeter Examples of scientific instruments etc. :……………………………………………………… A base quantity is a physical quantity which cannot be defined in terms of other physical
1 2 3
quantities. 4
Study the following picture and list the physical quantities that can be measured. The list of physical quantities : Height, 1. ………………………………………. mass, 2. ………………………………………. size, 3. ………………………………………. age, 4. ………………………………………. temperature, 5. ………………………………………. current 6. ………………………………………. Power, 7. ………………………………………. Thermal energy 8. ……………………………………….
battery
5
List of 5 basic physical quantities and their units. Base quantity
Symbol
S.I. Unit
Length
l
meter
Mass Time
m
kilogram
kg
t
second
s
I
Amppere
A
T
Kelvin
K
Current Temperature 6
Symbol for S.I. Unit m
Two quantities that have also identified as basic quantity. There are : i) …………………………..unit ………….. ii) ………………………. unit ………… Light intensity candela Amount of substance mol
…..
2
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
Standard Form 1
large and small numbers Standard form = A x 10n , simplify 1the < Aexpression < 10 and nof=very integer
2
Standard form is used to …………………………………………………………………...
3
Some physical quantities have extremely small magnitudes. Write the following 6.37 x 106 m
quantities in standard form :
-27
1.673 x 10 kg a. Radius of the earth = 6 370 000 m =…………………………………………………. -4
3.0 000 x 10000 m 000 000 000 000 911 kg =………... b. Mass of an electron = 0.000 000 000 000 -8
7.2 x 10 m c. Size of a particle = 0.000 03 m = ……………………………………………………… -7
5.5 x 10 b. Diameter of an atom = 0.000 000 072 m = …………………………………………... c. Wavelength of light = 0.000 000 55 m = …………………………………………….. represent a large physical quantity or extremely small quantity in S.I units. before the as a multiplying factor. 1. Prefixes are usually used tounit ………………………………………………………………... Prefixes
2. It will be written …………………………………………………………………………… 3. The list of prefixes : 12
10
Tera (T)
109
Giga (G)
106
Mega (M)
2
10-3
kilo (k) Hekto (ha) Deka (da) desi (d) centi (s) mili (m)
10-6
micro (µ)
10-9
nano (n)
10-12
pico (p)
10 3 10 1
10 10-10 10 10-2
Eg :
1 x 1012 m 1 Tm = ……………………………………. 3.6 x 10-3A 3.6 mA = ……………………………………. How to change the unit ; Eg : 6 1. Mega to nano1.33 MA = 1.33 x 10 A = 1.33 x 10 6-(-9) nA = 1.33 x 10 -15 nA 2. Tera to micro1.23 Tm to unit µm unit 1.23 Tm = 1.23 x 10 12m = 1.23 x 10 12 – (-6)m = 1.23 x 10 18m 3. piko to Mega 5456 pA to MA unit 5456 pA = 5.456 x 10 3 + (-12) pA
= 5.456 x 10 -9pA 4. Some physical quantities have extremely large magnitudes. These extremely large and -9 –(6) small values can be written in standard form or using standard prefixes. Write the = 5.456 x 10 MA quantities in standard prefixes: 9.1 x 10 1MHz = 5.456 x 10 -15 MA a. Frequency of radio wave = 91 000 000 Hz = …………………………………………. 12.8 Mm = 1.28 x 10 1 Mm b. Diameter of the earth = 12 800 000 m = ……………………………………………… 383 Mm = 3.83 x 10 2 Mm 3
6.0 x 10 12 Tm
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
c. Distance between the moon and the earth = 383 000 000 m = ……………………… d. Mass of the earth = 6 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg = ……………………… Derived quantities 1 2
a physical quantity which combines several basic quantities A derived quantity is …….………………………………………………………………… through multiplication, division or both ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Determine the derived unit for the following derived quantities. Derived quantity
Formula
Derived unit
Name of derived unit
area
area = length x width
m x m = m2
–
volume
volume = length x width x height
m x m x m = m3
–
density velocity
density = velocity =
mass volume
kg m
displacement time
3
= kg m −3
–
m = m s −1 s
–
momentum
momentum = mass x velocity
kg m s-1
–
Acceleration
change in velocity acceleration = time
m s −1 = m s -1 s −1 s = m s −2
–
Force
force = mass x acceleration
kg m s-2
Newton (N)
pressure weight work power
pressure =
force area
kg m s-2 / m2
-2 weight = mass x gravitational acceleration kg ms
work = force x displacement
power =
work time
kinetic energy
1 K.E = × mass × velocity 2 2
potential energy
P.E = mass x gravitational acceleration x height
charge
charge = current x time
voltage
voltage =
work charge
4
kg m-1 s-2 (Nm-2) Newton (N)
Nm
Joule (J)
J s -1
Watt (W)
Kg ms-2
Joule (J)
Kg ms-2
Joule (J)
Ampere second (As)
Coulomb (C)
J C-1
Volt (v)
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
Derived quantity resistance
Formula resistance =
Derived unit
Name of derived unit
v A-1
Ohm (Ω)
voltage current
Note that the physical quantities such as width, thickness, height, distance, displacement, perimeter, radius and diameter arewhich equivalent to length. Quantity has only magnitude or size 1.3 1 2
Length, Speed, volume SCALARMass, AND VECTOR QUANTITIES Quantity which has magnitude or size and direction. Scalar quantities are ……………………………………………………………………… Velocity, Force, Displacement, Acceleration Examples : ………………………………………………………………………………… Vector quantities are………………………………………………………………………... Examples : …………………………………………………………………………………
3
Study the following description of events carefully and then decide which events require magnitude, direction or both to specify them.
