Chambers Dictionaries For Secondary Schools

Chambers

dictionaries for secondary schools from Key Stage 3 to A-level, Scottish S1 to Higher and Advanced Higher

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Chambers Reference Online The Chambers Dictionary and The Chambers Thesaurus are now available online. Chambers Reference Online provides instant access to over 900,000 words, phrases, meanings and synonyms. For a FREE trial visit: www.chambersreference.com

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Chambers School Dictionary

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Now with entry words in colour, this new edition of the bestselling Chambers School Dictionary includes hundreds of terms from key subjects such as ICT, science and mathematics, giving an unrivalled breadth of coverage.

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With over 70,000 words, phrases and definitions, including curriculum vocabulary and the latest words and meanings to enter the language, this is the most comprehensive dictionary available for ages 11 and upwards. • Extra help with easily-confused words and tricky pronunciations • Attractive and accessible colour presentation • Available in both hard-wearing paperback and hardback • Language Workshop pages explain how language works, and are specially targeted at the curriculum

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Alphabet tab helps learners find words easily

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Extra help with easily confused words

M N O P Q R

Examples show how a word is used

S T U V W X Y

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£5.99 • 978 0550 10451 9 832pp • 150 x 105mm Paperback £9.99 • 978 0550 10534 9 832pp • 198 x 129mm Hardback

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these) by which radio or television advert NOUN, informal an signals are received or sent advertisement aero- PREFIX of air or aircraft advertise VERB 1 to make known to the public 2 to stress the good  Comes from Greek aer meaning points of (a product for sale) ‘air’ aerobatics PLURAL NOUN stunts advertisement NOUN a photograph, short film, etc intended performed by an aircraft to persuade the public to buy a aerobics SINGULAR NOUN a system particular product of physical exercise which aims to strengthen the heart and lungs advice NOUN 1 something said to by increasing the body's oxygen help someone trying to make a consumption decision etc 2 a formal notice aerodrome NOUN a landing and  Do not confuse with: advise . Alphabet tab maintenance station for aircraft To help you remember: ‘ice’ is a aerodynamic ADJECTIVE helps learners noun, ‘ise’ is not. to promote more efficient find wordsdesigned advisable ADJECTIVE wise, sensible movement through air > advisability NOUN easily aeronautics SINGULAR NOUN the advise VERB 1 to give advice to science or art of navigation in the 2 to recommend (an action etc) air > adviser or advisor NOUN aeroplane or US airplane NOUN a flying machine with fixed wings  Do not confuse with: advice. and an engine (short form plane) To help you remember: ‘ice’ is a aerosol NOUN a container of liquid noun, so ‘ise’ must be the verb. and gas under pressure, from which advisory ADJECTIVE giving advice the liquid is squirted as a mist advocate NOUN (pronounced aesthetic (pronounced ees-thetad-vo-kat) in Scotland, a lawyer ik) ADJECTIVE 1 having to do with who pleads cases in court  VERB beauty or its appreciation 2 artistic, (pronounced ad-vo-keit) to pleasing to the eye > aesthetically argue for or recommend: I do not ADVERB advocate the use of force affable ADJECTIVE pleasant, easy to aeon or eon (pronounced ee-on) speak to > affability NOUN NOUN a very long period of time, affair NOUN 1 events etc connected an age with one person or thing: the aerate (pronounced eir-eit) VERB to Watergate affair 2 (affairs) personal put air or another gas into (a liquid) concerns, transactions, etc: His aerial ADJECTIVE 1 of, in or from the affairs seemed to be in order 3 business, concern: that's not your air: aerial photography 2 placed 4 high up or overhead: aerial railway affair 4 a love affair

Word origins

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Pronunciations of more difficult words

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Now with entry words in colour, and key synonyms highlighted, Chambers School Thesaurus has been fully revised to include up-to-date alternative and opposite words. Highlighted Word Workshop pages give guidance on overused words such as ‘nice’ and ‘bad’ to help students express themselves more effectively. Packed full of content, Chambers School Thesaurus is the most comprehensive and practical school thesaurus available. £5.99 • 978 0550 10452 6 784pp • 150 x 105mm Paperback

• Examples given to show context • Word Workshop pages give students additional help in finding suitable and creative alternatives

amount

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amount

NOUN quantity, number, sum, total, sum total, whole, entirety, aggregate, lot, quota, supply, volume, mass, bulk, measure, magnitude, extent, expanse Uamount to add up to, total, aggregate, come to, make, equal, mean, be tantamount to, be equivalent to, approximate to, become, grow

amphibian  Amphibians include: axolotl, bullfrog, conger eel, eft, frog, horned toad, midwife toad, natterjack, newt, salamander, toad, tree frog

analogy

amputate

VERB cut off, remove, sever, dissever, separate, dock, lop, curtail, truncate amuse VERB entertain, divert, regale, make laugh, tickle (informal), crease (informal), slay (informal), cheer (up), gladden, enliven, please, charm, delight, enthral, engross, absorb, interest, occupy, recreate, relax OPPOSITES bore, displease

amusement

NOUN

entertainment, diversion, distraction, fun, enjoyment, pleasure, delight, merriment, mirth, hilarity, laughter, joke, prank, game, sport, recreation, hobby, pastime, interest ample ADJECTIVE OPPOSITES boredom, monotony Example 1 a room of ample proportions: amusing ADJECTIVE funny, sentences large, big, extensive, expansive, humorous, hilarious, comical, broad, wide, full, voluminous, distinguish laughable, ludicrous, droll, witty, roomy, spacious, commodious, facetious, jocular, jolly, enjoyable, great sentences pleasant, charming, delightful, 2 there were ample supplies/ entertaining, interesting opportunities: considerable, OPPOSITES dull, boring substantial, handsome, generous, anaemic ADJECTIVE bloodless, bountiful, munificent, liberal, ashen, chalky, livid, pasty, pallid, lavish, copious, abundant, sallow, pale, wan, colourless, plentiful, plenty, unrestricted, insipid, weak, feeble, ineffectual, profuse, rich enervated, frail, infirm, sickly OPPOSITES 2 insufficient, OPPOSITES ruddy, sanguine, fullinadequate, meagre blooded amplify VERB enlarge, magnify, anaesthetize VERB desensitize, expand, dilate, fill out, bulk out, numb, deaden, dull, drug, dope, add to, supplement, augment, increase, extend, lengthen, widen, stupefy analogy NOUN comparison, broaden, develop, elaborate, simile, metaphor, likeness, enhance, boost, intensify, strengthen, deepen, heighten, raise resemblance, similarity, parallel, OPPOSITES reduce, decrease, correspondence, equivalence, chambers secondary mailing 09.indd abridge5 relation, correlation, agreement

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Formal and informal words labelled

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Chambers School Thesaurus

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Opposites clearly marked

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Alphabet tab helps students find words quickly

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Chambers Mini School Dictionary

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Packed with essential vocabulary and usage notes, this durable pocket-sized dictionary will help students develop their language skills. Paying close attention to terms from key curriculum subjects, it is ideal for classroom use or helping with homework.

