Chandra Ya An

Abhijith Gopinath No. 6

OBJECTIVES The primary objectives of Chandrayaan-1 are: 1. To expand scientific knowledge about the moon 2. To upgrade India's technological capability 3. To provide challenging opportunities for planetary research to the younger generation of Indian scientists Chandrayaan-1 aims to achieve these well defined objectives through high resolution remote sensing of the Moon. With this, preparation of a 3-D atlas of the lunar surface and chemical mapping of the entire lunar surface is envisaged

Payloads carried by Chandrayaan-1 • •

Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft carried 11 payloads to achieve its objectives. Of them, 5 instruments were entirely designed and developed in India: 1. Terrain Mapping Camera(TMC) 2. Hyperspectral Imager(HySI) 3. Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument(LLRI) 4. High Energy X-Ray Spectrometer(HEX) 2. Moon Impact Probe(MIP)

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Payloads from abroad: 1. Chandrayaan-1 Imaging X-Ray Spectrometer(C1XS) 2. Smart Near Infrared Spectrometer(SIR-2) 3. Sub kev Reflecting Analyser(SARA) 4. Radiation Dose Monitor(RADOM) 5. Mini Synthetic Aperture Radar(MiniSAR) 6. Moon Minerology Mapper(M3)

INDIAN PAYLOADS 1.TERRAIN MAPPING CAMERA(TMC)  To map the lunar topography and to prepare a 3D atlas of high resolution  CCD camera with 5m spatial resolution,20km swath  Measures the solar radiations reflected or scattered from the moon’s surface  Data transfer rate is around 50Mbps 2. HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGER(HySI)  Designed to obtain data for mapping of minerals on the moon’s surface as well as in its interior  CCD camera,80m resolution,20km swath  Helps in improving the already available information on the mineral composition of the lunar surface

INDIAN PAYLOADS 3.LUNAR LASER RANGING INSTRUMENT  To determine the height difference between the spacecraft & the lunar surface  Works on Time of Flight(TOF) Principle  Elevation map helps in studying the morphology of large basins and other lunar features  Density distribution of the crust can also be studied 4.HIGH ENERGY X-RAY SPECTROMETER  Uses cadmium-zinc-telluride detector in the hard X-Ray region from 30-270keV  To characterise various lunar terrains for their chemical and radioactive composition(mainly 238U and 232Th)  To explore the possibility of thick water ice deposit at the lunar poles

INDIAN PAYLOADS 5. MOON IMPACT PROBE  To develop technologies required for impacting a probe at the desired location on the Moon.  Qualify technologies required for future soft landing missions.  Scientific exploration of the Moon from close range.  Contains 3 main instruments: 1)Radar Altimeter- Measures altitude of MIP 2)Video Imaging System- Captures images of lunar surface during descent at close range 3)Mass Spectrometer- Measure the constituents of teneous lunar atmosphere during descent

PAYLOADS FROM ABROAD

1. Chandrayaan-1 Imaging X-Ray Spectrometer(C1XS)(India-UK)

Sub keV Atom Reflecting Analyser(SARA) (India-Sweden)

2. Smart Near Infrared Spectrometer(SIR-2)(Germany)

Radiation Dose Monitor(RADOM)(Bulgaria)

PAYLOADS FROM ABROAD (The NASA Instruments carried by Chandrayaan-1) 5. Mini Synthetic Aperture Reader (MiniSAR)

6. Moon Minerology Mapper(M3)

PAYLOAD INTEGRATION

THE SPACECRAFT Shape: Cuboid Weight: 1380kg(Launch), 675kg(Lunar Orbit) 3-Axis stabilised Spacecraft 2 Star Sensors,Gyros & 4 Reaction Wheels Power Generation: •Canted Single Sided Solar Array •750W peak power •During eclipse, the Spacecraft will be powered by Li-Ion Batteries Propulsion: •Bipropellant Integrated Propulsion System •Carries required propellant for a mission life of 2 years

INDIA KEEPS ‘DATE’ WITH THE MOON

Chandrayaan-1 on PSLV-C11 at the Second Launch Pad at Sathish Dhawan Space Centre, SHAR,Sriharikota