Ý
Description of events Magnitude Ý 0 1. The temperature in the room is 25 C 2. The location of Ayer Hitam is 60 km to the northwest of Johor Bahru
Direction Ý Ý
3. The power of the electric bulb is 80 W Ý
4. A car is travelling at 80 km h-1 from Johor Bahru to Kuala Lumpur 1.4
Ý
MEASUREMENTS
Using Appropriate Instruments to Measure measuring instrument with different measuring capabilities. 1
There are various types of…………………………………………………………………. measure a particular quantity.
2
We must know how to choose the appropriate instrument to ……………………………..
3
Examples of instrument and its measuring ability. Measuring instrument Measuring tape Meter rule Vernier caliper Micrometer screw gauge
4
Range of measurement
Smallest scale division
Up to a few meters 1m
0.1 cm 0.1 cm (0.01 m)
10 cm
less than Sample of measuring instruments : 2 cm (20 mm) 5 is use to measure electric current
0.01 cm 0.001 cm (0.01 mm)
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
4.1 Ammeter : …………………………………………………………………………….. 1
1 2 reading the volume of liquid. is3incorret use to determine
2
0
4
pointer
3
0
4
pointer
mirror
correct reading
mirror
Pointer’s image is behind the pointer Pointer’s image can be seen 4.2 Measuring cylinder : …………………………………………………….................... wrong position of eye Rightthe position is use to determine lengthof eye (eye are in a line perpendicular to the plane of the scale) wrong position of eye water
4.3 Ruler : ……………………………………………………………………………………… wrong 10
11
12
right
wrong
13
14
15
Reading = ……………… cm
small object
depth of a hole
external diameter of a cylinder or pipe
internal diameter of a pipe or tube 0.1 cm
4.4 Vernier calliper A venier calliper is used to measure : a. ………………………………………………b. …………………………………………. c. ………………………………………………d. …………………………………………. A vernier calliper gives readings to an accuracy of …………………………………...…. cm.
0.9 inside jaws 0.09 Vernier scale1 cm 0
2
3
4 Main scale SKALA 0.01 cm
0
outside jaws Main scale in cm
Length of vernier scale = ……… cm
0
0.2 cm
1
Vernier scale is divided into 10 divisions
0.06 cm 0.26 cm
0
5
10
Vernier scale
The differenct between the main scale and vernier scale is = ……………………………. cm 6
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
Length of the divisions = ………. cm
0
Main scale
1
0
= ………………….
1 2 3 4 5
cm
6 7 8 9 10
Find the division of vernier scale which is coincides with any part of the main scale
Vernier scale = ………………….. Final reading = …………………..
The diagram below shows a vernier calliper with reading. 0
1
0
5
0.15 Vernier calliper reading = ……………. cm
10
4.5 Micrometer screw gauge. A micrometer screw gauge is used to measure : objects that are small in size a. ……………………………………………… diameter of a wire b. …………………………………………. diameter of small spheres such as ball bearings c. ……………………………………………… One complete turn of the thimble (50 division) moves the spindle by 0.50 mm. Division of thimble 0.5 ÷ 50 = ………………….. 0.01 mm = ………………….. A accuracy of micrometer 0.01 mm screw gauge = ……………..
4.5 mm Sleeve scale : …………… 0.22 mm Thimble scale : …………. 4.62 mm Total reading : …………..
Example : 2.0 mm Sleeve scale : …………… 0.22 mm Thimble scale : …………. 2.22 mm Total reading : …………... 4.6 Some others measuring instruments :
7
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
Analogue stopwatch digital stopwatch ……………………… ……………………
Measuring tape ……………………….
thermometer miliammeter ……………………… ………..
measuring cylinder ……………………..
beaker ………………
Hands-on activity 1.1 on page 1 of the practical book to learn more about choosing appropriate instruments. Exercise: Vernier Callipers And Micrometer Screw Gauge 1. Write down the readings shown by the following (a) 7 8
5
0
4
(b)
A
B
P 0
(c)
10
5
Answer: …4.27 cm…………..
Q 10
5
Answer: …7.79 cm…………..
6
7
Answer: ……6.28 cm……….. 0
(d)
1
5 1
0
0
10
5
8
Answer: …0.02 cm…………..
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
2. (a) The following diagram shows the scale of a vernier calliper when the jaws are closed. 1
0
0
10
5
Zero error = …0.02……… cm (b).
The following diagram shows the scale of the same vernier calliper when there are 40 pieces of cardboard between the jaws. 5
6
Reading shown
10
5
0
= …5.64…….cm
Corrected reading = …5.62……..cm 3.
Write
(a)
down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges. (b)
0
40
5
0
5
3 5
10
35
3 0
Answer: ………………………….
Answer:…………………..
(c)
(d) 25
0
0
5
20
15
Answer:…………………………
Answer:…………………….
4. (a) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.
0
20
0
0
5
0 9
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
45
Zero error = …0.02…….. mm
Zero error = …0.03…….. mm
(b) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges. 0
5
0
20
5
0
15
Zero error = 0.03………mm
Reading shown
= 6.67………..mm
Corrected reading = 6.64………..mm 5. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges. (a) (b) 0
40
5
0
5
3 5
10
35
3 0
Answer: …6.88 mm…………
Answer: …..12.32 mm……
(c)
(d) 25
0
0
20
5
20
15
Answer:………4.71 mm…………
Answer:
9.17 mm…………
6. (a) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges. 0
0
0 45
Zero error = …-0.02 mm
5
0
Zero error = …0.03.. mm
(b) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.