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• Durable PVC cover • Includes notes on easily-confused words such as ‘lie’ and ‘lay’ • 32-page supplement contains useful spelling and language information

£3.99 • 978 0550 10147 1 768pp • 120 x 79mm PVC

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Chambers Mini School Thesaurus Offering 100,000 synonyms, antonyms and related words, Chambers Mini School Thesaurus will help students write more creatively. Featuring over 80 practical lists such as ‘different types of building’ and ‘terms used in mathematics’, it also includes a useful supplement on word use. • Features a wide range of synonyms for over 10,000 common words • Focuses on words used in the curriculum • 20-page supplement contains useful vocabulary tips

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£3.99 • 978 0550 10162 4 640pp • 120 x 79mm PVC

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Notes on easily confused words Examples show how a word is used

flavour noun 1 taste: lemon flavour 2 quality or atmosphere:

an exotic flavour i verb to give a taste to

A wide range of synonyms Includes antonyms Formal and informal words labelled Example sentences distinguish senses

flexible

flavouring noun an ingredient used to give a particular taste: chocolate flavouring

flaw noun a fault, an

Terms from curriculum subjects

imperfection flawless adjective with no faults or blemishes flax noun a plant whose fibres are woven into linen cloth flea noun a small, wingless, blood-sucking insect with great jumping power fleck noun a spot, a speck flecked adjective marked with spots or patches fled past form of flee fledgling noun a young bird with fully-grown feathers flee verb to run away from danger etc flee ] flees, fleeing, fled fleece noun 1 a sheep’s coat of wool 2 a garment made of fluffy, warm fabric fleecy adjective soft and fluffy like wool fleet noun a number of ships fleeting adjective passing quickly i fleetingly adverb flesh noun 1 the soft tissue which covers the bones of humans and animals 2 meat 3 the body 4 the soft eatable part of fruit i fleshy 234 generous germinate adjective heartedness, benevolence, moderate, slight, light, flew past form of fly goodness. flex verb to bend i noun a length imperceptible. 3 a gentle breeze: meanness, selfishness. soothing, peaceful, serene, quiet, of covered wire attached to generous adjective 1 a generous soft, balmy. electrical devices 1 unkind, rough. 3 harsh, wild. gesture: liberal, free, bountiful, flexible adjective 1 easily bent genuine adjective real, actual, open-handed, unstinting, natural, pure, original, authentic, unsparing, lavish. 2 a generous person: magnanimous, charitable, veritable (fml), true, bona fide, legitimate, honest, sincere, frank, philanthropic, public-spirited, candid, earnest. unselfish, kind, big-hearted, artificial, false, insincere. benevolent, good, high-minded, noble. 3 a generous allowance: geography ample, full, plentiful, abundant, Terms used in geography include: overflowing, copious. archipelago, base level, 1 mean, miserly. 2 selfish. 3 bergschrund, chorography, cirque, meagre. genial adjective affable, amiable, col, continental drift, friendly, convivial, cordial, kindly, deforestation, denudation, kind, warm-hearted, warm, hearty, ecosystem, effluent, equator, jovial, jolly, cheerful, happy, good- erosion, estuary, fjord, floodplain, glacial, glaciate, glaciation, natured, easy-going (infml), hanging valley, headwaters, ice agreeable, pleasant. cap, inlet, line of latitude, line of cold. longitude, Mercator’s projection, genius noun 1 she’s a meridian, moraine, oxbow lake, mathematical genius: virtuoso, peneplain, permafrost, plateau, maestro, master, past master, plate tectonics, prime meridian, expert, adept, egghead (infml), prograde, ria, roche moutonne¤e, intellectual, mastermind, brain, shield volcano, shott, stratum, intellect. 2 Einstein’s genius: taiga, tributary, tundra, water intelligence, brightness, cycle, weathering, zenithal brilliance, ability, aptitude, gift, projection. talent, flair, knack, bent, inclination, propensity, capacity, germ noun 1 catch germs: microfaculty. organism, microbe, bacterium, gentle adjective 1 a gentle person: bacillus, virus, bug (infml). 2 the kind, kindly, amiable, tender, soft- germ of an idea: beginning, start, origin, source, cause, spark, hearted, compassionate, rudiment, nucleus, root, seed, sympathetic, merciful, mild, embryo, bud, sprout. placid, calm, tranquil. 2 a gentle slope: gradual, slow, easy, smooth, germinate verb bud, sprout,

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Concise and clear definitions

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on her back i noun 1 an apartment on one storey of a building 2 music a sign (V) which lowers a note by a semitone 3 a punctured tyre i flat out as fast as possible; with as much effort as possible flatfish noun a flat-bodied fish with its eyes on the upper surface, eg a sole flatly adverb in a definite or emphatic way flatness noun the quality of being flat flat race a race over level ground flat rate a rate which is the same in all cases flatten verb to make or become flat flatter verb to praise insincerely i flattery noun flaunt verb to display in an obvious way: flaunted his wealth Do not confuse with: flout. Remember that the use of flaunt is perfectly illustrated in the well-known phrase‘if you’ve got it, flaunt it’. On the other hand, when you flout something, you treat it with contempt instead of showing it off, eg you might flout the rules or flout tradition

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Mini School Dictionary

Mini School Thesaurus

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Chambers Students’ Dictionary

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Specially compiled with the advice of teachers, Chambers Students’ Dictionary features advanced coverage of vocabulary from key subjects at GCSE and A level, Scottish Standard Grade and Higher.

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• Over 1,000 terms from the sciences • Over 500 terms from mathematics • Over 300 terms each from geography, history and ICT • Notes explore the origin and development of hundreds of words • A helpful supplement focuses on writing in academic and other contexts

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£8.99 • 978 0550 10212 6 720pp • 216 x 135mm Paperback

bronchitis < brusque bronchitis (pronounced brong- kait-is) noun,

Notes on word origins

medicine inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchi, causing difficulty in breathing r bronchitic adjective & noun bronchus (pronounced brong-kus) noun (plural bronchi ^ pronounced brong -kai) anatomy either of the two tubes leading from the windpipe to the lungs bronco noun (plural broncos) US a half-tamed horse brontosaurus noun the old name for an apatosaurus Based on two Greek words, literally meaning ‘thunder lizard’

bronze noun a golden-brown mixture of copper and tin $ adjective of this colour r bronzed adjective suntanned

bronze medal noun a medal given to a

Notes on easily confused words

competitor who comes third brooch (pronounced brohch) noun (plural brooches) an ornament pinned to the clothing

! Do not confuse with: broach

brood verb 1 of a hen etc: to sit on eggs 2 to think anxiously for some time $ noun 1 a number of young birds hatched at one time 2 young animals or children of the same family

broody adjective (broodier, broodiest ) 1 moody, thoughtful 2 informal of a woman: eager to have a baby

brook1 noun a small stream brook2 verb, formal to put up with, endure: I shall brook no criticism

broom noun 1 a type of shrub with yellow flowers 2 a brush for sweeping broomstick noun the handle of a broom brose noun, Scottish a liquid food of boiling water poured on oatmeal etc

broth noun 1 water in which vegetables and meat, etc have been boiled, used as soup 2 science a similar liquid used as a medium for the culture of bacteria

brothel noun a house where prostitution is practised

brother noun 1 a male born of the same parents as yourself 2 a companion, a fellow-worker brotherhood noun 1 comradeship between men 2 a men’s association brother-in-law noun (plural brothers-inlaw) 1 the brother of your husband or wife 2 the

of your sister or sister-in-law chambers secondary mailing 09.indd husband 8

brotherly adjective like a brother; affectionate

yellow, black, etc $ adjective 1 of this colour 2 informal suntanned

brown alga noun, biology any member of a class of mainly marine algae, eg kelp, characterized by the presence of a brown pigment which masks the green pigment chlorophyll brownfield site noun an area which has been redeveloped for another use (compare with: greenfield site) Brownian motion or Brownian movement noun, physics the random movement of small particles in a liquid or gas, caused by the continual bombardment of the particles by molecules of the liquid or gas brownie noun 1 a helpful fairy or goblin 2 a Brownie Guide Brownie Guide noun a junior Guide brownie point or Brownie point noun, informal, usually ironic an imaginary mark of approval awarded for doing something good or helpful brown rice noun unpolished rice from which only the fibrous husk has been removed Brownshirt noun, history a member of the Nazi militia before and during World War II, named after the colour of the uniform browse verb 1 to glance through a range of books, shop merchandise, etc 2 of deer etc: to feed on the shoots or leaves of plants 3 computing to examine information (in a database etc) browser noun, computing a computer program used for searching and managing data from the World Wide Web bruise noun a discoloured area on the skin, the surface of fruit, etc, where it has been struck $ verb to cause bruises (to) brunch noun (plural brunches), informal a meal which combines breakfast and lunch, eaten around midday or late morning From breakfast + lunch brunette noun a woman with dark brown hair brunt noun: bear or take the brunt to take the chief strain brush noun (plural brushes) 1 an instrument with tufts of bristles, hair, etc for smoothing the hair, cleaning, painting, etc 2 a disagreement, a brief quarrel: a brush with the law 3 the tail of a fox 4 undergrowth $ verb 1 to pass a brush over 2 to remove by sweeping 3 to touch lightly in passing

