Ch6

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‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ اﻣﺎم ﺣﺴﻴﻦ )ع(‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪: ۶‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮان درس ‪:‬‬

‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ هﺎی ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﯽ‬

‫‪Analytical Photogrammetry‬‬

‫اراﺋﻪ دهﻨﺪﻩ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺎ ﺧﺰاﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪E-mail: [email protected]‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻤﺴﺎل ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻠﯽ ‪٨۵-٨۶-٢ :‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪2006‬‬

‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺏﻨﺪی دﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ هﺎی ﻓﺘﻮﮔﺮاﻡﺘﺮی‬

‫ﻓﺘﻮﮔﺮاﻡﺘﺮی رﻗﻮﻡﯽ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺮاع دورﺏﻴﻨﻬﺎی دﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝﯽ‬

‫ورودی‬

‫ﭘﺮدازش‬

‫ﺧﺮوﺝﯽ‬

‫ﺡﺬف ﺧﻄﺎهﺎ‬

‫ﺁﻥﺎﻝﻮگ‬

‫ﻋﮑﺲ ‪ /‬دﻳﺎﭘﻮزﺗﻴﻮ‬

‫ﻡﮑﺎﻥﻴﮑﯽ‪ -‬ﻥﻮری‬ ‫)دﻳﺪ اﺳﺘﺮﺋﻮﺳﮑﻮﭘﯽ(‬

‫‪hardcopy‬‬

‫ﺗﮑﻨﻴﮑﻬﺎی‬ ‫ﻋﮑﺎﺳﯽ‬

‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﯽ‬

‫ﻋﮑﺲ ‪ /‬دﻳﺎﭘﻮزﺗﻴﻮ‬

‫ﻡﺪﻝﻬﺎی رﻳﺎﺿﯽ‬

‫‪Softcopy‬‬ ‫رﻗﻮﻡﯽ‬

‫ﺗﮑﻨﻴﮑﻬﺎی‬ ‫ﻋﮑﺎﺳﯽ‬

‫رﻗﻮﻡﯽ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ رﻗﻮﻡﯽ‬

‫ﻡﺪﻝﻬﺎی رﻳﺎﺿﯽ‬

‫‪Softcopy‬‬ ‫رﻗﻮﻡﯽ‬

‫ﭘﺮدازش رﻗﻮﻡﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬

‫ﻓﺘﻮﮔﺮاﻡﺘﺮی ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﯽ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺮاع ﮐﺎﻡﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬

‫اﻥﻘﻼب در ﻓﺘﻮﮔﺮاﻡﺘﺮي‬

‫راﻩ ﺡﻞ هﺎي رﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﺏﺮاي ﻡﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﺘﻮﮔﺮاﻡﺘﺮي‬ ‫اوﻝﻴﻦ دﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﯽ ﺏﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ‪ U.V. Helava‬در‬ ‫ﺳﺎل ‪ ١٩۵٧‬در اﺗﺎوا ﮐﺎﻥﺎدا اﺧﺘﺮاع ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫اﺧﺘﺮاع هﻮاﭘﻴﻤﺎ‬

‫ﻓﺘﻮﮔﺮاﻡﺘﺮی ﺁﻥﺎﻝﻮگ‬

‫ﻥﺴﻞ اول‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺮاع ﻋﮑﺴﺒﺮداری‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫)‪mathematical equations under photogrammetric conditions .... Safa Khazaei (winter, 2007‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Analog Photogrammetry‬‬

‫‪Mirror Stereo-Scope‬‬

‫‪Multi-Plex‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫ﻡﺰاﻳﺎی ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎی ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﯽ ﻥﺴﺒﺖ ﺏﻪ ﺁﻥﺎﻝﻮگ‬ ‫„‬ ‫„‬ ‫„‬ ‫„‬ ‫„‬ ‫„‬ ‫„‬ ‫„‬ ‫„‬ ‫„‬