0
0
5 0
10
5
20
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
15
Reading shown
Zero error = …0.03.mm
= ….6.67..mm
Corrected reading = …6.64..mm Accuracy and consistency in measurements. The ability of an instrument to measure nearest to the actual value 1. Accuracy : ………………………………………………………………………………… The ability of an instrument to measure consistently with little or no relative 2. Consistency :deviation ……………………………………………………………………………… among readings. The ability of an instrument to detect a small change in the quantity measured. 3. Sensitivity : …………………………………………………………………………………
target
consistent but inaccurate consistent and accurate inaccurate and not consistent ………………………… ……………………… ……………………………..
target
Accurate but not consistent inaccurate but consistent inaccurate but not consistent …………………….. …………………………….. ……………………………… Hands-on activity 1.2 on page 2 of the practical book to determine the sensitivity of some measuring instruments. Errors in measurements
of approximation only.
how close the measurement is to the actual value. 1. All measurements are values ……………………………………………………………… exist in all measurements. 2. In other word, it is aerror matter of …………………………………………………………… 3. This is because …………………………………………………………………………… Systematic errors 4. Two main types of errors: 4.1 …………………………………………… a weakness of the instrument Occurs due to : the difference between reaction time of the brain and the action. a) ……………………………………………………………………………………… zero error is when the pointer is not at zero when not in use. b) ……………………………………………………………………………………… c) ………………………………………………………………………………………
Range of the measuring instrument – absolute error . Reaction time of the brain.
11
Initial reading is not at the zero scale –
zero error
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
Examples : Refer to the smallest reading that can be measured by an instrument. a) ……………………………………………………………………………………… b) ……………………………………………………………………………………… c) ………………………………………………………………………………………
Absolute error : ……………………………………………………………………………… If, the smallest reading = 0.1 cm Then, Absolute error = 0.1 / 2 = 0.05 cm ……….………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………. Example :
It occurs because the position of the eye is not perpendicular to the scale of the instrument. wrong right position of the eye (no error)
wrong Parallax error : ……………………………………………………………………………… Random error where the pointer is not at zero when not in use carelessness in making the
measurement.
parallex error , incorrect positioning 0
sudden change of1 ambient factors cm
of the eye when taking the
0 as temperature or1 air such
readings.
cm circulation.
Zero error : …………………………………………………………………………………... 0Readings 1 2 3 4 5 6are 7 8 close 9 10 to the actual value but 2 3 4are 5 6not 7 8 consistent. 9 10 Correct reading = observed reading – zero error 0 1they +0.03 cm Zero error by = consistently repeating the measurement at different places in Can be minimized Positive zero error negative zero error - 0.04 cm Zero error = an identical manner. Horizontal 3 divisions above reference 2 divisions below horizontal reference horizontal reference Gather all available information about the object or phenomenon to be studied. Using the five senses, sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell. Zero error of screw meter gauge Positive zero error A conclusion from an observation or phenomena using information that already exist. Zero error = Zero error = Horizontal reference
Variables are factors or physical quantities which change in the course of a scientific investigation. 4.2 …………………………………………….. There are three variables : Occurs due to i. Manipulated variables – physical quantity which change according to the aim of the experiment. a) ……………………………………………………………………………………… ii. Responding variables – physicals quantity which is the result of b) ……………………………………………………………………………………… the changed by manipulated variable. iii. Fixed variables – physicals quantities which are kept constantduring the experiment. 12
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
c) ………………………………………………………………………………………
Example : a) …………………………………………………………………………………..… b) …………………………………………………………………………………….. ..................................................................................................................... 1.5
SCIENCETIFIC INVESTIGATION Steps
Explanation
1
Making observation
2
Drawing inferences
3
Identifying and controlling variables
4
Formulating a Statement of relationship between the manipulated variable and the hypothesis responding variable those we would expect. Hypothesis can either be true or false.
5
Conducting experiments
i. Conduct an experiment includes the compilation and interpretation of data. ii. Making a conclusion regarding the validity of the hypothesis.
Plan and report an experiment Situation : A few children are playing on a different length of swing in a playground. It is found that the time of oscillation for each swing is different. Steps 1
Inference
2
Hypothesis
Example : refer to the situation above The period of the oscillation depends on the length of the pendulum. When the length of the pendulum increases, the period of the oscillation increases. Investigate the relationship between length and period of a simple pendulum. Manipulated variable : the length of the pendulum. 13 Responding variable : Period Fixed variable : the mass of the pendulum and the displacement.
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________ 3 Aim 4
Variables
5
List of apparatus and materials
6
Arrangement of the apparatus
Retort stand
protractor
ll
bob
7
Procedures
8
Tabulate the data
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure above. 2. Measure the length of the pendulum,l = 60.0 cm by using a meter rule. 3. Give the pendulum bob a small displacement 300.Time of 10 oscillations is measured by using a stop watch. 4. Repeat the timing for another 10 oscillations. Calculate the average time. Period = t10 oscillations 10 5. Repeat steps 2, 3 and 4 using l = 50.0 cm, 40.0 cm, 30.0 cm and 20.0 cm Length,l Length,l / cm 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0
Time for 10 oscillations / s 2 Average 15.8 15.7 15.8 15.0 15.0 15.0 13.1 13.1 13.1 11.9 11.9 11.9 9.9 9.9 9.9
1
14
Period/ s (T = t10/10) 1.58 1.50 1.31 1.19 0.99
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
9
Analyse the data
T/s
Graf of period, T vs pendulum’s length, l
1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
10
20
30
1 0
40
60 l / cm
50
Discussion
Conclusion
Precautions : 1. Oscillation time is measured when the pendulum attained a steady state. 2. Time for 10 oscillations is repeated twice to increase accuracy. 3. Discussion (refer to given questions)
11
The period increases when the length of the pendulum increases. Hypothesis accepted.
