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Business Data Communications, Fourth Edition Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
Learning Objectives • Define data communications • Describe the difference between data communications and telecommunications • Define local area networks, wide area networks, metropolitan area networks, wireless networks, and personal area networks • Understand the components of a communications system
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
2
Learning Objectives • Describe the role of, and list, regulatory agencies in data communications • List the standards-setting organizations involved in the communications industry • Explain how the government uses communications networks
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
3
Introduction • Communications began from primitive methods • More efficient communications were needed with the advance of the industrial age • The telegraph began the age of electronic communications • Voice, video, and data transmitted in modern communications systems Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
4
What is Data Communications? • Transmission of data over a network • Subset of telecommunications • Networks – – – –
Telephone system May connect computers and related devices PC prices have dropped Data communications network • Computers and related devices • Devices and lines used to connect the devices
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
5
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
6
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
7
What is Data Communications? • Networks – Types of networks • • • • • •
Wide area network (WAN) Local area network (LAN) Metropolitan area network (MAN) Internet Wireless networks Personal Area Network (PAN)
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
8
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
9
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
10
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
11
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
12
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
13
Basic Components of a Communications System – Three physical components • Source (or sender) • Medium • Receiver
– One Software component • Protocol
– Circuit – Example – Drive-up bank window
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
14
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
15
The Telephone System • Telegraph – 1840 • Telephone – 1876 • AT&T was a monopoly – Positive aspects of standardization
• Divestiture in 1984 • Data communications and the telephone system
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
16
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
17
The Telephone System • Common Carriers – Profit-oriented companies – Over 1200 in the United States – Cellular service providers – Local and long distance service
• IntraLATA Calls – Local Access Transport Areas (LATAs) – Local and “local long distance”
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
18
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
19
The Telephone System • InterLATA Calls – Long distance calls – May or may not use a carrier different from the one offering local telephone service – Divestiture has allowed all companies to compete in both local and long distance markets – Slamming – unauthorized switch to a different phone company
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
20
Governmental and Regulatory Agencies • Federal Communications Commission (FCC) – Created in 1934 – Prior to that time, the Interstate Commerce Commission controlled communications – Regulates interstate and international telecommunications – Tariff schedules
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
21
Governmental and Regulatory Agencies • Public Utility Commissions – Regulate intrastate communications – Regulate common carriers within a state – Rates charged can differ by state – Negotiates when conflicts arise, if the problem is completely within a single state
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
22
Governmental and Regulatory Agencies • National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) – Branch of the U.S. Department of Commerce – Catalyst for innovation in communications industry – Helps create jobs in that sector – Establishes grants to create a communications infrastructure for all citizens
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
23
Standards Organizations • American National Standards Institute (ANSI) – Creates voluntary national standards – Has over 1,000 members – Works to create consensus on standards among all the groups – Publishes standards created by other organizations – Creating a standard for FDDI Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
24
Standards Organizations • International Organization for Standardization (ISO) – Non-electronic telecommunication standards – Created the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) 7-layer model
• Corporation for Open Systems – Promotes the use of equipment that meets ISO standards
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
25
Standards Organizations • International Telecommunication Union (ITU) – Equipment standards in other countries – Provides technical assistance in setting up communications systems in third world countries
• International Telecommunication UnionTelecommunication Standardization Sector (ITUT) – Fosters cooperative standards for telecommunications equipment and systems – Took over functions of the CCITT
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
26
Standards Organizations • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) – An ANSI member organization – Standards developed for the lowest two levels of the OSI model – Developed standards for local area networks
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
27
Standards Organizations • Electronics Industries Association (EIA) – Sets electrical standards – Members are manufacturers of electrical equipment – Developed standards for the lowest level of the OSI model
• Telecommunications Industry Assn. (TIA) – Members are companies that provide communications and other IT products and services – Acts as a voice on public policy and international matters that affect its members
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
28
Standards Organizations • Committee T1 – Provides standards for interfaces – Accredited by ANSI – Addresses issues related to interconnection of customers to public communications carriers
• Personal Communications Industry Association (PCIA) – Trade association for the personal communications services industry – Regulations and standards related to wireless communications Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
29
Standards Organizations • Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA) – Conducts surveys on use of cellular technology
• Communications Satellite Corporation (COMSAT) – Coordinates use of satellites among countries, and represents the USA
• International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT) – Coordinates use of satellites internationally
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
30
Applications of Data Communications • Computer system processing – Early systems • Batch • No networks – Modern systems • On-line • Networks
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
31
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
32
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
33
Applications of Data Communications • Government Applications – Original use – Census data collection in 1950 – Internal Revenue Service (IRS) – National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA) – Military uses
• The Internet – E-Commerce
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
34
Chapter Summary • • • • • • •
Rapid increase in communications Data transmission Three components of communications Common carriers FCC and PUCs Regulatory agencies Common uses for communications networks
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