THE JOURNEY 2008 October 22,6:22AM: The Launch After circling the Earth in its initial orbit, the Spacecraft was taken to 5 more elliptical orbits37900,74715,164600,267000 and 380000km This was done by Liquid Apogee Motor(LAM) During this time, TMC and RADOM were switched on November 8:Enters lunar orbit November 12:Reaches its intended operational lunar orbit of about 100km November 14,8:30PM:MIP carrying the Indian Tricolour impacted the lunar surface December 2008:All the payloads are switched on and tested

MOON IMPACT PROBE’S LANDING ON THE LUNAR SURFACE  Perfectly ejected at 8:06PM, November 14  Descended at a speed of 1.6km/min  Crashed on the Shackleton Crater on the lunar South Pole at 8:31PM  Video Camera took pictures of the Moon  MIP died a few seconds after crash landing on the Moon

Images of the Moon’s surface captured by MIP

THE GROUND SEGMENT 3 major elements: 1)Indian Deep Space Network(IDSN) Situated at Byalalu,near Bangalore Receives Spacecraft health data as well as payload data Makes use of 32m and 18m antennas 2)Mission Operations Complex Situated at Bangalore Nerve Centre of the Moon Mission The data received is used to check the functioning of elements Commands for operations

THE GROUND SEGMENT 3)Indian Space Science Data Centre(ISSDC)  Payload data received is transferred to ISSDC for further processing  Primary data centre for payload archives Other components: 4)Network Control Centre: Remote monitoring and control of all ground stations 5)Payload Operations Centre  Higher levels of science data processing  Planning of payload operations External Network Stations  Performance assessment

IMAGES FROM MOON

3D Image captured by M3

ADIEU, CHANDRAYAAN-1…. • •

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The radiation environment around the Moon turned out to be more hostile than expected. As a result of these problems, ISRO opted in May to move the spacecraft farther away from the Moon(increase the orbit from 100km to 200km), using gyroscopes. The solar radiations strike Chandrayaan-1 The two star sensors of Chandrayaan fail because of high temperature. The sensors are crucial in determining the orientation of the craft in space. The first star sensor packed up on April 26, and even the back-up sensor failed during the second week of May. Despite the failure of the star sensors, Chandrayaan-1 transmitted excellent images including that of the solar eclipse on July 22. Also at 12.30am on August 21, it flew along with Nasa's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) for four minutes to detect water ice in the north pole of the moon. But worse was to follow. At 1.30am on August 29, communication with the spacecraft snapped all of a sudden. The mission was formally called off on August 30 by ISRO.

A DISAPPOINTMENT?? •

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The technology objectives of the mission were to fly the spacecraft 400,000 km to the moon, inserting it into the lunar orbit and placing the Indian tricolour on the lunar surface – 100% Success The scientific objectives were chemical and mineralogical mapping of the lunar surface using sophisticated sensors, conducting high-resolution remotesensing of the moon and prepare a 3-D atlas of the near and far sides of the moon – 90-95% Success During the 10 months in space, Chandrayaan has completed 3,400 orbits in 312 days and transmitted volumes of data from sophisticated scientific instruments such as terrain mapping camera, hyper-spectral imager and moon mineralogy mapper. Chandrayaan's high-resolution cameras relayed over 70,000 digital images of the moon, providing breathtaking views of mountains and craters, including those in the permanently shadowed area of the moon's polar region. Top international space scientists Monday lauded India's maiden lunar mission for the excellent quality of the data sent by Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft ISRO chairman Madhavan Nair commented: “We will have to face the reality but we will have a better opportunity tomorrow.”

INDIA’S FUTURE SPACE MISSIONS • • • • •

Chandrayaan-II , a land and rover mission to the Moon in 2012 An unmanned mission to the Mars by 2013-15 An Indian astronaut will go on a space mission on a Russian spacecraft in 2013 This will be followed by an Indian manned mission to space in 2015 Manned Moon missions are also under serious consideration, which will land Indians on the Earth's natural satellite after 2020.

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