Reinforcement Chapter 1 Part A :Objective Question A Newton C ampere
1. Which of the following is a base SI quantity? A Weight B Energy C Velocity D Mass
B kilogram D second
4. Which of the following quantities cannot be derived? A Electric current B Power C Momentum D Force
2. Which of the following is a derived quantity? A Length B Mass C Temperature D Voltage
5. Which of the following quantities is not derived from the basic physical quantity of length? A Electric charge B Density C Velocity D Volume
3. Which of the following is not a basic unit?
15
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Initial velocity u, final velocity v, time t and another physical quantity k is related by the equation v - u = kt. The unit for k is A m s-1 B m-1 s -2 C ms D m2 s-2
B scalar quantities C derived quantities D vector quantities 13. Which of the following shows the correct conversion of units? A 24 mm3 =2.4 x 10-6 m3 B 300 mm3=3.0 x 10-7 m3 C 800 mm3=8.0 x 10-2 m3 D 1 000 mm3=1.0 x 10-4 m3
7. Which of the following has the smallest magnitude? A megametre B centimetre C kilometre D mikrometre
14. Which of the following measurements is the shortest ? A 3.45 x 103 m B 3.45 x 104 cm C 3.45 x 107 mm D 3.45 x 1012 µm
8. 4 328 000 000 mm in standard form is A 4.328 x 10-9 m B 4.328 x 10-6 m C 4.328 x 106 m D 4.328 x 109 m 9. Which of the following measurements is the longest? A 1.2 x 10-5 cm B 120 x 10-4 dm C 0.12 mm D 1.2 x 10-11 km
15. The Hitz FM channel broadcasts radio waves at a frequency of 92.8 MHz in the north region. What is the frequency of the radio wave in Hz? A 9.28 x 104 B 9.28 x 105 7 C 9.28 x 10 D 9.28 x 1010
10. The diameter of a particle is 250 µm. What is its diameter in cm? A 2.5 x 10-2 B 2.5 x 10-4 -6 C 2.5 x 10 D 2.5 x 10-8
16. An object moves along a straight line for time, t. The length of the line, s is 1 2 given by the equation s = gt . The 2 SI unit of g is A m2 s2 B m s-2 C s-1 D s-2 m Part B : Structure Question
11. Which of the following prefixes is arranged in ascending order? A mili, senti, mikro, desi B mikro, mili, senti, desi C mili, mikro, desi, senti D desi, mikro, mili, senti
12. Velocity, density, force and energy are A basic quantities 1. A car moves with an average speed of 75 km h-1 from town P to town Q in 2 hours as shown in Figure 1. By using this information, you may calculate the distance between the two towns. P Q
Figure 1 (a) (i) Based on the statements given, state two basic quantities and their respective SI units. Distance : m and time : s ……………………………………………………………………………………… (ii) State a derived quantity and its SI unit. Speed – m s-1 ………………………………………………………………………………………
16
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
(b) Convert the value = 0.2 x 103 m = 2.0 x 102 m
1 . m to standard form. 5 x 10-3
(c) Complete Table 1 by writing the value of each given prefix.
10-9 10-6 106 109
Table 1 (d) Power is defined as the rate of change of work done. Derive the unit for power in terms of its basic units. work Force × displacement kgms −2 × m Power = = Unit = = kg m2 s-3 time time s (e) Calculate the volume of a wooden block with dimension of 7 cm, 5 cm breadth and 12
cm height in m3 and convert its value in standard form. Volume = (7 x 10-2) (5 x 10-2) (12 x 10-2) = 420 x 10-6 = 4.20 x 10-4 m3
2. Figure 2 shows an ammeter of 0—3 A range.
Figure 2 Mirror (a) (i) Name component X. ………………………………………………………………... To avoid parallax error (ii) What is the function of X? ………………………………………………………….
17
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
(b) Table 2 shows three current readings obtained by three students.
Table 2 No (i) Did all the students use the ammeter in Figure2? ..…………………………………. (ii) Explain your answer in (b)(i). 3rd readings obtained by student 2 and 3 are out of the meter range. ……………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Figure 3 shows the meniscus of water in a measuring cylinder K, L, and M are three eye positions while measuring the volume of the water. (a) (i) Which of the eye positions is correct while L taking the reading of the volume of water? …….…………………………… ………
Figure 3 (b) The water in the measuring cylinder is replaced with 30 cm3 of mercury. (i) In The cohesive force is Figure drawthe theadhesive meniscus of the larger4,than force mercury in the measuring cylinder. Figure 4 (ii) Explain why the shape of the meniscus of mercury is as drawn in (b)(i). ………………………………………………………………………………………
18
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
Mechanical Energy
1.1 Understanding Physics PHYSICS Mechanical Energy
Study of the natural phenomena and the properties of matter. Matter
Solid
Light Energy
Energy
states
Liquid
Heat Energy
Wave Energy
forms
Electrical Energy
Gas
Nuclear Energy Chemical Energy
Properties of Matter
Relationship with matter
Relationship with energy
Properties of Energy
in the fields of
Mechanics
Properties of matter
Wave
Heat
Electronics
Electricity & Electromagnetism
Light
1
Atomic Physics & Nuclear
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
1.2
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Base quantity
any quantity that can be measured by a scientific instrument. A physical quantity is …………………………………………………………………….. stopwatch, metre rule balance,thermometer,ammeter Examples of scientific instruments etc. :……………………………………………………… A base quantity is a physical quantity which cannot be defined in terms of other physical
1 2 3
quantities. 4
Study the following picture and list the physical quantities that can be measured. The list of physical quantities : Height, 1. ………………………………………. mass, 2. ………………………………………. size, 3. ………………………………………. age, 4. ………………………………………. temperature, 5. ………………………………………. current 6. ………………………………………. Power, 7. ………………………………………. Thermal energy 8. ……………………………………….