‫از ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﮑﯽ و ﻧﻮری ﮐﻤﺘﺮ اﺱﺘﻔﺎدﻩ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮدد)ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ(‬ ‫هﻴﭻ ﻣﺤﺪودیﺘﯽ در ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮐﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ دورﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﮑﺴﺒﺮداری و ارﺗﻔﺎع پﺮواز وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد‬ ‫هﻴﭻ ﻣﺤﺪودیﺘﯽ در ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻧﺪاریﻢ‬ ‫هﻤﻪ ﻧﻮع ﻋﮑﺲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺪاول ) ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺮیﮏ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎهﻮارﻩ ای و ‪ (...‬ﺑﺎ هﺮ ﺗﻴﻠﺘﯽ را ﻣﯽ پﺬیﺮد‬ ‫ﺣﺬف ﺧﻄﺎهﺎی ﺱﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﮏ ﺑﻪ وﺱﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﺪﻝﻬﺎی ریﺎﺿﯽ‬ ‫اﻓﺰایﺶ دﻗﺖ هﻤﻮارﻩ در ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎت ﻣﻴﺴﺮ اﺱﺖ )ﺣﺪود ‪ ۴٠‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ(‬ ‫ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت دیﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝﯽ اﺱﺖ‬ ‫‪GIS‬‬ ‫دﻗﺖ‬ ‫هﺰیﻨﻪ پﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري‬ ‫آﺎرایﻲ ﺑﺎﻻي اﻧﺪازﻩ ﮔﻴﺮي )آﻤﭙﺎراﺗﻮرهﺎ(‬ ‫آﺎرایﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬

‫‪8‬‬

‫‪۴٠‬‬

‫‪7‬‬

‫)‪mathematical equations under photogrammetric conditions .... Safa Khazaei (winter, 2007‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

: ‫ ﮔﺮوﻩ دﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ هﺎی ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﯽ‬٣ Analytical Mono Plotter „ Image Space Plotter (I.S.P) „ ‫ دﺱﺘﮕﺎﻩ هﺎی ﺗﺒﺪیﻞ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﯽ‬Analytical Plotter (A.P) „ Image Coordinate Primary (I.C.P) Object Coordinate Primary (O.C.P)

9

10

y Rail

Mono-Comparators

‫ﻣﻨﻮ ﮐﻤﭙﺎراﺗﻮر‬

Rail

2D Projective

Measuring mark

X =

Cross Slide

a1 x + a 2 y + a3 c1 x + c 2 y + 1

‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ داﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ‬

b x + b2 y + b3 Y= 1 c1 x + c 2 y + 1 x 1 mm

GCP

‫ﭘﻴﭻ ﻡﻴﮑﺮوﻡﺘﺮ‬

x-encoder

y-encoder

X A/D

‫ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬ Y

‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ هﺎ‬ 11

12

mathematical equations under photogrammetric conditions .... Safa Khazaei (winter, 2007)

3

‫‪y‬‬

‫‪Stereo-Comparators‬‬

‫‪I.S.P‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﻮ ﮐﻤﭙﺎراﺗﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ داﺧﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺵﺪن پﺎراﻣﺘﺮهﺎي‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ داﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﻓﻴﺪوﺵﺎل ﻣﺎرآﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺱﻂ آﻤﭙﺎراﺗﻮر اﻧﺪازﻩ ﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻲ ﺵﻮد‪.‬‬ ‫و ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﺑﻮدن ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ و ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﻧﻘﺎط ﻓﻴﺪوﺵﺎل ﻣﺎرآﻬﺎ در ﮔﺰارش آﺎﻝﻴﺒﺮاﺱﻴﻮن ‪،‬‬ ‫پﺎراﻣﺘﺮهﺎي ﺗﺒﺪیﻞ دو ﺑﻌﺪي پﺲ از ﺱﺮﺵﻜﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‪.‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪GCP‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪px‬‬