Re w gr to Concise but clear definitions

Advanced coverage of subject vocabulary

In ph

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Specially compiled for students aged 15+, Chambers Students’ Thesaurus offers an extensive and up-to-date selection of synonyms, antonyms and related words, to encourage a richer use of vocabulary.

£8.99 • 978 0550 10213 3 560pp • 216 x 135mm Paperback

artist < aspiration artist Types of artist include:

Related words grouped together

animator, architect, blacksmith, carpenter, cartoonist, designer, draughtsman, draughtswoman, embroiderer, engraver, goldsmith, graphic artist, graphic designer, illustrator, installation artist, painter, photographer, potter, printer, sculptor, silversmith, watercolourist, weaver, video artist ; craftsman, craftswoman, master.

artiste noun performer, entertainer, variety artist, vaudevillian, comic, comedian, comedienne, player, trouper, actor, actress artistic adjective aesthetic, ornamental, decorative, beautiful, exquisite, elegant, stylish, graceful, harmonious, sensitive, tasteful, refined, cultured, cultivated, skilled, talented, creative, imaginative inelegant, tasteless artistry noun craftsmanship, workmanship, skill, craft, talent, flair, brilliance, genius, finesse, style, mastery, expertise, proficiency, accomplishment, deftness, touch, sensitivity, creativity ineptitude as conjunction, preposition 1 He waved as the train drew out : while, when 2 She was kind, as her mother was before her : such as, for example, for instance, like, in the manner of 3 As he was working late, I asked him to lock up : because, since, seeing that, considering that, inasmuch as, being r as for with reference to, as regards, with regard to, on the subject of, in connection with, in relation to, with relation to, with respect to ascend verb rise, take off, lift off, go up, move up, slope upwards, climb, scale, mount, tower, float up, fly up, soar descend, go down ascent noun 1 their ascent of Everest : ascending, ascension, climb, climbing, scaling, escalation, rise, rising, mounting 2 a steep ascent : slope, gradient, incline, ramp, hill, elevation 1 descent chambers secondary mailing 09.indd ascertain 9verb

Includes phrases

ashamed adjective sorry, apologetic, remorseful, contrite, guilty, conscience-stricken, sheepish, embarrassed, blushing, red-faced, mortified, humiliated, abashed, humbled, crestfallen, distressed, confused, reluctant, hesitant, shy, selfconscious, bashful, modest, prudish shameless, unashamed, proud, defiant aside adverb apart, on one side, in reserve, away, out of the way, separately, in isolation, alone, privately, secretly $ noun digression, parenthesis, departure, soliloquy, stage whisper, whisper ask verb 1 ask for help/advice : request, appeal, petition, sue, plead, beg, entreat, implore, clamour, beseech, pray, supplicate, crave, demand, order, bid, require, seek, solicit, invite, summon 2 ask awkward questions : inquire, query, question, interrogate, quiz, press 3 ask him out/round : invite, have round, entertain

D Choose the right word

meaning1 x� You could use the words beg, plead, entreat and implore when someone is asking for something in a desperate and urgent way. These words might be used to produce an emotional response, such as pity, in a reader: They begged him not to get rid of the kitten; ’Please help him!’ she implored. x� Beg and plead can suggest that someone has been forced to behave without pride or dignity when asking for something: He knelt down and pleaded for forgiveness.

askew adverb, adjective crooked, lopsided, sideways, oblique, at an oblique angle, off-centre, out of line, asymmetric, crookedly, skew (infml), skew-whiff (infml) straight, level asleep adjective sleeping, napping, snoozing, fast asleep, sound asleep, dozing, slumbering, dormant (fml), resting, inactive, inert, unconscious, numb aspect noun 1 view the problem from a different aspect/ an aspect of his life : angle, direction, detail, side, facet, feature, dimension, standpoint, point

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• Over 160,000 synonyms and antonyms • Straightforward A to Z arrangement of entries makes information easy to find • Over one hundred entries feature special panels examining the context and tone of the synonyms • Special supplement on creative writing techniques helps students to convey their ideas imaginatively and effectively

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Chambers Students’ Thesaurus

Antonyms given

Example sentences distinguish senses Panels explore the use of the synonyms

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Chambers French School Dictionary

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Chambers French School Dictionary has been specially designed and compiled for British pupils aged 11 to 16.

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• Fascinating notes about various aspects of French life and culture • Example sentences show translations in context • Extra language help with grammar, pronunciation and irregular verbs

• O t • C a £6.99 • 978 0550 10528 8 672pp • 198 x 129mm Paperback

Different senses given in different categories

Parts of speech always written in full

Articles indicate the gender of nouns

Information on French life and culture

Notes on false friends

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Chambers French Students’ Dictionary

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With wide coverage ranging from specialized and formal language to idiomatic expressions and slang, Chambers French Students’ Dictionary is an ideal reference tool for intermediate learners age 14 plus.

Inspection copies available

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£11.99 • 978 0550 10529 5 1248pp • 216 x 138mm Paperback cache

Feminine inflections shown

cadenasser [kadnase] 1 vt (porte, pie'ce) to padlock 2 se cadenasser vpr (personne) to lock oneself away cadence [kad#a ‹ s] nf (rythme re¤gulier) rhythm; (vitesse)

cache - col [kaSk’l] nm invVieilli scarf Cachemire [kaSmir] nm le C. Kashmir cachemire [kaSmir] nm (laine) cashmere; a' impres-

cadence¤, - e [kad#a ‹ se] adj ( a) (rythme¤) rhythmic(al); marcher au pas c. to walk in time ( b) Ordinat c. a' run-

seek

sion c. paisley cache -nez [kaSne] nm inv scarf cache -pot [kaSpo] nm inv flowerpot holder cacher [kaSe] 1 vt to hide; il ne cache pas que... he makes no secret of the fact that...; c. qch a' qn (omettre de lui dire) to hide sth from sb; pour ne rien te c. to be completely open with you; je ne vous cache pas que j’ai e¤te¤ surpris I won’t pretend (that) I wasn’t surprised; le mur nous cache la vue the wall hides our view 2 se cacher vpr (personne, soleil) to hide; se c. de qn to hide from sb; sa timidite¤ se cache derrie're une certaine rudesse his/her shyness is hidden behind a bluff exterior; je ne m’en cache pas I make no secret of it; en se cachant secretly; sans se c. openly cache - sexe [kaSs2ks] nm inv G-string, thong; (d’indige'ne) apron cachet [kaS2] nm ( a) (me¤dicament) tablet, pill ( b) (tampon) stamp; (sceau) seal; (de fabricant) (trade)mark; c. de la poste postmark ( c) (style) (d’un endroit) character; (d’un ve“tement) style ( d) (salaire) fee cacheter [42] [kaSte] vt to seal cachette [kaS2t] nf ( a) hiding place; en c. secretly; boire en c. (habituellement) to be a secret drinker; faire qch en c. de qn to do sth without sb’s knowing ( b) Can jouer a' la c. to play hide-and-seek cachot [kaSo] nm ( a) (cellule) dungeon ( b) (isolement) solitary confinement cachotterie [kaS’tri] nf faire des cachotteries to be secretive cachottier, - e're [kaS’tje, -2r] 1 adj secretive 2 nm,f secretive person; petit c.! you secretive little thing! cachou [kaSu] nm (bonbon) cachou (liquorice sweet) cacophonie [kak’f’ni] nf cacophony cactus [kaktys] nm cactus c-a' - d. (abre¤v c’est-a' -dire) ie cadastre [kadastr] nm (registre) cadastre; (administration) cadastral survey office cadave¤rique [kadaverik] adj (teint) deathly pale; Me¤d cadaveric chambers secondary mailing 09.indd cadavre [kad#vr] 11 nm ( a) (de personne) corpse, (dead)