battery
5
List of 5 basic physical quantities and their units. Base quantity
Symbol
S.I. Unit
Length
l
meter
Mass Time
m
kilogram
kg
t
second
s
I
Amppere
A
T
Kelvin
K
Current Temperature 6
Symbol for S.I. Unit m
Two quantities that have also identified as basic quantity. There are : i) …………………………..unit ………….. ii) ………………………. unit ………… Light intensity candela Amount of substance mol
…..
2
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
Standard Form 1
large and small numbers Standard form = A x 10n , simplify 1the < Aexpression < 10 and nof=very integer
2
Standard form is used to …………………………………………………………………...
3
Some physical quantities have extremely small magnitudes. Write the following 6.37 x 106 m
quantities in standard form :
-27
1.673 x 10 kg a. Radius of the earth = 6 370 000 m =…………………………………………………. -4
3.0 000 x 10000 m 000 000 000 000 911 kg =………... b. Mass of an electron = 0.000 000 000 000 -8
7.2 x 10 m c. Size of a particle = 0.000 03 m = ……………………………………………………… -7
5.5 x 10 b. Diameter of an atom = 0.000 000 072 m = …………………………………………... c. Wavelength of light = 0.000 000 55 m = …………………………………………….. represent a large physical quantity or extremely small quantity in S.I units. before the as a multiplying factor. 1. Prefixes are usually used tounit ………………………………………………………………... Prefixes
2. It will be written …………………………………………………………………………… 3. The list of prefixes : 12
10
Tera (T)
109
Giga (G)
106
Mega (M)
2
10-3
kilo (k) Hekto (ha) Deka (da) desi (d) centi (s) mili (m)
10-6
micro (µ)
10-9
nano (n)
10-12
pico (p)
10 3 10 1
10 10-10 10 10-2
Eg :
1 x 1012 m 1 Tm = ……………………………………. 3.6 x 10-3A 3.6 mA = ……………………………………. How to change the unit ; Eg : 6 1. Mega to nano1.33 MA = 1.33 x 10 A = 1.33 x 10 6-(-9) nA = 1.33 x 10 -15 nA 2. Tera to micro1.23 Tm to unit µm unit 1.23 Tm = 1.23 x 10 12m = 1.23 x 10 12 – (-6)m = 1.23 x 10 18m 3. piko to Mega 5456 pA to MA unit 5456 pA = 5.456 x 10 3 + (-12) pA
= 5.456 x 10 -9pA 4. Some physical quantities have extremely large magnitudes. These extremely large and -9 –(6) small values can be written in standard form or using standard prefixes. Write the = 5.456 x 10 MA quantities in standard prefixes: 9.1 x 10 1MHz = 5.456 x 10 -15 MA a. Frequency of radio wave = 91 000 000 Hz = …………………………………………. 12.8 Mm = 1.28 x 10 1 Mm b. Diameter of the earth = 12 800 000 m = ……………………………………………… 383 Mm = 3.83 x 10 2 Mm 3
6.0 x 10 12 Tm
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
c. Distance between the moon and the earth = 383 000 000 m = ……………………… d. Mass of the earth = 6 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg = ……………………… Derived quantities 1 2
a physical quantity which combines several basic quantities A derived quantity is …….………………………………………………………………… through multiplication, division or both ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Determine the derived unit for the following derived quantities. Derived quantity
Formula
Derived unit
Name of derived unit
area
area = length x width
m x m = m2
–
volume
volume = length x width x height
m x m x m = m3
–
density velocity
density = velocity =
mass volume
kg m
displacement time
3
= kg m −3
–
m = m s −1 s
–
momentum
momentum = mass x velocity
kg m s-1
–
Acceleration
change in velocity acceleration = time
m s −1 = m s -1 s −1 s = m s −2
–
Force
force = mass x acceleration
kg m s-2
Newton (N)
pressure weight work power
pressure =
force area
kg m s-2 / m2
-2 weight = mass x gravitational acceleration kg ms
work = force x displacement
power =
work time
kinetic energy
1 K.E = × mass × velocity 2 2
potential energy
P.E = mass x gravitational acceleration x height
charge
charge = current x time
voltage
voltage =
work charge
4
kg m-1 s-2 (Nm-2) Newton (N)
Nm
Joule (J)
J s -1
Watt (W)
Kg ms-2
Joule (J)
Kg ms-2
Joule (J)
Ampere second (As)
Coulomb (C)
J C-1
Volt (v)
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
Derived quantity resistance
Formula resistance =
Derived unit
Name of derived unit
v A-1
Ohm (Ω)
voltage current
Note that the physical quantities such as width, thickness, height, distance, displacement, perimeter, radius and diameter arewhich equivalent to length. Quantity has only magnitude or size 1.3 1 2
Length, Speed, volume SCALARMass, AND VECTOR QUANTITIES Quantity which has magnitude or size and direction. Scalar quantities are ……………………………………………………………………… Velocity, Force, Displacement, Acceleration Examples : ………………………………………………………………………………… Vector quantities are………………………………………………………………………... Examples : …………………………………………………………………………………
3
Study the following description of events carefully and then decide which events require magnitude, direction or both to specify them.
