Chandrayaan

CHANDRAYAAN-1

Presentation by : Junaid Ahmed Fazly, Class 7th – H, Krishna Public School,-

PREFACE : What is CHANDRAYAAN-I ? Chandrayaan literally means Vehicle to Moon. Chandrayaan-1 is the first Indian planetary science and exploration mission by spacecraft. Chandrayaan-1 launched from Satish Dhawan Space Center, Sriharikota on 22nd October’ 2008 at 06:00 hrs IST. It will take about five and a half days to get to the moon. Chandrayaan will be in a 100 km polar orbit around the moon. The space craft will be controlled from earth. Indian Tricolour landed on moon on 14th November’ 2008 with Moon impact probe at 20:06 hrs IST.

Acknowledgement I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my computer teacher for giving such a wonderful opportunity. With their continuous guidance I have been able to complete this project. And I am also grateful to my family for their support . Junaid Ahmed Fazly Class 7th – H Krishna Public School – Bhilai [email protected]

Landing on Moon: earlier attempts • • • • • • •

Galileo used his TELESCOPE to observe mountains and craters on the lunar surface. The first man-made object to reach the Moon was the unmanned Soviet probes Luna 2 in September 1959. Luna 9 was the first probe to soft land on the Moon in February 1966 and transmit pictures from the lunar surface. The first robotic lunar rover to land on the Moon was the Soviet Lunokhod 1 in November 1970. Humans first landed on the Moon on July 20, 1969. The first man to walk on the lunar surface was Neil Armstrong, commander of the American mission Apollo 11. The last man to walk on the Moon was in December 1972 by Eugene Cernan during Apollo 17 mission.

About ISRO (Indian Space Research

Organization)

 The Indian Space Research Organization (भारतीय अनतिरक अनुसंधान संगठन) or ISRO (इसरो), is India's national space agency having its headquarter in Bangalore  ISRO employs approximately 20,000 people, with a budget of around Rs. 65 billion (US$1.3 billion).  Its mandate is the development of technologies related to space and their application to India's development.  Present Chairman of ISRO is Shri G. Madhavan Nair.  In addition to domestic payloads, it offers international launch services.  ISRO currently launches satellites using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle and the GSLV for geostationary satellites.

Why is India Sending Chandrayan-1 to moon ? The Chandrayaan-1 mission is aimed at highresolution remote sensing of the Lunar surface in visible, near Infrared, low energy X-rays and highenergy X-ray regions. Specific scientific goals are: To prepare a three-dimensional atlas (with a high spatial and altitude resolution of 5-10m) of both near and  far side of the moon. To expand scientific knowledge about the moon To upgrade India's technological capability To provide challenging opportunities for planetary research to the younger generation of Indian scientists

INDIA in Space Today, India is one of the very few countries that have significant achievements to their credit in the arena of space. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has designed, developed and built a variety of satellites. And, it has successfully launched many of them into their intended orbits. More importantly, the country has used its satellites for the rapid expansion of its national infrastructure including telecommunications, TV broadcasting, weather monitoring, education, public health, agriculture and rural development. More recently, India has provided many space-based services including launch services to foreign customers on a competitive basis. With ample experience and many successes in Earth orbit, ISRO has now taken up Chandrayaan-1, its first bold step beyond Earth orbit into deep space.

THE LAUNCHER : PSLV-C11 PSLV is the trusted workhorse launch Vehicle of ISRO. During 1993-2008 period, PSLV had twelve consecutively successful launches carrying satellites to Sun Synchronous, Low Earth and Geosynchronous Transfer Orbits. Now, its fourteenth flight is being used for launching Chandrayaan-1 to moon. PSLV-C11, chosen to launch Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, is an uprated version of ISRO's PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) PSLV-C11 uses larger strap-on motors (PSOM-XL) to achieve higher payload capability.