‫ﻡﺨﺘﺼﺎت زﻡﻴﻨﯽ‬

‫‪py‬‬

‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪Y‬‬

‫‪A/D‬‬

‫ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬

‫'‪x‬‬

‫‪Z‬‬

‫‪Encoder-x‬‬

‫'‪y‬‬

‫‪Encoder-y‬‬

‫‪x = x + px‬‬ ‫'‬

‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ هﺎ‬

‫"‬

‫ﻡﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﻋﻜﺴﻲ‬

‫ﻡﺨﺘﺼﺎت آﻤﭙﺎراﺗﻮر‬

‫‪y" = y ' + p y‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬

‫‪14‬‬

‫دﺱﺘﮕﺎﻩ هﺎی ﺗﺒﺪیﻞ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﯽ‬

‫ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ‪ I.S.P‬؟‬

‫ﺏﺎ ﻡﺘﺪ ‪) I.C.P‬اوﻝﻴﻪ ﺏﻮدن ﻡﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮی(‬

‫‪Servo-motor‬‬ ‫‪Feed Back‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬

‫" ‪M "2 X‬‬ ‫" ‪M "3 X‬‬

‫‪dy”=y”-y”calc‬‬

‫‪Stereo-Comparators‬‬

‫دیﺪن ﻣﺪل ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺁﻧﻲ‬

‫پﺲ از ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ﻣﺪل ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﯽ ﮔﺮدد‬ ‫ارﺗﺒﺎط یﮏ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻀﺎی ﺗﺼﻮیﺮ و زﻣﻴﻦ‬

‫‪y‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬

‫"‬ ‫‪=−f‬‬ ‫‪ycalc‬‬

‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪px‬‬

‫ﻡﺨﺘﺼﺎت زﻡﻴﻨﯽ‬

‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪Y‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬

‫‪py‬‬ ‫‪x = x − px‬‬ ‫'‬

‫ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬

‫"‬

‫‪y " = y ' − py‬‬

‫‪A/D‬‬

‫'‪x‬‬

‫‪Encoder-x‬‬

‫'‪y‬‬

‫‪Encoder-y‬‬

‫ﻡﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﻋﻜﺴﻲ‬

‫ﻡﺨﺘﺼﺎت آﻤﭙﺎراﺗﻮر‬

‫‪15‬‬

‫)‪mathematical equations under photogrammetric conditions .... Safa Khazaei (winter, 2007‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫دﺱﺘﮕﺎﻩ هﺎی ﺗﺒﺪیﻞ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﯽ‬

Stereo Viewing with Temporal Separation

(‫ﻡﺪل‬/‫ )اوﻝﻴﻪ ﺏﻮدن ﻡﺨﺘﺼﺎت زﻡﻴﻨﯽ‬O.C.P ‫ﺏﺎ ﻡﺘﺪ‬

Servo-motor Feed Back

y

dy’

dx’

dy”

dx”

‫ﺏﺎ ﻡﻌﻠﻮم ﺏﻮدن ﻡﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﻡﺪل‬

X Y

" ycalc

Z

' ycalc

px

‫ﻡﺨﺘﺼﺎت زﻡﻴﻨﯽ‬

py

x'

A/D

x" = x ' − px y " = y ' − py

y'

Encoder-y

‫ﻡﺨﺘﺼﺎت آﻤﭙﺎراﺗﻮر‬

M '1 X ' M '3 X ' M '2 X ' =−f M '3 X '

' xcalc =−f

x

Encoder-x

M "1 X " M "3 X " M "2 X " =−f " " M 3X

" =−f xcalc

‫ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬

X Y Z

‫ﻡﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﻋﻜﺴﻲ‬ 17

18

19

20

Analytical Photogrammetry

mathematical equations under photogrammetric conditions .... Safa Khazaei (winter, 2007)

5

‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ هﺎی ﻓﺘﻮﮔﺮاﻡﺘﺮی رﻗﻮﻡﯽ‬ ‫)‪Digital Stereo Photogrammetric systems(DSP‬‬ ‫)‪systems(DSP‬‬