35
Chapter 1 Complete
Learning Objectives • Define data communications • Describe the difference between data communications and telecommunications • Define local area networks, wide area networks, metropolitan area networks, wireless networks, and personal area networks • Understand the components of a communications system
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
2
Learning Objectives • Describe the role of, and list, regulatory agencies in data communications • List the standards-setting organizations involved in the communications industry • Explain how the government uses communications networks
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
3
Introduction • Communications began from primitive methods • More efficient communications were needed with the advance of the industrial age • The telegraph began the age of electronic communications • Voice, video, and data transmitted in modern communications systems Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
4
What is Data Communications? • Transmission of data over a network • Subset of telecommunications • Networks – – – –
Telephone system May connect computers and related devices PC prices have dropped Data communications network • Computers and related devices • Devices and lines used to connect the devices
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
5
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
6
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
7
What is Data Communications? • Networks – Types of networks • • • • • •
Wide area network (WAN) Local area network (LAN) Metropolitan area network (MAN) Internet Wireless networks Personal Area Network (PAN)
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
8
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
9
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
10
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
11
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
12
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
13
Basic Components of a Communications System – Three physical components • Source (or sender) • Medium • Receiver
– One Software component • Protocol
– Circuit – Example – Drive-up bank window
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
14
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
15
The Telephone System • Telegraph – 1840 • Telephone – 1876 • AT&T was a monopoly – Positive aspects of standardization
• Divestiture in 1984 • Data communications and the telephone system
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
16
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
17
The Telephone System • Common Carriers – Profit-oriented companies – Over 1200 in the United States – Cellular service providers – Local and long distance service
• IntraLATA Calls – Local Access Transport Areas (LATAs) – Local and “local long distance”
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
18
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
19
The Telephone System • InterLATA Calls – Long distance calls – May or may not use a carrier different from the one offering local telephone service – Divestiture has allowed all companies to compete in both local and long distance markets – Slamming – unauthorized switch to a different phone company
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
20
Governmental and Regulatory Agencies • Federal Communications Commission (FCC) – Created in 1934 – Prior to that time, the Interstate Commerce Commission controlled communications – Regulates interstate and international telecommunications – Tariff schedules
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
21
Governmental and Regulatory Agencies • Public Utility Commissions – Regulate intrastate communications – Regulate common carriers within a state – Rates charged can differ by state – Negotiates when conflicts arise, if the problem is completely within a single state
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
22
Governmental and Regulatory Agencies • National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) – Branch of the U.S. Department of Commerce – Catalyst for innovation in communications industry – Helps create jobs in that sector – Establishes grants to create a communications infrastructure for all citizens
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
23
Standards Organizations • American National Standards Institute (ANSI) – Creates voluntary national standards – Has over 1,000 members – Works to create consensus on standards among all the groups – Publishes standards created by other organizations – Creating a standard for FDDI Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
24
Standards Organizations • International Organization for Standardization (ISO) – Non-electronic telecommunication standards – Created the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) 7-layer model
• Corporation for Open Systems – Promotes the use of equipment that meets ISO standards
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
25
Standards Organizations • International Telecommunication Union (ITU) – Equipment standards in other countries – Provides technical assistance in setting up communications systems in third world countries
• International Telecommunication UnionTelecommunication Standardization Sector (ITUT) – Fosters cooperative standards for telecommunications equipment and systems – Took over functions of the CCITT
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
26
Standards Organizations • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) – An ANSI member organization – Standards developed for the lowest two levels of the OSI model – Developed standards for local area networks
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
27
Standards Organizations • Electronics Industries Association (EIA) – Sets electrical standards – Members are manufacturers of electrical equipment – Developed standards for the lowest level of the OSI model
• Telecommunications Industry Assn. (TIA) – Members are companies that provide communications and other IT products and services – Acts as a voice on public policy and international matters that affect its members
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
28
Standards Organizations • Committee T1 – Provides standards for interfaces – Accredited by ANSI – Addresses issues related to interconnection of customers to public communications carriers
• Personal Communications Industry Association (PCIA) – Trade association for the personal communications services industry – Regulations and standards related to wireless communications Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
29
Standards Organizations • Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA) – Conducts surveys on use of cellular technology
• Communications Satellite Corporation (COMSAT) – Coordinates use of satellites among countries, and represents the USA
• International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT) – Coordinates use of satellites internationally
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
30
Applications of Data Communications • Computer system processing – Early systems • Batch • No networks – Modern systems • On-line • Networks
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
31
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
32
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
33
Applications of Data Communications • Government Applications – Original use – Census data collection in 1950 – Internal Revenue Service (IRS) – National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA) – Military uses
• The Internet – E-Commerce
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
34
Chapter Summary • • • • • • •
Rapid increase in communications Data transmission Three components of communications Common carriers FCC and PUCs Regulatory agencies Common uses for communications networks
Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications
35
Chapter 1 Complete
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