More about The Launcher : PSLV-C11 PSLV-C11 is 44.4 metre tall and has four stages using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately. The first stage, carrying 138 tonne of propellant, is one of the largest solid propellant boosters in the world. Six solid propellant strap-on motors (PSOM-XL), each carrying twelve tonne of solid propellant, are strapped on to the first stage. The second stage carries 41.5 tonne of liquid propellant. The third stage uses 7.6 tonne of solid propellant and the fourth has a twin engine configuration with 2.5 tonne of liquid propellant.

More about The Launcher : PSLV-C11

The 3.2 metre diameter metallic bulbous payload fairing protects the satellites and it is discarded after the vehicle has cleared dense atmosphere. PSLV employs a large number of auxiliary systems for stage separation, payload fairing separation and so on. It has sophisticated systems to control the vehicle and guide it through the predetermined trajectory. The vehicle performance is monitored through telemetry and tracking. The main modification in PSLV-C11 compared to its standard configuration is the use of larger strap-on motors (PSOM-XL)

More about The Launcher : PSLV-C11 Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram, designed and developed PSLV-C11. ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) at Thiruvananthapuram developed the inertial systems for the vehicle. Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), also at Thiruvananthapuram, developed the liquid propulsion stages for the second and fourth stages of PSLV-C11 as well as reaction control systems. SDSC SHAR processed the solid motors and carries out launch operations. ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) provides telemetry, tracking and command

Countdown begins for journey to The MOON

CHANDRAYAAN-1 LAUNCHED

Chandrayan – I : The Journey Begins Chandrayaan-I Launched from 2nd Launch Pad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre - Sriharikota : Nellore district of Andhra, 80 km to the North of Chennai. Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft begins its journey from earth onboard India's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C11). In the Initial Orbit, the perigee (nearest point to earth) is about 250 km and apogee (farthest point from the earth) is about 23,000 km. After circling the Earth in its Initial Orbit for a while, Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft is taken into two more elliptical orbits whose apogees lie still higher at 37,000 km and 73,000 km respectively. This is done at opportune moments by firing the spacecraft's Liquid Apogee Motor (LAM) when

Chandrayan – I : The Journey Continued..

Subsequently, LAM is fired again to take Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft to an extremely high elliptical orbit whose apogee lies at about 387,000 km. In this orbit, the spacecraft makes one complete revolution around the Earth in about 11 days. During its second revolution around the Earth in this orbit, the spacecraft will approach the Moon's North pole at a safe distance of about a few hundred kilometres since the Moon would have arrived there in its journey round the Earth. Once the Chandrayaan-1 reaches the vicinity of the Moon, the spacecraft is oriented in a particular way and its LAM is again fired. This slows down the spacecraft

The Orbit

Chandrayan – I : MOON – The Destination Following this, the height of the spacecraft's orbit around the moon is reduced in steps. After a careful and detailed observation of perturbations in its intermediate orbits around the moon, the height of Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft's orbit will be finally lowered to its intended 100 km height from the lunar surface. Later, the Moon Impact Probe will be ejected from Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft at the earliest opportunity to hit the lunar surface in a chosen area. Following this, cameras and other scientific instruments are turned ON and thoroughly tested. This leads to the operational phase of the mission. This phase lasts about two years during which Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft explores the lunar surface with its array of instruments that includes cameras, spectrometers and SAR

Chandrayan – I : The Space Craft

Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft carrying 11 scientific instruments weighs about 1400 kg At the time of its launch and is shaped like a cuboid with a solar panel projecting from one of its sides The spacecraft is powered by a single solar panel generating a maximum of 700 W. A 36 Ampere-Hour (Ah) Lithium ion battery supplies power when the solar panel is not illuminated by the sun. The Telemetry, Tracking and Command subsystem of Chandrayaan-1 working in S-band takes care of radioing the detailed spacecraft health information, facilitating the knowledge about spacecraft's position in space and allows the reception and execution of commands coming from earth by the spacecraft.