Ý
Description of events Magnitude Ý 0 1. The temperature in the room is 25 C 2. The location of Ayer Hitam is 60 km to the northwest of Johor Bahru
Direction Ý Ý
3. The power of the electric bulb is 80 W Ý
4. A car is travelling at 80 km h-1 from Johor Bahru to Kuala Lumpur 1.4
Ý
MEASUREMENTS
Using Appropriate Instruments to Measure measuring instrument with different measuring capabilities. 1
There are various types of…………………………………………………………………. measure a particular quantity.
2
We must know how to choose the appropriate instrument to ……………………………..
3
Examples of instrument and its measuring ability. Measuring instrument Measuring tape Meter rule Vernier caliper Micrometer screw gauge
4
Range of measurement
Smallest scale division
Up to a few meters 1m
0.1 cm 0.1 cm (0.01 m)
10 cm
less than Sample of measuring instruments : 2 cm (20 mm) 5 is use to measure electric current
0.01 cm 0.001 cm (0.01 mm)
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
4.1 Ammeter : …………………………………………………………………………….. 1
1 2 reading the volume of liquid. is3incorret use to determine
2
0
4
pointer
3
0
4
pointer
mirror
correct reading
mirror
Pointer’s image is behind the pointer Pointer’s image can be seen 4.2 Measuring cylinder : …………………………………………………….................... wrong position of eye Rightthe position is use to determine lengthof eye (eye are in a line perpendicular to the plane of the scale) wrong position of eye water
4.3 Ruler : ……………………………………………………………………………………… wrong 10
11
12
right
wrong
13
14
15
Reading = ……………… cm
small object
depth of a hole
external diameter of a cylinder or pipe
internal diameter of a pipe or tube 0.1 cm
4.4 Vernier calliper A venier calliper is used to measure : a. ………………………………………………b. …………………………………………. c. ………………………………………………d. …………………………………………. A vernier calliper gives readings to an accuracy of …………………………………...…. cm.
0.9 inside jaws 0.09 Vernier scale1 cm 0
2
3
4 Main scale SKALA 0.01 cm
0
outside jaws Main scale in cm
Length of vernier scale = ……… cm
0
0.2 cm
1
Vernier scale is divided into 10 divisions
0.06 cm 0.26 cm
0
5
10
Vernier scale
The differenct between the main scale and vernier scale is = ……………………………. cm 6
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
Length of the divisions = ………. cm
0
Main scale
1
0
= ………………….
1 2 3 4 5
cm
6 7 8 9 10
Find the division of vernier scale which is coincides with any part of the main scale
Vernier scale = ………………….. Final reading = …………………..
The diagram below shows a vernier calliper with reading. 0
1
0
5
0.15 Vernier calliper reading = ……………. cm
10
4.5 Micrometer screw gauge. A micrometer screw gauge is used to measure : objects that are small in size a. ……………………………………………… diameter of a wire b. …………………………………………. diameter of small spheres such as ball bearings c. ……………………………………………… One complete turn of the thimble (50 division) moves the spindle by 0.50 mm. Division of thimble 0.5 ÷ 50 = ………………….. 0.01 mm = ………………….. A accuracy of micrometer 0.01 mm screw gauge = ……………..
4.5 mm Sleeve scale : …………… 0.22 mm Thimble scale : …………. 4.62 mm Total reading : …………..
Example : 2.0 mm Sleeve scale : …………… 0.22 mm Thimble scale : …………. 2.22 mm Total reading : …………... 4.6 Some others measuring instruments :
7
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
Analogue stopwatch digital stopwatch ……………………… ……………………
Measuring tape ……………………….
thermometer miliammeter ……………………… ………..
measuring cylinder ……………………..
beaker ………………
Hands-on activity 1.1 on page 1 of the practical book to learn more about choosing appropriate instruments. Exercise: Vernier Callipers And Micrometer Screw Gauge 1. Write down the readings shown by the following (a) 7 8
5
0
4
(b)
A
B
P 0
(c)
10
5
Answer: …4.27 cm…………..
Q 10
5
Answer: …7.79 cm…………..
6
7
Answer: ……6.28 cm……….. 0
(d)
1
5 1
0
0
10
5
8
Answer: …0.02 cm…………..
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
2. (a) The following diagram shows the scale of a vernier calliper when the jaws are closed. 1
0
0
10
5
Zero error = …0.02……… cm (b).
The following diagram shows the scale of the same vernier calliper when there are 40 pieces of cardboard between the jaws. 5
6
Reading shown
10
5
0
= …5.64…….cm
Corrected reading = …5.62……..cm 3.
Write
(a)
down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges. (b)
0
40
5
0
5
3 5
10
35
3 0
Answer: ………………………….
Answer:…………………..
(c)
(d) 25
0
0
5
20
15
Answer:…………………………
Answer:…………………….
4. (a) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.