All verbs crossreferred to model verb tables

cafe¤

77

cache [kaS] 1 nf hiding place; c. d’armes arms cache 2 nm (sur un texte) masking card cache¤, - e [kaSe] adj hidden; (sentiment) secret cache - cache [kaSkaS] nm jouer a' c. to play hide-and-

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rate; en c. in time; c. de production rate of production; c. de tir rate of fire ning at

cadet, - ette [kad2, -2t] 1 adj (de deux) younger; (de

plus de deux) youngest 2 nm,f ( a) (de deux) younger (one); (de plus de deux) youngest (one); il est mon c. de deux ans he’s two years younger than I am; c’est le c. de mes soucis that’s the least of my worries ( b) Sport junior (16 to 18 years old) ( c) Hist & Mil cadet cadrage [kadrad] nm Cin & Phot (de l’image) centring; (plan) frame; Ordinat positioning cadran [kadr#a ‹ ] nm (d’horloge, de barome'tre) face; (d’instrument, de te¤le¤phone) dial; Fig faire le tour du c. (dormir) to sleep round the clock; Aut cadrans (de bord) display panels; c. solaire sundial cadre [kadr] nm ( a) (de tableau, de porte, de ve¤lo) frame ( b) (domaine) limits; (structure) framework; dans le c. de within the framework of ( c) (de¤cor) setting; c. (de vie) environment ( d) (dans un formulaire) box; Ordinat (pour graphique) box; c. re¤serve¤ a' l’administration (sur formulaire) for official use only ( e) (dans une entreprise) executive, manager; les cadres the management; Mil the officers; c. moyen middle manager; c. supe¤rieur senior executive; jeune c. dynamique dynamic young executive ( f) e“tre raye¤ des cadres to be dismissed ( g) Can (tableau) painting, picture

Cadre

In French companies, employees are divided into two categories, ‘‘employe¤ s’’ and ‘‘cadres’’. ‘‘Cadres’’, who are better qualified, tend to occupy more senior posts and consequently enjoy higher salaries, more benefits and more prestige. They are also expected to work longer hours.

different senses given in different categories

Information on French life and culture

cadre -adresse (pl cadres-adresses) [kadradr2s] nm address space

cadrer [kadre] 1 vt (photo) to centre; (plan) to frame; Ordinat to position 2 vi (correspondre) to tally ( avec with) cadreur [kadrr] nmTV & Cin cameraman caduc, caduque [kadyk] adj ( a) (feuille) deciduous ( b) Jur (accord) lapsed; (loi) null and void caduce¤e [kadyse] nm caduceus CAF [sea2f] (abre¤v Caisse d’allocations familiales) = child benefit office

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Chambers Spell It Yourself!

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By G T Hawker

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Spell it Yourself! lists over 7,500 common words to help students find spellings easily. This raises awareness of word families and how to build words from their root forms.

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• Clear spelling guidance on over 7,500 words • Easy-to-follow system shows how to form derived words from root words • Clear layout and simple index make words easy to find • Extra sections cover proper nouns, numbers and short forms

£5.99 • 978 0550 10346 8 144pp • 210 x 148mm Paperback

Chambers Language Builder By Gill Francis

‘Right in tune with National Curriculum requirements’, Professor Ronald Carter, consultant and developer, QCA. Compiled with the expert input of teachers of English, Chambers Language Builder is an accessible guide to grammar for young people. With its manageable explanations, activities and examples, this book encourages accurate and creative writing. • Covers all essential principles from word classes to sentence types • Short activities and real-world examples consolidate each point

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A dynamic new range of dictionaries for learners of English as a second language, focussing on school vocabulary, and with cd-rom.

Key Features of Chambers ESOL Dictionaries Key words highlighted and examples given Based on corpus research, the most common and useful words to learn and use in English are highlighted. flamboyant

