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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
C H A P T E R
14
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
INPUT DESIGN AND PROTOTYPING
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Chapter Fourteen
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Input Design & Prototyping
• Define the appropriate format and media for a computer input. • Explain the difference between data capture, data entry, and data input. • Identify and describe several automatic data collection technologies. • Apply human factors to the design of computer inputs. • Design internal controls for computer inputs. • Select proper screen-based controls for input attributes that are to appear on a GUI input screen. • Design a web-based input interface.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Chapter Map
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Taxonomy for Computer Inputs Method
Process
Keyboard
Data Capture
Data Entry
Data usually captured on a business form that becomes the source document for input. Data can be collected realtime (over the phone).
Mouse
Same as above.
Data entered via keyboard. This is the most common input method, but also the most prone to errors.
OLD: Data can be collected into batch files (disk) for processing as a batch.
Used in conjunction with keyboard to simplify data entry.
Same as above, but the use of a mouse is most commonly associated with on-line and real-time processing.
Mouse serves as a pointing device for a screen. Can be with graphical user interfaces to reduce errors through point-and-click choices.
Touch Screen Same as above.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Data Processing
NEW: Data processed as soon as it has been keyed.
Data entered on a touch On PCs, touch screen screen display or handheld choices are processed device. same as above. Data entry users either touch commands and data choices, or enter data using handwriting recognition.
On handheld computers, data is stored on the handheld for later processing as a remote batch.
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Taxonomy for Computer Inputs (continued) Method
Process
Point of Sale
Data Capture
Data Entry
Data is captured as close to the point of sale (or transaction) as humanly possible. No source documents.
Data is often entered directly by the customer (e.g., ATM) or by an employee directly interacting with the customer (e.g., retail cash register).
Data Processing Data is almost always processed immediately as a transaction or inquiry.
Input requires specialized, dedicated terminals that utilize some combination of the other techniques in this table.
Sound
Data is captured as close to the source as possible, even when the customer is remotely located (e.g., at home or their place of employment).
Data is entered using touch-tones (typically from a telephone).
Data is almost always processed immediately as a transaction or inquiry.
Usually requires fairly rigid command menu structure and limited input options.
Speech
Same as sound.
Data (and commands) are Data is almost always spoken. This technology processed immediately as is not as mature and much a transaction or inquiry. less reliable and common than other techniques.
Optical Mark
Data is recorded on optical scan sheets as marks or precisely formed letters, numbers, and punctuation.
Eliminates the need for data entry,
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
This is the oldest form of automatic data capture.
Data is almost always processed as a batch.
(Very commonly used in education for test scoring, course evaluations, and surveys.)
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Taxonomy for Computer Inputs (concluded) Method
Process
Magnetic Ink
Data Capture
Data Entry
Data is usually prerecorded on forms that are subsequently completed by the customer. The customer records additional data on the form.
A magnetic ink reader reads the magnetized data.
Data Processing Data is almost always processed as a batch.
The customer-added data must be entered using another input method. This technique is used in applications requiring high accuracy and security, the most common of which is bank checks (for check number, account number, bank id).
Electromagnetic Data is recorded directly on the object to be described by data.
Data is transmitted by radio frequency.
Data is almost always processed immediately.
Smartcard
Data is recorded directly on a device to be carried by the customer, employee, or other individual that is described by that data.
Data is read by smartcard readers.
Data is almost always processed immediately.
Biometric
Unique human characteristics become data.
Data is read by biometric sensors.
Data is processed immediately.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Primary applications are security and medical monitoring.
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Data Capture, Entry, and Processing
Data capture is the identification and acquisition of new data (at its source). – Source documents are forms used to record business transactions in terms of data that describe those transactions.