‫هﺪف ﻧﻬﺎیﻲ ‪ :‬ایﺠﺎد ﻣﺎﺵﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﻝﻴﺪ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‬ ‫„‬

‫از ﺗﺼﺎویﺮ دیﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝﯽ‬ ‫اﺱﺘﻔﺎدﻩ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬

‫)ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤًﺎ از دورﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎي دیﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝﻲ یﺎ اﺱﻜﻦ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﻋﻜﺴﻬﺎي ﺁﻧﺎﻝﻮگ(‬

‫‪21‬‬

‫‪22‬‬

‫‪Digital Photogrammetric‬‬

‫ﻡﺰاﻳﺎی ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎی رﻗﻮﻡﯽ ﻥﺴﺒﺖ ﺏﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﯽ‬ ‫„‬ ‫„‬ ‫„‬ ‫ذﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺱﺎزي‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎیﺶ‬

‫„‬ ‫„‬

‫هﻴﭻ ﻧﻴﺎزی ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﮑﯽ ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ و ﺗﻨﻬﺎ از ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﺱﺘﻔﺎدﻩ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮدد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ‪ servomotor‬ﻧﻴﺎزی ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫پﺮدازش رﻗﻮﻣﯽ ﺗﺼﺎویﺮ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ اﺱﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫هﻤﻪ ﻧﻮع ﺗﺼﻮیﺮ )اﻋﻢ از ﻣﺎهﻮارﻩ ای‪/‬هﻮایﯽ‪/‬زﻣﻴﻨﯽ و راداری و ‪ (....‬را ﻣﯽ پﺬیﺮد‪.‬‬ ‫اﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱﻴﻮن ‪ :‬یﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻧﻘﺎط ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺑﺮای ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻝﻴﺪ ‪ DEM‬و ‪....‬‬

‫راﺑﻂ هﺎي آﺎرﺑﺮ‬

‫‪24‬‬

‫‪23‬‬

‫)‪mathematical equations under photogrammetric conditions .... Safa Khazaei (winter, 2007‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺗﺼﺎویﺮ دیﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝﻲ‬

‫اﺱﻜﻦ آﺮدن ﻋﻜﺴﻬﺎي ﺁﻧﺎﻝﻮگ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﺎویﺮ دیﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝﻲ‬

‫دورﺑﻴﻦ دیﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝﻲ‬

‫اﺱﻜﻦ آﺮدن ﻋﻜﺴﻬﺎي ﺁﻧﺎﻝﻮگ‬

Z/I Imaging ‫ هﺰار دﻻر‬٢۵ : ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺖ‬ ‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‬۵ : ‫دﻗﺖ اﺱﻜﻦ‬

SONY DSC 717

25

(‫ ﺣﺠﻢ ذﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺱﺎزي ﺑﺎﻻ‬-‫ ﺑﻲ ﻓﺎیﺪﻩ اﺱﺖ )هﺰیﻨﻪ ﺑﺮ‬pixel-size ‫دﻗﺖ اﺱﻜﻦ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬ ‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‬١۵ : ‫ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻜﺲ هﺎي هﻮایﻲ‬

26

Digital Photogrammetry

‫( ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬Conjugate Points)‫اﺱﺘﺨﺮاج اﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻧﻘﺎط ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬

Relief Displacement (Occlusions & Foreshortening)

ImageStation 2002 Digital Photogrammetric Workstation (DPW) 27

28

mathematical equations under photogrammetric conditions .... Safa Khazaei (winter, 2007)

7

Typical softcopy workstation (courtesy of Dave Kreighbaum & Earthdata Corporation)

Typical planimetric data set with contours (courtesy of Barton Aerial Technology)

29

30

mathematical equations under photogrammetric conditions .... Safa Khazaei (winter, 2007)

8

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