flamboyant flamboyant

The fire had flared up again 2 if something such as anger or it suddenly starts or becomes wo F flared in several towns. 3 if an illness or injury flares, it flame /fleɪm/ c NOUN [plural flames] again or becomes worse % His %1 The flaredgas upyou again thefire hothad orange seeovernight. in a fire %% flared up after the game. flamboyant 327 2 ifFlames something such as anger or violence flares, leapt from the roof. % Firefighters tried c NOUN [plural flares] somethi it suddenly starts becomes worse % Violence to put out the or flames. produces a bright light to show flared several/flæmˈbɔɪənt/ towns. % The % The fire had flared up again o flamboyant ADJECTIVE 2 ininflames burning building was in help 3 1ifflames. an illness or injury flares, it comes back very confident and behaving in a way that 2 if something such as anger or v % up His in knee injuryto again or becomes worse % a flamboyant actor attracts attention itflash suddenly starts or becomes 3 burst into flames/go flames /flæʃ/ c VERB [flashes,wor fla flared up after theburning game. %%flamboyant several towns. 2suddenly bright and colourful clothes off flared start The plane skidded 1 if ainlight flashes, it goes on a c the NOUN [pluraland flares] something that 3%if The an illness or light injurywas flares, it c runway burst into flames. warning flashin flame a/fleɪm/ clight NOUN [plural flames] produces bright to show that you need % 4 an angry or rude e-mail. A computing word. again light or becomes worse His k 1 the hot orange gas you see in a fire %% help flared up after the game. c VERB [flames, flaming, flamed] to send 2 to make a light go on and of Flames leapt from the roof. % Firefighters tried NOUN his [plural flares]tosomethin angry or rude e-mail. A computing cflashed car lights warn oth tosomeone put/flæʃ/ out an theVERB flames. flash c [flashes, flashing, flashed] produces a bright light to show t word. danger. % The flames burning in 1 2if in a light flashes, it goes on building and off was quickly flaming /ˈfleɪmɪŋ/ ADJECTIVE burning % Flaming help 3 to appear for a short time and %flames. The warning light was flashing. %% a flashing debris fell from the plane before it crashed. % Some important news sudden 3 burst into flames/go up in flames to light flash /flæʃ/ c VERB [flashes, flas screen. suddenly burning Theoff plane skidded off 1on % He 2flamenco to make start a /fləˈmeŋkəʊ/ light go on %NOUN and quickly if athe light flashes, it goes on an [plural flamencos] 4 to move very quickly % + by T the runway and burst into flames. flashed his car lights to warn other drivers of the % The warning light was flashing an energetic Spanish dance % % A bullet flashed past his by. 4 an angry or rude e-mail. A computing word. danger. light flamingo /fləˈmɪŋgəʊ/ NOUN [plural flamingoes 5 to show something to someo [flames, flaming, send 3c toVERB appear for a short timeflamed] and thentodisappear make a light go on and off or flamingos] a large pink bird with long legs 2%toMary hertocard the an angrynews or rude e-mail. flashed A computing %someone Some important suddenly up flashed hisflashed car lights warntoothe door. flammable word. on the screen. /ˈflæməbəl/ ADJECTIVE something danger. % 6 if you flash a smile or look % The gas is that is flammable burns easily % flashed /ˈfleɪmɪŋ/ ADJECTIVE burning Flaming 3 to appear for a short time andatt % + by 4 flaming to move very quickly The cars smile at them or look at them f highly flammable. % debris fromflashed the plane it crashed. % Afell by. bullet pastbefore his head. % Some important news suddenl % He flashed a cheeky grin for 5 toJshow somethingmeans to someone quickly on the screen. Inflammable the same as flamc NOUN [plural flashes] flamenco /fləˈmeŋkəʊ/ [plural % Mary mable. flashed her cardNOUN to the man flamencos] on the 4 to move very quickly %%+ by Th 1 a%sudden bright light % a fla an energetic Spanish dance door. % A bullet flashed past his h by. 2 a light a cameratothat you /flæn/ NOUN [plural flans] circle of you pastry 5 to show on flamingo /fləˈmɪŋgəʊ/ [plural flamingoes 6flan if you flash a smile orNOUN look at asomeone, something someon are taking photographs indoors % lemon flan something inside itfor orthat flamingos] largeat pink bird with longtime legs smile athas them ora look them aa short % Mary flashed her card to the m % + of He h 3 a sudden feeling % flank /flæŋk//ˈflæməbəl/ VERB [flanks, flanked] door. He flashed accheeky grin forflanking, thesomething camera. flammable ADJECTIVE % ifNOUN you are flanked by two people, you gas haveisone 6guilt. cthat [plural flashes] if you flash a smile or look at % The is flammable burns easily 4 in a flash an informal phrase left the them on eachlight side%%ofayou 1 highly aofsudden bright flash%ofShe lightning smile at them or look at them fo flammable. quickly % She was out of the d police 2 acourtroom light on aflanked cameraby that you officers. use when you % He flashed a cheeky grin for t J Inflammable means the same as flamADJECTIVE NOUN photographs [plural flanks] the side of an animal’s ccNOUN arectaking indoors [plural flashes] mable. % % a 1 happening very suddenly especially 3 abody, sudden feeling a%horse’s + of He had a flash of % a flash 1 a sudden bright light % 2 expensive and designed to m guilt. a light on a camera that you u flannel NOUN [plural flan /flæn//ˈflænəl/ NOUN [plural flans] aflannels] circle of pastry 2notice % you. An informal word. 4 that in flash ancloth informal phrase very are taking photographs indoors % meaning 1 aa has piece of used forit washing yourself a lemon flan something inside in afeeling really % flash car. % She was out[flanks, ofcloth, the flanking, door aflanked] flash. for 3around quickly a sudden + of He ha 2 a type of c soft, warm usedinespecially flank /flæŋk/ VERB c night guilt. clothes ifADJECTIVE you are flanked by two people, you have one flashback /ˈflæʃbæk/ NOUN [plur % % a flash flood 1flap happening very suddenly 4 in a flash an informal phrase % Sheflapped] /flæp/ VERBside [flaps, flapping, left the of them onc each of you 1 part of a film or book which s 2 expensive toit make people % She was out of the do 1 if a bird and flapsdesigned its by wings, moves them up and quickly courtroom flanked police officers. happened earlier % Rick drives notice you. An informal word. c ADJECTIVE cdown NOUN [plural flanks] the side of an animal’s a sudden clear memory % of so around inpiece a really car. it moves backwards 12happening very suddenly % a 2 if aespecially of cloth flaps, body, aflash horse’s happened to you in the past % S expensive and designed to ma % The [plural flags were flapping in the 2flashbacks and forwards and nightmares after flannel /ˈflænəl/ NOUN flannels] flashback /ˈflæʃbæk/ NOUN [plural flashbacks] % notice you. An informal word. wind. a piece of cloth used for washing yourself flashlight NOUN 1 1part of a film or book shows you what around in a /ˈflæʃlaɪt/ really flash car.[plura NOUNof[plural flaps]which 2ca type soft, warm cloth, used especially for the US word for torch (=small happened earlier 1 a piece of something that hangs down over clothes 2 night aansudden clear memory of something that flashback /ˈflæʃbæk/ NOUN [plura flashy /ˈflæʃɪ/ ADJECTIVE [flashier, % He closed the tent flaps. opening flap /flæp/tocyou VERBin[flaps, flapping, flapped] % She experienced happened the past 1expensive, part of a film book which sh and or designed to mak 2 a movement and down, like that up of a 1 if a bird flaps itsupwings, itafter moves flashbacks and nightmares thethem accident.and happened flashy car you % a earlier bird’s wings down 2 a sudden clear memory of som flashlight /ˈflæʃlaɪt/ NOUN [plural flashlights] flare VERB flaps, [flares, flared] flask /flɑːsk/ NOUN [plural flasks] 2 if a /fleə(r)/ piece ofccloth it flaring, moves backwards happened to you in the past % Sh the1 US word for start torchto(=small light) suddenly burn orelectric shine brightly 1 a container for keeping drinks % The flags were flapping in the flashbacks andtoforwards and nightmares after t flashy wind./ˈflæʃɪ/ ADJECTIVE [flashier, flashiest] flashlight /ˈflæʃlaɪt/ NOUN [plural expensive, and designed c NOUN [plural flaps] to make people notice the US word for torch (=small e a flashy car you 1 a%piece of something that hangs down over flashy /ˈflæʃɪ/ ADJECTIVE [flashier, f % He[plural closedflasks] the tent flaps. an opening flask /flɑːsk/ NOUN expensive, and designed to make movement and down, of a 1 2a acontainer for up keeping drinkslike hotthat or cold you % a flashy car bird’s wings flare /fleə(r)/ c VERB [flares, flaring, flared] flask /flɑːsk/ NOUN [plural flasks] 1 to suddenly start to burn or shine brightly 1 a container for keeping drinks

%

NOUN

% %

%

to put out the flames. 2 in flames burning % The building was in flames. 3 burst into flames/go up in flames to suddenly start burning % The plane skidded off the runway and burst into flames. 4 an angry or rude e-mail. A computing word. c VERB [flames, flaming, flamed] to send someone an angry or rude e-mail. A computing word. flaming /ˈfleɪmɪŋ/ ADJECTIVE burning % Flaming debris fell from the plane before it crashed.

Controlled vocabulary Chambers dictionaries for learners use a controlled vocabulary – a restricted list of non-technical words used in definitions.

Usage notes /fləˈmeŋkəʊ/ [pluralof flamencos] These notes have been compiled flamenco using the results N an energetic Spanish dance flamingo /fləˈmɪŋgəʊ/ [plural flamingoes analysis of real learners’ errors. or flamingos] a large pink bird with long legs NOUN

NOUN

/ˈflæməbəl/ ADJECTIVE

something

The gas is that is flammable burns easily CLIL vocabulary highly flammable. Chambers dictionaries for learners include vocabulary Inflammable means the same as flammable. from CLIL subjects, from history toflanICT. CLIL (Content /flæn/ [plural flans] a circle of pastry thatis hasan something inside it a lemon flan and Language Integrated Learning) international flank /flæŋk/ c [flanks, flanking, flanked] you are flanked byschool two people, you have one educational practice that involves ifofteaching them on each side of you She left the flanked by other police officers. subjects through the medium of accourtroom language [plural flanks] the side of an animal’s body, especially a horse’s than the native language of the students. % %

J

NOUN

%

VERB

%

NOUN

flannel

/ˈflænəl/ NOUN

[plural flannels]

1 a piece of cloth used for washing yourself 2 a type of soft, warm cloth, used especially for

night clothes

flap

/flæp/ c VERB [flaps, flapping, flapped] 1 if a bird flaps its wings, it moves them up and down 2 if a piece of cloth flaps, it moves backwards and forwards % The flags were flapping in the wind. c NOUN [plural flaps] 1 a piece of something that hangs down over an opening % He closed the tent flaps. 2 a movement up and down, like that of a bird’s wings flare /fleə(r)/ c VERB [flares, flaring, flared] 1 to suddenly start to burn or shine brightly

ESOL for Scottish Qualifications will help students to prepare for the reading, writing, listing and speaking elements of SQA assessments in English for Speakers of Other Languages at Access 3 and Intermediate 1 Levels. The Student’s Book includes a CD containing listening material and a Teacher’s Book and Workbook are also available. For further details please call 0141 848 1609 or contact [email protected].