Data entry is the process of translating the source data or document (above) into a computer readable format. Data processing is all processing that occurs on the data after it is input from a machine readable form. – In batch processing, the entered data is collected into files called batches and processed as a complete batch. – In on-line processing, the captured data is processed immediately – In remote batch processing, data is entered and edited online, but collected into batches for subsequent processing.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Input Implementation Methods
• • • • •
Keyboard Mouse Point-of-sale terminals Sound and speech Automatic data capture – Optical mark recognition (OMR) • Bar codes
– – – – –
Optical character recognition (OCR) Magnetic Ink Electromagnetic transmission Smart cards Biometric
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Automatic Identification: Bar Codes
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Input Design Guidelines
• Capture only variable data. • Do not capture data that can calculated or stored in computer programs as constants. • Use business codes for appropriate attributes.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Source Document / Form Design Guidelines
• Include instructions for completing the form. • Minimize the amount of handwriting. • Data to be entered (keyed) should be sequenced so that it can be read like a book, that is, top-to-bottom and left-to-right. • When possible, based input design on known metaphors.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Bad Flow in a Form
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Good Flow in a Form
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Metaphoric Screen Design
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Internal Controls for Inputs
• Each input, and the total number of inputs should be monitored (to minimize the risk of lost transactions). – For batch processing • Use batch control slips • Use one-for-one checks against post-processing detail reports
– For on-line systems • Log each transaction as it occurs • Assign each transaction a confirmation number (common in web-based systems)
• Validate all data – – – – – –
Existence checks Data type checks Domain checks Combination checks Self-checking digits Format checks
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Repository-Based Prototyping and Development
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Repository-Based Prototyping and Development
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
GUI Components (or Controls) • Common GUI controls (for both Windows and Web interfaces) – – – – – – – – –
Text boxes Radio buttons Check boxes List boxes Drop down lists Combination boxes Spin boxes Buttons Hyperlinks (yes, also for Windows applications—see Quicken 2000)
• Advanced controls (mostly for Windows interfaces) – – – – – – –
Drop down calendars Slider edit controls Masked edit controls Ellipsis controls Alternate numerical spinners Check list boxes Check tree boxes
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Common GUI Components
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Advanced GUI Components
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Advanced GUI Components (continued)
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Input Design Process
1. Identify system inputs and review logical requirements. 2. Select appropriate input components/controls. 3. As necessary, design any source documents. 4. Design, validate and test inputs using some combination of: 1. Layout tools (e.g., hand sketches, spacing charts, or CASE tools. 2. Prototyping tools (e.g., spreadsheet, PC DBMS, 4GL)
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
A Logical Data Structure for Input Requirements ORDER = ORDER NUMBER + ORDER DATE + CUSTOMER NUMBER + CUSTOMER NAME + CUSTOMER SHIPPING ADDRESS = ADDRESS > + ( CUSTOMER BILLING ADDRESS = ADDRESS > ) + 1 { PRODUCT NUMBER + QUANTITY ORDERED } n + ( DEFAULT CREDIT CARD NUMBER ) ADDRESS = ( POST OFFICE BOX NUMBER ) + STREET ADDRESS + CITY + STATE + POSTAL ZONE
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Input Prototype for Data Maintenance
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Input Prototype for Transaction
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Input Prototype for Data Maintenance
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Input Prototype for Web Interface
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Input Prototype for Web Interface
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
Whitten Bentley Dittman
C H A P T E R
14
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
INPUT DESIGN AND PROTOTYPING
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Chapter Fourteen
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Input Design & Prototyping
• Define the appropriate format and media for a computer input. • Explain the difference between data capture, data entry, and data input. • Identify and describe several automatic data collection technologies. • Apply human factors to the design of computer inputs. • Design internal controls for computer inputs. • Select proper screen-based controls for input attributes that are to appear on a GUI input screen. • Design a web-based input interface.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Chapter Map
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Taxonomy for Computer Inputs Method
Process
Keyboard
Data Capture
Data Entry
Data usually captured on a business form that becomes the source document for input. Data can be collected realtime (over the phone).
Mouse
Same as above.
Data entered via keyboard. This is the most common input method, but also the most prone to errors.
OLD: Data can be collected into batch files (disk) for processing as a batch.
Used in conjunction with keyboard to simplify data entry.
Same as above, but the use of a mouse is most commonly associated with on-line and real-time processing.
Mouse serves as a pointing device for a screen. Can be with graphical user interfaces to reduce errors through point-and-click choices.
Touch Screen Same as above.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Data Processing
NEW: Data processed as soon as it has been keyed.
Data entered on a touch On PCs, touch screen screen display or handheld choices are processed device. same as above. Data entry users either touch commands and data choices, or enter data using handwriting recognition.
On handheld computers, data is stored on the handheld for later processing as a remote batch.
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Taxonomy for Computer Inputs (continued) Method
Process
Point of Sale
Data Capture
Data Entry
Data is captured as close to the point of sale (or transaction) as humanly possible. No source documents.
Data is often entered directly by the customer (e.g., ATM) or by an employee directly interacting with the customer (e.g., retail cash register).
Data Processing Data is almost always processed immediately as a transaction or inquiry.
Input requires specialized, dedicated terminals that utilize some combination of the other techniques in this table.
Sound
Data is captured as close to the source as possible, even when the customer is remotely located (e.g., at home or their place of employment).
Data is entered using touch-tones (typically from a telephone).
Data is almost always processed immediately as a transaction or inquiry.
Usually requires fairly rigid command menu structure and limited input options.
Speech
Same as sound.
Data (and commands) are Data is almost always spoken. This technology processed immediately as is not as mature and much a transaction or inquiry. less reliable and common than other techniques.