Chandrayan – I : The Interior

Chandrayan – I : The Interior

Loading Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft into Thermo-vacuum Chamber

The fully integrated Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft

Chandrayan – I : Design & Development Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft is built at ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore with contributions from ISRO/Department of Space (DOS) establishments like : Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Sriharokota Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) ISRO

Inertial

Systems

Unit

(IISU),

Tiruvananthapuram, Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad Laboratory

for

Electro-optic

Systems

(LEOS),

Chandrayan – I : The Payloads There are 11 payloads (scientific instruments) through which Chandrayaan-1 intends to achieve its objectives. The instruments were carefully chosen on the basis of many scientific and technical considerations as well as their complementary /supplementary nature. Payload includes : 05 Instruments from INDIA 03 Instruments from European Space Agency 01 Instruments from Bulgaria 02 Instruments from United States Thus, Chandrayaan-1 is a classic example of international cooperation that has characterised the global space exploration programmes of the post cold war era.

Chandrayan – I : Indian Payloads from ISRO Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) Imaging in the Panchromatic Spectrum Region Mass : 6 Kg, Power : 13 W Hyper Spectral Imager (HySI) Map the lunar surface Mass : 3.1 Kg, Power : 16 W Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI) To determine the global topographical field of moon using the laser altimetry data. To determine an important model of the lunar gravity field. To interpret the new topographic and gravitational fields data for better understanding of the geophysics of moon. Mass : 10 Kg, Power : 15 W

Chandrayan – I : Indian Payloads from ISRO (Continued..) High Energy X-Ray Payload (HEX) Determining the surface composition of naturally occurring Pb-210, chemical nature of the terrain such as highly radio active KREEP regions. Basaltic more basins, fieldspathic highlands and regions covered by water ice. Mass : 15 Kg, Power : 24.2 W Moon Impact Probe (MIP) Develop and demonstration of technologies required for impacting a probe at the desired location. Technological forerunner for future landing missions on moon. Mass : 2.5 Kg, Power : 100 W

Chandrayan – I : Payloads from Abroad Chandrayaan-I Imaging X-ray Spectrometer Chemical Mapping of lunar surface (C1XS): Mass : 5.2 Kg, Power : 28 W

Miniaturised Synthetic Aparture Radar (Mini-SAR) Obtain low resolution topography of lunar surface from an altitude of approximately 100 km. Mass : 7 Kg, Power : 50 W

Smart Near Infrared Spectrometer (SIR-2) To explore the mineral resources, the formation of lunar surface. Mass : 2.3 Kg, Power : 5.2 W

Chandrayan – I : Payloads from Abroad (Continued..) Radiation Dose Monitor (RaDoM) Quantitatively characterise the radiation environment in near moon space. Mass : 0.16 Kg

Sub keV Atom Reflecting Analyser (SARA): The aim of this instrument is to study the surface composition of the moon and the magnetic anomalies associated with the surface of the moon. Mass : 3.5 Kg , Power : 3 W

Moon Minerology Mapper (M3): The aim of this instrument is to study the surface composition of the moon and the magnetic anomalies associated with the surface of the moon. Mass : 3.5 Kg , Power : 3 W

Chandrayan – I : The Ground Segment

During the various phases of its flight, Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft will send detailed information about its health to Earth through its transmitter. The spacecraft receives radio commands sent from Spacecraft Control Centre instructing it to perform various tasks. Besides, the spacecraft receives, modifies and retransmits the radio waves sent by ground antennas in a precise way. This plays a crucial role in knowing its position and orbit at a particular instant of time. All these happen at 'S-band' frequencies in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Additionally, as it orbits the Moon, the spacecraft sends valuable imagery and other scientific information to Earth through X-band (at a higher frequency compared to S-band), which also lies in the

Moon in Indian Mythology • The Moon finds a prominent place in Indian mythology. • In ancient Indian literature, the moon is considered to be GOD and is symbolized by Soma. • Famous ancient Sanskrit poet Kalidasa, have chosen the moon as the subject of their poems. • The full Moon, has been symbolized as an object of beauty. • In fairy tales Moon is referred as Chanda Mama.

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