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ADJECTIVE

%

flammable

/flæmˈbɔɪənt/ ADJECTIVE

1 very confident and behaving in a way that attracts attention % a flamboyant actor 2 bright and colourful % flamboyantflask clothes 327

flamboyant /flæmˈbɔɪənt/ Collocations shown 1 very confident and behaving in a way that attention a flamboyant Collocations show which words areattracts commonly usedactor 2 bright and colourful flamboyant clothes together. These word partners show how to flamelearners /fleɪm/ c [plural flames] the hot orange gas you see in a fire use language in a clear and natural1Flames way. leapt from the roof. Firefighters tried

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Chambers ESOL Dictionaries

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Chambers Student Learners’ Dictionary

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New June

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Chambers Student Learners’ Dictionary has been specially compiled for intermediate students of English. Complete with curriculum vocabulary for all school subjects, including science, mathematics and ICT, it is ideal for students studying in English and for CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning).

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• Supplements with study pages and practical guidance on language • Interactive CD-ROM of full dictionary text, with exercises and full audio pronunciation

Chambers Essential Learners’ Dictionary

£14.00 • 978 0550 10424 3 800pp • 198 x 129mm Paperback New September

Chambers Essential Learners’ Dictionary has been specially compiled for elementary students of English. Focussing on the essential vocabulary for learners of English, meanings are explained in clear, easy-tounderstand language. Examples are given from real English, key collocations are shown for thousands of entries and common learner errors are highlighted, giving the student more confidence to learn.

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With supporting study pages and practical guidance on using language, Chambers Essential Learners’ Dictionary is the perfect dictionary for students who want to start developing their English. £10.99 • 978 0550 10478 6 480pp • 198 x 129mm Paperback

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All parts of speech shown in full.

Each meaning is numbered.

Words used in school subjects – are included and clearly identified.

Special layout for the most common and useful words to learn and use.

Short explanations give extra information where necessary.

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Phrasal verbs, a tricky feature of English, are clearly labelled.

Thousands of example sentences show words in real-life context.

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The plural of all nouns is shown.

Common idioms help learners use natural English.

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Inside a Chambers ESOL Dictionary

4With CD-ROM • Each book comes with an interactive CD-ROM of the whole dictionary • With quick search and advanced search functions • Spoken audio pronunciations for every headword and derivative and a record and play-back feature to allow users to check their own pronunciation • Integrates with Microsoft Word and your web browser • Test-yourself exercises to check progress

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Chambers School Science Dictionary

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With definitions written in a clear and straightforward style, Chambers School Science Dictionary features full-colour illustrations and a wealth of extra information to help students.

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• Over 300 full-colour illustrations and illustrated panels • Colour entry words with clear definitions • Biographies of famous scientists • Covers a wide variety of fields, including Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry, Ecology, Geology, and more

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£9.99 • 978 0550 10070 2 400pp • 210 x 148mm Hardback worksheets available at www.chamberslearning.com ether ether 1. An organic compound in which two

Colour entry words Clear definitions

hydrocarbon groups are linked by an oxygen atom. 2. A colourless, flammable liquid, C4H10 O. It is used as a solvent and was formerly used as an anaesthetic. 3. A hypothetical medium formerly believed to permeate all space and to be the medium through which light and other electromagnetic radiation move. The existence of ether was disproved by the American physicists Albert Michelson and Edward Morley in 1887. ethyl alcohol See ethanol. ethylene See ethene. ethylene glycol See 1,2-dihydroxyethane. ethyne A colourless, highly flammable and explosive gas, C2H2 . It is used in gas lighting and in cutting and welding metal. An alkyne. Old name acetylene.

water molecules

evaporating water molecules (vapour)

Concepts clearly illustrated

Ch th al w m

� ev aporation On the left is a beaker filled with cool water. On the right, as the water is heated, molecules in the liquid move quickly apart. Molecules on the surface of the liquid will escape as vapour.

Eu The symbol for europium. eucalyptus Any of numerous tall trees that are

native to Australia. Eucalyptus trees have wood contain chlorophyll like plants. Euglenas are valued as timber and aromatic leaves containing protozoans. an oil used in medicinal preparations. eukaryote An organism whose cells contain a Euclid Third century B C. Greek mathematician nucleus surrounded by a membrane. All whose book, Elements, was used continuously organisms except for bacteria, cyanobacteria until the 19th century. In it, he organized and and the bacteria-like organisms known as systematized all that was known about geometry. archaea are eukaryotes. Compare prokaryote. Euclid’s systematic use of deductions and axioms Euler, 1707–1783. Swiss Leonhard was widely regarded as a model working method mathematician who made many contributions to and influenced mathematicians and scientists for numerous areas of mathematics. He was one of over two thousand years. the first to develop the methods used in calculus, euglena Any of various one-celled freshwater and he introduced much of the basic mathematical organisms that move with a long tail called a notation still used today. flagellum, have a reddish eyespot, and often europium A very rare, silvery-white metallic element that is the softest member of the lanthanide series. It is used in making colour television tubes and lasers and in scientific research. Symbol Eu. Atomic number 63. See flagellum eyespot Periodic Table, pages 260–261. vacuole eustachian tube A slender tube that connects the middle ear with the upper part of the throat (pharynx), serving to equalize air pressure on either side of the eardrum. � euglena evaporation The change of a liquid into a anatomy of a euglena vapour at a temperature below its boiling point. evapotranspiration Loss of water from the nucleus Earth’s surface through evaporation from soil, chloroplasts rocks and water and through transpiration from membrane chambers secondary mailing 09.inddcell 16 plants.

Biographies of famous scientists

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Crossreferences develop vocabulary further

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Chambers Paperback Dictionary offers great value for money, with thousands of clear and up-to-date definitions, and numerous notes to help with tricky points of language.

£5.99 • 978 0550 10295 9 928pp • 178 x 111mm Paperback

Chambers Paperback Thesaurus

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• 37,000 definitions explain the meanings of 26,000 words and phrases • Suitable for school and general use • Clear and attractive layout • Help with irregular word forms and pronunciation • Supplement gives help with spelling and punctuation

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Chambers Paperback Dictionary

Chambers Paperback Thesaurus helps you find the right word for every occasion. It provides alternatives for over 9,000 common English words and also gives words with the opposite meaning (antonyms) where appropriate. • Over 155,000 synonyms and antonyms • Suitable for school and general use • Clear and attractive layout • Informative supplement of words grouped by ending • Around 200 panels that contain lists of words relating to particular subjects, ranging from the technical to the general

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£5.99 • 978 0550 10296 6 656pp • 178 x 111mm Paperback

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Chambers Rhyming Dictionary

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With a preface by Benjamin Zephaniah Chambers Rhyming Dictionary groups over 30,000 words and phrases according to their rhyming patterns. It is suitable for use in schools and has a wider appeal for poets, lyricists and songwriters.