Optical Mark
Data is recorded on optical scan sheets as marks or precisely formed letters, numbers, and punctuation.
Eliminates the need for data entry,
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
This is the oldest form of automatic data capture.
Data is almost always processed as a batch.
(Very commonly used in education for test scoring, course evaluations, and surveys.)
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Taxonomy for Computer Inputs (concluded) Method
Process
Magnetic Ink
Data Capture
Data Entry
Data is usually prerecorded on forms that are subsequently completed by the customer. The customer records additional data on the form.
A magnetic ink reader reads the magnetized data.
Data Processing Data is almost always processed as a batch.
The customer-added data must be entered using another input method. This technique is used in applications requiring high accuracy and security, the most common of which is bank checks (for check number, account number, bank id).
Electromagnetic Data is recorded directly on the object to be described by data.
Data is transmitted by radio frequency.
Data is almost always processed immediately.
Smartcard
Data is recorded directly on a device to be carried by the customer, employee, or other individual that is described by that data.
Data is read by smartcard readers.
Data is almost always processed immediately.
Biometric
Unique human characteristics become data.
Data is read by biometric sensors.
Data is processed immediately.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Primary applications are security and medical monitoring.
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Data Capture, Entry, and Processing
Data capture is the identification and acquisition of new data (at its source). – Source documents are forms used to record business transactions in terms of data that describe those transactions.
Data entry is the process of translating the source data or document (above) into a computer readable format. Data processing is all processing that occurs on the data after it is input from a machine readable form. – In batch processing, the entered data is collected into files called batches and processed as a complete batch. – In on-line processing, the captured data is processed immediately – In remote batch processing, data is entered and edited online, but collected into batches for subsequent processing.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Input Implementation Methods
• • • • •
Keyboard Mouse Point-of-sale terminals Sound and speech Automatic data capture – Optical mark recognition (OMR) • Bar codes
– – – – –
Optical character recognition (OCR) Magnetic Ink Electromagnetic transmission Smart cards Biometric
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Automatic Identification: Bar Codes
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Input Design Guidelines
• Capture only variable data. • Do not capture data that can calculated or stored in computer programs as constants. • Use business codes for appropriate attributes.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Source Document / Form Design Guidelines
• Include instructions for completing the form. • Minimize the amount of handwriting. • Data to be entered (keyed) should be sequenced so that it can be read like a book, that is, top-to-bottom and left-to-right. • When possible, based input design on known metaphors.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Bad Flow in a Form
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Good Flow in a Form
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Metaphoric Screen Design
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Internal Controls for Inputs
• Each input, and the total number of inputs should be monitored (to minimize the risk of lost transactions). – For batch processing • Use batch control slips • Use one-for-one checks against post-processing detail reports
– For on-line systems • Log each transaction as it occurs • Assign each transaction a confirmation number (common in web-based systems)
• Validate all data – – – – – –
Existence checks Data type checks Domain checks Combination checks Self-checking digits Format checks
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Repository-Based Prototyping and Development
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Repository-Based Prototyping and Development
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
GUI Components (or Controls) • Common GUI controls (for both Windows and Web interfaces) – – – – – – – – –
Text boxes Radio buttons Check boxes List boxes Drop down lists Combination boxes Spin boxes Buttons Hyperlinks (yes, also for Windows applications—see Quicken 2000)
• Advanced controls (mostly for Windows interfaces) – – – – – – –
Drop down calendars Slider edit controls Masked edit controls Ellipsis controls Alternate numerical spinners Check list boxes Check tree boxes
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Common GUI Components
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Advanced GUI Components
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Advanced GUI Components (continued)
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Input Design Process
1. Identify system inputs and review logical requirements. 2. Select appropriate input components/controls. 3. As necessary, design any source documents. 4. Design, validate and test inputs using some combination of: 1. Layout tools (e.g., hand sketches, spacing charts, or CASE tools. 2. Prototyping tools (e.g., spreadsheet, PC DBMS, 4GL)
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
A Logical Data Structure for Input Requirements ORDER = ORDER NUMBER + ORDER DATE + CUSTOMER NUMBER + CUSTOMER NAME + CUSTOMER SHIPPING ADDRESS = ADDRESS > + ( CUSTOMER BILLING ADDRESS = ADDRESS > ) + 1 { PRODUCT NUMBER + QUANTITY ORDERED } n + ( DEFAULT CREDIT CARD NUMBER ) ADDRESS = ( POST OFFICE BOX NUMBER ) + STREET ADDRESS + CITY + STATE + POSTAL ZONE
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Input Prototype for Data Maintenance
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Input Prototype for Transaction
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Input Prototype for Data Maintenance
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Input Prototype for Web Interface
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 5th Edition
Whitten Bentley Dittman
Input Prototype for Web Interface
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights res
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