Cell Structure Samralab Ldh
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Govt. Sen. Sec. School Samrala(b) Project:Cell Structure
Made by :(Class 9th) Bhawandeep Lovepreet Paramvir
INTRODUCTION Cells were first discovered by Robert hook in 1665. he observed the cells in a cork slice with the help of a primitive microscope . Leeuwenhoek (1674), with the improved microscope , discovered the free living cells in pond water for the first time. It was Robert brown in 1831 who discovered the nucleus in the cell . Purkinje in 1839 coined the term “protoplasm” for the fluid substance of the cell .the cell theory that all the plants and animals are composed of cells and that the cell is the basic unit of life was presented with the discovery of the electron microscope in 1940 , it was possible to observe and understand the complex structure of the cell with it.
The Cell,on the basis of their nuclear organization have been classified into two categories 2. Prokaryotic cells 3. Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells 1. Generally small in size. 2. . Only single DNA strands is present. 3. Nucleolus is absent. 4. Membrane bound cell organelles are absent. 5. Cell division by fission or budding.
Eukaryotic Cell 1. Generally large in size. 2. It contains a well organized nucleus. 3. Several DNA Strands are present. 4. Nucleolus is present. 5. Cell division by mitosis or meiosis.
Cell Shape As regard their shapes, cells shows a great variation. Some cells such as Amoeba and white blood cell change their shape frequently, other such as nerve cells and most plants cells have a more or less fixed and typically shape. Thus cells may have diverse shapes such as plyhedral,spherical,spindle shaped,branced discoidal.
Cell Size
Some plant and animal cells are visible to the naked eye.Most cells,are visible only with a microscope,since they are only few micrometres in diameter,.The smallest cell is known as Mycroplasma or PPLO Ulra struture of PPLO
Cell Number
Many organism are mad up of one cell,they ar called unicellular. Most of the organism are multicellcular,they are made of many cells.
Structure of Cells
Cells are very small in size and can not be seen with naked eye. Fine structural details of cells can only be seen under light microscope that use light and can magnify an object up to 2000 times and can magnify things as much as a million times. Cell within a body of multicultural organisms differ in shape, size and function.
Structure of cells under a light microscope
CELL WALLS
It is outer rigid protective,supportiv of plants cell. Cell walls is generally considered to be a non-living secretion of the protoplasm but actually it is capable of growth . Function:it provides a definite shape to the cell. It protects plasma membrane and internal structure. It helps in transformational of various material across it. It provides rigidly to the cells. Growth of the cell wall determines the growth of the cell.
Cell membrane
Every kind of cell is bound by a thin ,delicate, living and trilaminar membrane called membrane Functions:1. Plasma membrane is permeable ,therefore ,it allows only selected substances to pass inward. Plasma membrane binds the semifluid contents of the cells. It protects the cell from injury
Cytoplasm
4. 5. 6.
The space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus is filled by an amorphous ,translucent ,homogeneous, Colloidal liquid called cytoplasm matrix or cytoplasm. It consists of various inorganic molecules. In the cytoplasm various cell organelles are found floating Function:Nucleus controls cell metabolism hence it is also called control centre of the cell. All variations are caused by changes in the genetic material present in the nucleus . It directs cells differentiation and cell replication.
Ribosome's These are found in all cells ,both prokaryotes and eukaryotes except in mature sperms and RBCs . in prokaryotic cells , they are found floating free in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells , they occur free in the cytoplasm, Each ribosome has two sub-units a smaller sub-unit and a larger sub-unit. Ribosome's are composed of RNA and Protein. Function:Ribosome help in protein synthesis inside the cell . Hence they are called protein factories of the cell.
Mitochondria
Each mitochondria is bounded by two unit membranes-a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane which is folded inwards to from cristae .The cristae he in a ground substance matrix .the mitochondrial matrix contains lipids, proteins, circular DNA and RNA. Function:1.Mitochondria are called the power house of the call. Mitochondria provide important intermediates for the synthesis of several biochemical . Synthesis of many amino acids occur in mitochondria.