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• Includes first names, place names and famous people • Easy-to-use index • Tips on adding to lists of rhyming words Benjamin Zephaniah Birmingham-born Zephaniah is the author of a number of poetry collections for both adults and children, including Funky Chickens, Too Black, Too Strong and We are Britain. He has also written three novels – Face, Refugee Boy and Gangsta Rap.

£7.99 • 978 0550 10347 5 432pp • 198 x 129mm Paperback

Places

First names

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Fo of gu as co

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C Idiomatic phrases

Tips for finding further rhymes

Be in tr no

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Covering all the major punctuation marks in turn, this book helps writers express themselves accurately and effectively. The structure allows users to work through chapter by chapter or dip in to find a specific piece of information. • Covers common punctuation difficulties and advises on when to use specific marks • Packed with examples and practice excercises

Chambers Common Errors For everyone who wants to avoid the common pitfalls of the English language, this handy book contains guidance on spelling, punctuation and grammar, as well as how to select words appropriate to the context. • Helps distinguish confusable words, eg ‘economic’ and ‘economical’ • Panels cover trickier topics such as the split infinitive • Symbols show correct and incorrect usuage at a glance

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£5.99 • 978 0550 10139 6 176pp • 150 x 105mm Paperback

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Chambers Perfect Punctuation

£5.99 • 978 0550 10138 9 224pp • 150 x 105mm Paperback

Chambers Better Spelling Better Spelling will boost any writer’s confidence. It includes key rules for spelling words correctly, lists of troublesome spellings with helpful memory tips, plus notes on the history behind English spelling. • Key spelling rules and notable exceptions, with memory prompts for tricky words • Explanation of why English words are spelt the way they are For a full list of desktop guides, go to www.chambers.co.uk

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£5.99 • 978 0550 10338 3 192pp • 150 x 105mm Paperback

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Chambers Concise Dictionary

Special Price £14.99

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Chambers Concise Dictionary provides special coverage of current vocabulary and idioms, as well as technical terms from science, computing, business and sport.

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This new edition includes a Language Lovers’ Miscellany, which delves into all the richness of the English language with lists of phobias, proverbs, foreign words and phrases used in English, collective nouns, Greek, Hebrew and Arabic alphabets and much more.

To at Ch tri

• Thoroughly up-to-date text • Hundreds of notes explain word origins and offer spelling, grammar and usage tips • Idiomatic phrases clearly explained £19.99 • 978 0550 10334 5 1488pp • 246 x 156mm Hardback

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Chambers Mini Dictionary 37,000 definitions explaining the meanings of 26,000 words and phrases • A handy dictionary, with all the information you need at your fingertips • Suitable for school and general use • Smart, durable PVC binding

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£3.99 • 978 0550 10218 8 752pp • 120 x 79mm PVC

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The Chambers Dictionary

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The Chambers Dictionary remains the dictionary choice for everyone with a love of words. This 11th Edition has been thoroughly revised to reflect the latest changes in our language, especially with regard to current pronunciation and new vocabulary.

• More words and definitions than any other singlevolume English dictionary, with hundreds of new words and senses added to this edition • Clear, accurate and, on occasion, characteristically witty definitions

Standard £35.00 •:978 0550 10289 8 1904pp • 268 x 178mm Hardback

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Thumb-Indexed £40.00 •:978 0550 10396 3 1904pp • 268 x 178mm Hardback

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To celebrate the launch of Chambers Reference Online at www.chambersreference.com, each copy of The Chambers Dictionary, 11th Edition, comes with a free trial of this ultra-reliable new online resource.

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Wide variety of English from literary and regional words to technical terms w.mobi

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Chambers Dictionary of Music

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The authoritative but accessible guide to the world of classical music has been compiled with the assistance of eminent music professors. Its clear entries on terminology, genres, composers and works from early music to the present day make it a valuable reference for anyone studying or interested in music.

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• Over 6,500 entries • Illustrated with music examples • Chronology of key composers and works

£12.99 • 978 0550 10322 2 800pp • 216 x 138mm Paperback

•A •C •I

Open University set book

Afri

Khamma of Western music. It was used on medieval instruments of the organ type (including the portative organ and the reed organ), and then on Renaissance stringed instruments such as the J clavichord and J hurdy -gurdy. Keyboard instruments were designed so that musical intervals could always be reproduced accurately. The early clavichord is sometimes thought of as a J monochord. This was basically a soundbox with one stretched string.The pitch was changed by moving the bridge to different points on the string. Adding the keyboard to the clavichord gave the instrument a greater flexibility and reliability of pitch and was important in showing the relationship of string length to pitch. Instrument makers seized on the user-friendly keyboard mechanism to create new markets for amateur and domestic use, creating in the clavichord a mechanized plectrum guitar, in the harpsichord a mechanized lute, in the hurdy-gurdy a keyboard viol, and in the fortepiano a mechanized dulcimer. key bugle or Kent bugle musical instrument, a type of J bugle with side holes covered with keys similar to those used on woodwind instruments. It was invented in the early 19th century. keynote in music, the J tonic : the note on which the scale begins and ends, which determines the key of a piece of music in major or minor and after which that key is named. key relationships in music, key relationships may be close or remote, based largely on the similarity of key signatures; for instance, in the key of C major the relation of the tonic chord (C) with the dominant (G) is close. The relation of C minor with EVmajor (its relative major) is also close, whereas the relation of C major with EV major is less close. Transference from one key to another may be abrupt or may be effected by modulation.

key signature in music, sharps or flats printed at the beginning of every line (or stave) of music after the J clef. It tells a player what key the music is in. A key signature without any sharps or flats means the piece is in C major or A minor, or that the music is nontonal. As shown above, each key signature is shared by two keys: a major key and its relative minor (the relative minor is found three semitones below the major key). chambers secondary mailing 09.indd To22 change a key signature during a piece, all

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Tonic/dominant and relative major/minor relationships are close; C major and E flat major are not closely related. to study in Moscow only after the Revolution. He entered the Gnesin School of Music there and studied under Mikhail Gnesin in 1923; from 1929 until 1937 he studied at the Moscow Conservatory under Sergey Vasilenko and Nikolay Myaskovsky. He studied the folk songs of Russian Armenia and other southern regions, which influenced his compositions. He was successful with a pre-war symphony and piano concerto, but was denounced in the composers’ purge of 1948 and as a result turned to patriotic film and ballet music. Works STAGE ballets Happiness (1939), Gayaneh (1942), Spartacus (1956); incidental music for Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Lope de Vega’s The Widow of Valencia, Pogodin’s Kremlin Chimes, Kron’s Deep Drilling, Lermontov’s Masquerade, and others. ORCHESTRAL three symphonies (1932^47), Dance Suite (1933), Solemn Overture, ‘To the End of the War’ for orchestra; Song of Stalin for chorus and orchestra (1938); marches and pieces on Uzbek and Armenian themes for wind band; concertos for piano, violin, cello, and violin and cello. CHAMBER string quartet (1932), trio for clarinet,

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Chambers Reference Atlas is a compact and practical guide to the nations of the world, combining detailed full-colour maps of every country and continent with a wealth of demographic, geographic and historical information. It also includes panels, tables and thematic maps, while a comprehensive index makes it easy to locate cities, natural features and major tourist sites.

