Cdma Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

CDMA Technology

An Introduction To CDMA Technology

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Introduction  Short for Code Division Multiple Access

Developed by US company -QUALACOMM Digital technology for delivering mobile telephone services uses spread-spectrum techniques

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Spread Spectrum Transmission Model jammer

interference

Filter Bandwidth W

Information Signal i(t)

s(t)

r(t)

d(t)

Recovered Informational Signal

Data Rate Ri

c(t)

Bandwidth Wi Spreading Sequence

c(t) Spreading Sequence

Chip Rate Rc

Chip Rate Rc

Bandwith Wc

Bandwidth Wc

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Classification of Spread Spectrum Systems Technical Seminar-2004

Spread Spectrum Techniques

Direct Sequence

Wideband

Time Hopper

Frequency Hopper

Hybrid

Narrowband DS/FH/TH

DS/FH Slow

Fast

DS/TH

FH/TH

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Power Control Mechanism

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology #Code

WT1

Wireless Channel

WT2

#Code

time

#Code

Technical Seminar-2004

Multi-Code CDMA

time

time

#Code

WT3

time

Base Station

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

IS-95 CDMA  is based on IS-95 Technology Supports 95 million subscribers worldwide Network operate in 800 & 1900 freq. band Provides voice & data services having speed upto 64 kbits/sec SMS services also Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

CDMA-2000/IS 2000 CDMA-2000 I Phase

CDMA-2000 1X 144kbps packet data rate Two fold increase in both voice capacity & standby time Advanced packet data services Greatly extended battery life Channel size of 1.25 MHz

II Phase

CDMA-2000 3X Circuit & packet data rates up to 2Mbps Incorporates advanced multimedia capabilities Supports framework for advanced 3G voice services & vocoders Channel sizes- 5MHz,10MHz

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Benefits of CDMA Increased Capacity Improved Quality Simplified System Planning Enhanced Privacy Improved Coverage Increased Portable Talk Time Bandwidth on Demand Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

CDMA-Applications CDMA for Cellular CDMA-Short Message Service Over-the-Air Activation CDMA Data and Fax Subscriber Access Control

CDMA for Personal Communications Services

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Conclusion Technology of choice for 3G generation because of it’s Greater total capacity Outstanding voice quality Fewer dropped calls RF planning and implementation is simplified by it’s Capability of re-using single cell frequency non-contiguous bandwidth requirement

It’s use in satellite communication is of great importance Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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Technical Seminar-2004

CDMA Technology

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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Technical Seminar-2004

CDMA Technology CDMA for Cellular CDMA-Short Message Service Over-the-Air Activation CDMA Data and Fax Subscriber Access Control

CDMA for Personal Communications Services

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

CDMA-2000/IS 2000 CDMA-2000 I Phase

CDMA-2000 1X 144kbps packet data rate Two fold increase in both voice capacity & standby time Advanced packet data services Greatly extended battery life Channel size of 1.25 MHz

II Phase

CDMA-2000 3X Circuit & packet data rates up to 2Mbps Incorporates advanced multimedia capabilities Supports framework for advanced 3G voice services & vocoders Channel sizes- 5MHz,10MHz

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Benefits of CDMA Increased Capacity Improved Quality Simplified System Planning Enhanced Privacy Improved Coverage Increased Portable Talk Time Bandwidth on Demand Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Benefits of CDMA Increased Capacity Improved Quality Simplified System Planning Enhanced Privacy Improved Coverage Increased Portable Talk Time Bandwidth on Demand Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Benefits of CDMA Increased Capacity Improved Quality Simplified System Planning Enhanced Privacy Improved Coverage Increased Portable Talk Time Bandwidth on Demand Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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Technical Seminar-2004

CDMA Technology

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

CDMA-Applications CDMA for Cellular CDMA-Short Message Service Over-the-Air Activation CDMA Data and Fax Subscriber Access Control