GOLGI APPARATUS It is present around or above the centrals in all eukaryotic cells except mammalian “RBC’s and mature sperms. It is absent in the prokaryotes. It was discovered by Camilla Golgi
Difference between plants cell and animal cells
Animal cells 1. Animal cells are generally smaller I size and oval in shape. 2. cell wall is absent 3. vacuoles are small in size and scattered. Golgi bodies are well developed
Plants cells 1. Plants large in size and rectangular in shape. 2. cell wall is present. 3. Vacuoles are well developed and large. 4. The components of Golgi bodies are diffused in the plants cell and are called dictyosomes
Made by :(Class 9th) Bhawandeep Lovepreet Paramvir
INTRODUCTION Cells were first discovered by Robert hook in 1665. he observed the cells in a cork slice with the help of a primitive microscope . Leeuwenhoek (1674), with the improved microscope , discovered the free living cells in pond water for the first time. It was Robert brown in 1831 who discovered the nucleus in the cell . Purkinje in 1839 coined the term “protoplasm” for the fluid substance of the cell .the cell theory that all the plants and animals are composed of cells and that the cell is the basic unit of life was presented with the discovery of the electron microscope in 1940 , it was possible to observe and understand the complex structure of the cell with it.
The Cell,on the basis of their nuclear organization have been classified into two categories 2. Prokaryotic cells 3. Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells 1. Generally small in size. 2. . Only single DNA strands is present. 3. Nucleolus is absent. 4. Membrane bound cell organelles are absent. 5. Cell division by fission or budding.
Eukaryotic Cell 1. Generally large in size. 2. It contains a well organized nucleus. 3. Several DNA Strands are present. 4. Nucleolus is present. 5. Cell division by mitosis or meiosis.
Cell Shape As regard their shapes, cells shows a great variation. Some cells such as Amoeba and white blood cell change their shape frequently, other such as nerve cells and most plants cells have a more or less fixed and typically shape. Thus cells may have diverse shapes such as plyhedral,spherical,spindle shaped,branced discoidal.
Cell Size
Some plant and animal cells are visible to the naked eye.Most cells,are visible only with a microscope,since they are only few micrometres in diameter,.The smallest cell is known as Mycroplasma or PPLO Ulra struture of PPLO
Cell Number
Many organism are mad up of one cell,they ar called unicellular. Most of the organism are multicellcular,they are made of many cells.
Structure of Cells
Cells are very small in size and can not be seen with naked eye. Fine structural details of cells can only be seen under light microscope that use light and can magnify an object up to 2000 times and can magnify things as much as a million times. Cell within a body of multicultural organisms differ in shape, size and function.
Structure of cells under a light microscope
CELL WALLS
It is outer rigid protective,supportiv of plants cell. Cell walls is generally considered to be a non-living secretion of the protoplasm but actually it is capable of growth . Function:it provides a definite shape to the cell. It protects plasma membrane and internal structure. It helps in transformational of various material across it. It provides rigidly to the cells. Growth of the cell wall determines the growth of the cell.
Cell membrane
Every kind of cell is bound by a thin ,delicate, living and trilaminar membrane called membrane Functions:1. Plasma membrane is permeable ,therefore ,it allows only selected substances to pass inward. Plasma membrane binds the semifluid contents of the cells. It protects the cell from injury
Cytoplasm
4. 5. 6.
The space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus is filled by an amorphous ,translucent ,homogeneous, Colloidal liquid called cytoplasm matrix or cytoplasm. It consists of various inorganic molecules. In the cytoplasm various cell organelles are found floating Function:Nucleus controls cell metabolism hence it is also called control centre of the cell. All variations are caused by changes in the genetic material present in the nucleus . It directs cells differentiation and cell replication.
Ribosome's These are found in all cells ,both prokaryotes and eukaryotes except in mature sperms and RBCs . in prokaryotic cells , they are found floating free in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells , they occur free in the cytoplasm, Each ribosome has two sub-units a smaller sub-unit and a larger sub-unit. Ribosome's are composed of RNA and Protein. Function:Ribosome help in protein synthesis inside the cell . Hence they are called protein factories of the cell.
Mitochondria
Each mitochondria is bounded by two unit membranes-a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane which is folded inwards to from cristae .The cristae he in a ground substance matrix .the mitochondrial matrix contains lipids, proteins, circular DNA and RNA. Function:1.Mitochondria are called the power house of the call. Mitochondria provide important intermediates for the synthesis of several biochemical . Synthesis of many amino acids occur in mitochondria.
GOLGI APPARATUS It is present around or above the centrals in all eukaryotic cells except mammalian “RBC’s and mature sperms. It is absent in the prokaryotes. It was discovered by Camilla Golgi
Difference between plants cell and animal cells
Animal cells 1. Animal cells are generally smaller I size and oval in shape. 2. cell wall is absent 3. vacuoles are small in size and scattered. Golgi bodies are well developed
Plants cells 1. Plants large in size and rectangular in shape. 2. cell wall is present. 3. Vacuoles are well developed and large. 4. The components of Golgi bodies are diffused in the plants cell and are called dictyosomes
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