F 01235 400401

• Attractive, colourful design • Clear, easy-to-use layout • Includes national flags and time zones

Africa FCP

24/1/05

2:26 pm

£12.99 • 978 0550 10337 6 320pp • 230 x 150mm Paperback

Page 72

MALI Africa FCP

24/1/05

2:26 pm

Page 73

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industry: 17.1%, services: 37.1% Gross public debt: n/a Unemployment rate: n/a Agriculture and fishing

Crops

groundnuts (2001): 196,000t sugar cane (2001): 300,000t cotton (2002): 612,000t

150 km

750 m

population 50,000 to 800,000

road

place of interest

population 20,000 to 50,000

railway line

airport

population less than 20,000

including the suburbs maize (2002): 321,000t millet (2001): 863,000t rice (2002): 926,000t sorghum (2002): 951,000t Livestock farming and fishing

cattle (2002): 6,819,000 head goats (2001): 9,900,000 head camels (2001): 467,000 head sheep (2002): 6,150,000 head fish (1999): 99,000t Energy generation and mining

total electricity (2001): 480 million kWh gold (2001): 40,000kg Industrial production

sugar (2001): 32,000t cotton yarn (2001): 230,000t timber (2000): 413,000m3 Tourism

Tourism revenue (2000): 50 million US$ Foreign trade

Exports (2001): 725.2 million US$ Imports (2001): 734.7 million US$ Defence

Armed forces (2001): 7,350 people Defence budget (2001): 2.47% of GDP Standard of living

Inhabitants per doctor (1993): 21,180 Average daily calorie intake (2000): 2,403

(FAO minimum: 2,400)

Cars per 1,000 inhabitants (1996): 3 Televisions per 1,000 inhabitants (2001): 17

HISTORY: KEY DATES 7C–16C: the country was the centre of

the large Ghana and Mali empires, and of the Songhai empire. 17C–19C: several groups, including the Moroccans, Tuareg, Bambara and Fulani, struggled to dominate the region. 1898: Mali, known as French Sudan, became part of French West Africa. 1958: French Sudan became the Sudanese Republic. 1959: Senegal and Mali formed the Mali Federation. 1960: the independent Republic of Mali was proclaimed. 1985: a brief border war took place between Mali and Burkina Faso. 1990S: Tuareg tribes rebelled over land and cultural issues. 1992: a multiparty political system was restored. 1995: a peace agreement was signed with the Tuareg tribes. 2002: the Malian government resigned in favour of an entirely new government. 2004: the Malian government again resigned en masse.

Government type and political system:

republic with a semi-presidential system Head of state: (President of the Republic) Maaouya Ould Sid’Ahmed Taya Head of government: (Prime Minister) Sghaïr Ould M’Bareck Administrative structure: 12 regions and 1 capital district Official language: Arabic Currency: ouguiya DEMOGRAPHICS Density: 2 inhab/km2 Percentage of population in urban areas (2001): 59% Age structure of population (2000): 0–15

years: 44.1%, 15–65 years: 52.7%, over 65 years: 3.2% Birth rate (2003): 41.8‰ Death rate (2003): 14.2‰ Infant mortality rate (2003): 96.7‰ Life expectancy at birth (2003): male: 50.9 years, female: 54.1 years ECONOMY GNP (2002): 0.791 billion US$ GNP per capita (2002): 280 US$ GNP per capita PPP (2002): 1,790

international dollars

HDI (2000): 0.438 GDP annual growth rate (2003): 4.2% Annual inflation rate (2000): 3.25% Labour force by occupation: n/a GDP by sector (2000): agriculture: 22.4%,

industry: 30.6%, services: 47%

Gross public debt: n/a Unemployment rate: n/a

Agriculture and fishing

Crops

dates (2001): 22,000t rice (2002): 68,000t sorghum (2002): 28,700t Livestock farming and fishing

cattle (2002): 1,564,000 head

chambers secondary mailing 09.indd 23

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Area: 1,025,520km2 Population (2002): 2,830,000 Capital: Nouakchott 626,000 (2001 e)

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Around 66% of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania is located in the Sahara. Since much of the land is desert, the climate is hot and the country generally receives no more than 100mm of rainfall each year. However, in the southern part of Mauritania, which is situated in the Sahel, the average annual precipitation is around 500mm.

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international dollars

HDI (2000): 0.386 GDP annual growth rate (2003): 3.2% Annual inflation rate (2000): –0.68% Labour force by occupation: n/a GDP by sector (2000): agriculture: 45.8%,

Ghana

ATLANTIC

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ECONOMY GNP (2002): 2.72 billion US$ GNP per capita (2002): 240 US$ GNP per capita PPP (2002): 860

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years: 46.1%, 15–65 years: 49.9%, over 65 years: 4% Birth rate (2003): 49.9‰ Death rate (2003): 16.2‰ Infant mortality rate (2003): 118.7‰ Life expectancy at birth (2003): male: 48 years, female: 49.1 years

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DEMOGRAPHICS Density: 9 inhab/km2 Percentage of population in urban areas (2001): 30.9% Age structure of population (2000): 0–15

Mont Hombori L. Débo Sé 1 155 m Yélimané né ga S Nioro A Nara HYouvarou E Douentza L l Kayes Maréna Diéma Konna Pays Niono P. N. de la Dogon Diamou Boucle du Baoulé Mopti Bafoulabé Massina Bandiagara Koro u ao Kolokani Banamba Ségou Djenné L. de B Manantali Kita Kati Koulikoro Tominian Pl Kéniéba i ate an Bla San a ux Senegal Ma Yorosso BAMAKO

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republic with a semi-presidential system Head of state: (President of the Republic) Amadou Toumani Touré Head of government: (Prime Minister) Ousmane Issoufi Maiga Administrative structure: 8 regions and 1 capital district Official language: French Currency: CFA franc

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Government type and political system:

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Tombouctou GourmaRharous (Timbuktu) L. Faguibine Goundam Diré Gourma

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Area: 1,240,192km2 Population (2002): 12,019,000 Capital: Bamako 1,161,000 (2001 e) including the suburbs

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The Republic of Mali is West Africa’s largest country, several times the size of the UK. It is landlocked, and stretches across the arid Sahel and the Sahara Desert. Mali is one of the poorest countries in the world.

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Chambers Reference Atlas

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Mauritania place of interest

road

population over 500,000

100

railway line

population 10,000 to 500,000

200

500 m

airport

goats (2001): 5,100,000 head camels (2001): 1,230,000 head sheep (2002): 8,774,000 head chickens (2002): 4,200,000 head fish (1999): 47,800t Energy generation and mining

total electricity (2001): 157 million kWh iron (2001): 7,700,000t Tourism

Tourism revenue (1999): 28 million US$ Foreign trade

Exports (1998): 358.6 million US$ Imports (1998): 318.7 million US$

population less than 10,000

Defence

Armed forces (2001): 15,750 people Defence budget (2001): 2.91% of GDP

73

Standard of living

Inhabitants per doctor (1993): 10,000 Average daily calorie intake (2000): 2,638

(FAO minimum: 2,400) Cars per 1,000 inhabitants (1996): 8 Televisions per 1,000 inhabitants (2001):

96

MAURITIUS

� � INDIAN MADAGASCAR OCEAN

HISTORY: KEY DATES AD 3C–AD 7C: Berber nomads (notably those of the Sanhadja Confederation) displaced the indigenous population. 8C–9C: Mauritania was converted to Islam. 11C: the Almoravid empire spread its austere form of Islam through the region. 15C–18C: the Beni Hassan Arabs divided the country into emirates; the Europeans established settlements on the coasts. 1920: Mauritania became part of French West Africa. 1960: Mauritania became fully independent.

1979: after three years of fighting the Polisario guerilla group for control of Western Sahara, Mauritania renounced its claim to the area and a peace agreement was signed. 1989: a border dispute with Senegal led to serious riots and several hundred deaths. 1991: a multiparty political system was adopted. 1993: the USA suspended development aid to Mauritania. 2003: an attempted coup failed to depose the president.

13/03/2009 12:26:52

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