0
20
0
0
5
0 9
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
45
Zero error = …0.02…….. mm
Zero error = …0.03…….. mm
(b) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges. 0
5
0
20
5
0
15
Zero error = 0.03………mm
Reading shown
= 6.67………..mm
Corrected reading = 6.64………..mm 5. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges. (a) (b) 0
40
5
0
5
3 5
10
35
3 0
Answer: …6.88 mm…………
Answer: …..12.32 mm……
(c)
(d) 25
0
0
20
5
20
15
Answer:………4.71 mm…………
Answer:
9.17 mm…………
6. (a) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges. 0
0
0 45
Zero error = …-0.02 mm
5
0
Zero error = …0.03.. mm
(b) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.
0
0
5 0
10
5
20
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
15
Reading shown
Zero error = …0.03.mm
= ….6.67..mm
Corrected reading = …6.64..mm Accuracy and consistency in measurements. The ability of an instrument to measure nearest to the actual value 1. Accuracy : ………………………………………………………………………………… The ability of an instrument to measure consistently with little or no relative 2. Consistency :deviation ……………………………………………………………………………… among readings. The ability of an instrument to detect a small change in the quantity measured. 3. Sensitivity : …………………………………………………………………………………
target
consistent but inaccurate consistent and accurate inaccurate and not consistent ………………………… ……………………… ……………………………..
target
Accurate but not consistent inaccurate but consistent inaccurate but not consistent …………………….. …………………………….. ……………………………… Hands-on activity 1.2 on page 2 of the practical book to determine the sensitivity of some measuring instruments. Errors in measurements
of approximation only.
how close the measurement is to the actual value. 1. All measurements are values ……………………………………………………………… exist in all measurements. 2. In other word, it is aerror matter of …………………………………………………………… 3. This is because …………………………………………………………………………… Systematic errors 4. Two main types of errors: 4.1 …………………………………………… a weakness of the instrument Occurs due to : the difference between reaction time of the brain and the action. a) ……………………………………………………………………………………… zero error is when the pointer is not at zero when not in use. b) ……………………………………………………………………………………… c) ………………………………………………………………………………………
Range of the measuring instrument – absolute error . Reaction time of the brain.
11
Initial reading is not at the zero scale –
zero error
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
Examples : Refer to the smallest reading that can be measured by an instrument. a) ……………………………………………………………………………………… b) ……………………………………………………………………………………… c) ………………………………………………………………………………………
Absolute error : ……………………………………………………………………………… If, the smallest reading = 0.1 cm Then, Absolute error = 0.1 / 2 = 0.05 cm ……….………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………. Example :
It occurs because the position of the eye is not perpendicular to the scale of the instrument. wrong right position of the eye (no error)
wrong Parallax error : ……………………………………………………………………………… Random error where the pointer is not at zero when not in use carelessness in making the
measurement.
parallex error , incorrect positioning 0
sudden change of1 ambient factors cm
of the eye when taking the
0 as temperature or1 air such
readings.
cm circulation.
Zero error : …………………………………………………………………………………... 0Readings 1 2 3 4 5 6are 7 8 close 9 10 to the actual value but 2 3 4are 5 6not 7 8 consistent. 9 10 Correct reading = observed reading – zero error 0 1they +0.03 cm Zero error by = consistently repeating the measurement at different places in Can be minimized Positive zero error negative zero error - 0.04 cm Zero error = an identical manner. Horizontal 3 divisions above reference 2 divisions below horizontal reference horizontal reference Gather all available information about the object or phenomenon to be studied. Using the five senses, sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell. Zero error of screw meter gauge Positive zero error A conclusion from an observation or phenomena using information that already exist. Zero error = Zero error = Horizontal reference
Variables are factors or physical quantities which change in the course of a scientific investigation. 4.2 …………………………………………….. There are three variables : Occurs due to i. Manipulated variables – physical quantity which change according to the aim of the experiment. a) ……………………………………………………………………………………… ii. Responding variables – physicals quantity which is the result of b) ……………………………………………………………………………………… the changed by manipulated variable. iii. Fixed variables – physicals quantities which are kept constantduring the experiment. 12
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
c) ………………………………………………………………………………………
Example : a) …………………………………………………………………………………..… b) …………………………………………………………………………………….. ..................................................................................................................... 1.5
SCIENCETIFIC INVESTIGATION Steps
Explanation
1
Making observation
2
Drawing inferences
3
Identifying and controlling variables
4
Formulating a Statement of relationship between the manipulated variable and the hypothesis responding variable those we would expect. Hypothesis can either be true or false.
5
Conducting experiments
i. Conduct an experiment includes the compilation and interpretation of data. ii. Making a conclusion regarding the validity of the hypothesis.
Plan and report an experiment Situation : A few children are playing on a different length of swing in a playground. It is found that the time of oscillation for each swing is different. Steps 1
Inference
2
Hypothesis
Example : refer to the situation above The period of the oscillation depends on the length of the pendulum. When the length of the pendulum increases, the period of the oscillation increases. Investigate the relationship between length and period of a simple pendulum. Manipulated variable : the length of the pendulum. 13 Responding variable : Period Fixed variable : the mass of the pendulum and the displacement.
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________ 3 Aim 4
Variables
5
List of apparatus and materials
6
Arrangement of the apparatus
Retort stand
protractor
ll
bob
7
Procedures
8
Tabulate the data
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure above. 2. Measure the length of the pendulum,l = 60.0 cm by using a meter rule. 3. Give the pendulum bob a small displacement 300.Time of 10 oscillations is measured by using a stop watch. 4. Repeat the timing for another 10 oscillations. Calculate the average time. Period = t10 oscillations 10 5. Repeat steps 2, 3 and 4 using l = 50.0 cm, 40.0 cm, 30.0 cm and 20.0 cm Length,l Length,l / cm 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0
Time for 10 oscillations / s 2 Average 15.8 15.7 15.8 15.0 15.0 15.0 13.1 13.1 13.1 11.9 11.9 11.9 9.9 9.9 9.9
1
14
Period/ s (T = t10/10) 1.58 1.50 1.31 1.19 0.99
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
9
Analyse the data
T/s
Graf of period, T vs pendulum’s length, l
1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
10
20
30
1 0
40
60 l / cm
50
Discussion
Conclusion
Precautions : 1. Oscillation time is measured when the pendulum attained a steady state. 2. Time for 10 oscillations is repeated twice to increase accuracy. 3. Discussion (refer to given questions)
11
The period increases when the length of the pendulum increases. Hypothesis accepted.
Reinforcement Chapter 1 Part A :Objective Question A Newton C ampere
1. Which of the following is a base SI quantity? A Weight B Energy C Velocity D Mass
B kilogram D second
4. Which of the following quantities cannot be derived? A Electric current B Power C Momentum D Force
2. Which of the following is a derived quantity? A Length B Mass C Temperature D Voltage
5. Which of the following quantities is not derived from the basic physical quantity of length? A Electric charge B Density C Velocity D Volume
3. Which of the following is not a basic unit?
15
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Initial velocity u, final velocity v, time t and another physical quantity k is related by the equation v - u = kt. The unit for k is A m s-1 B m-1 s -2 C ms D m2 s-2
B scalar quantities C derived quantities D vector quantities 13. Which of the following shows the correct conversion of units? A 24 mm3 =2.4 x 10-6 m3 B 300 mm3=3.0 x 10-7 m3 C 800 mm3=8.0 x 10-2 m3 D 1 000 mm3=1.0 x 10-4 m3
7. Which of the following has the smallest magnitude? A megametre B centimetre C kilometre D mikrometre
14. Which of the following measurements is the shortest ? A 3.45 x 103 m B 3.45 x 104 cm C 3.45 x 107 mm D 3.45 x 1012 µm
8. 4 328 000 000 mm in standard form is A 4.328 x 10-9 m B 4.328 x 10-6 m C 4.328 x 106 m D 4.328 x 109 m 9. Which of the following measurements is the longest? A 1.2 x 10-5 cm B 120 x 10-4 dm C 0.12 mm D 1.2 x 10-11 km
15. The Hitz FM channel broadcasts radio waves at a frequency of 92.8 MHz in the north region. What is the frequency of the radio wave in Hz? A 9.28 x 104 B 9.28 x 105 7 C 9.28 x 10 D 9.28 x 1010
10. The diameter of a particle is 250 µm. What is its diameter in cm? A 2.5 x 10-2 B 2.5 x 10-4 -6 C 2.5 x 10 D 2.5 x 10-8
16. An object moves along a straight line for time, t. The length of the line, s is 1 2 given by the equation s = gt . The 2 SI unit of g is A m2 s2 B m s-2 C s-1 D s-2 m Part B : Structure Question
11. Which of the following prefixes is arranged in ascending order? A mili, senti, mikro, desi B mikro, mili, senti, desi C mili, mikro, desi, senti D desi, mikro, mili, senti
12. Velocity, density, force and energy are A basic quantities 1. A car moves with an average speed of 75 km h-1 from town P to town Q in 2 hours as shown in Figure 1. By using this information, you may calculate the distance between the two towns. P Q
Figure 1 (a) (i) Based on the statements given, state two basic quantities and their respective SI units. Distance : m and time : s ……………………………………………………………………………………… (ii) State a derived quantity and its SI unit. Speed – m s-1 ………………………………………………………………………………………
16
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
(b) Convert the value = 0.2 x 103 m = 2.0 x 102 m
1 . m to standard form. 5 x 10-3
(c) Complete Table 1 by writing the value of each given prefix.
10-9 10-6 106 109
Table 1 (d) Power is defined as the rate of change of work done. Derive the unit for power in terms of its basic units. work Force × displacement kgms −2 × m Power = = Unit = = kg m2 s-3 time time s (e) Calculate the volume of a wooden block with dimension of 7 cm, 5 cm breadth and 12
cm height in m3 and convert its value in standard form. Volume = (7 x 10-2) (5 x 10-2) (12 x 10-2) = 420 x 10-6 = 4.20 x 10-4 m3
2. Figure 2 shows an ammeter of 0—3 A range.
Figure 2 Mirror (a) (i) Name component X. ………………………………………………………………... To avoid parallax error (ii) What is the function of X? ………………………………………………………….
17
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________
(b) Table 2 shows three current readings obtained by three students.
Table 2 No (i) Did all the students use the ammeter in Figure2? ..…………………………………. (ii) Explain your answer in (b)(i). 3rd readings obtained by student 2 and 3 are out of the meter range. ……………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Figure 3 shows the meniscus of water in a measuring cylinder K, L, and M are three eye positions while measuring the volume of the water. (a) (i) Which of the eye positions is correct while L taking the reading of the volume of water? …….…………………………… ………
Figure 3 (b) The water in the measuring cylinder is replaced with 30 cm3 of mercury. (i) In The cohesive force is Figure drawthe theadhesive meniscus of the larger4,than force mercury in the measuring cylinder. Figure 4 (ii) Explain why the shape of the meniscus of mercury is as drawn in (b)(i). ………………………………………………………………………………………
18
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