CDMA for Personal Communications Services

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Benefits of CDMA Increased Capacity Improved Quality Simplified System Planning Enhanced Privacy Improved Coverage Increased Portable Talk Time Bandwidth on Demand Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Why Web Server ? • Web server software enables the information to be accessed across a network by different computers. •For the web pages to be accessed from a PC with Internet Explorer, web server software must reside on that server. •It interpret the server side scripting and send the plain HTML to the client. Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Benefits of CDMA Increased Capacity Improved Quality Simplified System Planning Enhanced Privacy Improved Coverage Increased Portable Talk Time Bandwidth on Demand Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

CDMA-Applications CDMA for Cellular CDMA-Short Message Service Over-the-Air Activation CDMA Data and Fax Subscriber Access Control

CDMA for Personal Communications Services

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Different Types of Web Server • Apache. • IIS. • O'Reilly & Associates WebSite Pro. • Netscape FastTrack Server. • Netscape Enterprise Server. • StarNine’s WebSTAR (for Macintosh). Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Different Features of Apache • Open source updates. It is constantly being updated and you can add functionality as it becomes available. • Free. The software is free. It's hard to beat that price. • Multi-platform support. Apache can be used on systems that have 80x86-series (i.e. Intel) processors running either Linux or NT as an OS, or on other computers running a Unix-type OS on a different processor. • Popular. Apache is the most-used Web server software package in the world. Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Hosting User Home Pages •UserDir some_directory When this form of the UserDir directive is used, Apche receives a URL request of the form http://www.nistinfo.com/~sudhir and uses system resources to locate the home directory of a user named sudhir. e.g., If the directive like UserDir some_directory is in effect, Apache will search in a directory /home/sudhir/some_directory

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Hosting User Home Pages •UserDir /an/absolute/path This method assumes that each user will have his/her own subdirectory under the specified UserDir. e.g., If Apche receives a URL request of the form http://www.nistinfo.com/~sudhir/myphotos.html when a directive like the following is in effect. UserDir /usr/webspace Apache will search in a directory /usr/webspace/sudhir/myphotos.html

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Hosting User Home Pages •UserDir /an/absolute/path/*/with/wildcard In this method the absolute path to the directory in which users should be storing their web documents.However, in plece of actual user name, you put an asterisk(*). If Apche receives a URL request of the form http://www.nistinfo.com/~sudhir when a directive like the following is in effect. UserDir /usr/webspace/*/public_html Apache will map the URL to the directory /usr/webspace/sudhir/public_html

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Virtual Hosting The term Virtual Host refers to the practice of maintaining more than one server on one machine, as differentiated by their apparent hostname. For example, it is often desirable for companies sharing a web server to have their own domains, with web servers accessible as www.nistinfo.com and www.sudhir.com, without requiring the user to know any extra path information.

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Virtual Hosting

1.Virtual Hosting by Name

2.Virtual Hosting by IP

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Name-based vs IP based Virtual Hosts •IP based :- IP-based virtual hosts use the IP address of the

connection to determine the correct virtual host to serve. Therefore you need to have a separate IP address for each host.

•Name based :- Name-based virtual hosting is usually simpler, since

you need only configure your DNS server to map each hostname to the correct IP address and then configure the Apache HTTP Server to recognize the different hostnames..

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

IP based Virtual Hosts •Your current IP Addresses :/home/root$ ifconfig eth0 It will show your current IP address and netmask •Assign New IP to your Mechine :/home/root$ ifconfig eth0:1 172.61.25.210 netmask 255.255.0.0 Now your machine act like presence of another physical network card. Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

IP based Virtual Hosts •BindAddress :-This directive instructs apache to monitor a specific IP address or all active IP address. •e.g. BindAddress 172.61.25.23 BindAddress *

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

IP based Virtual Hosts

Technical Seminar-2004

•Check your IP Address :-

/home/root$ ifconfig eth0 It will show your current IP address and netmask e.g., inet addr 172.61.25.10, Mask 255.255.255.0 •Assign New IP to your Mechine :/home/root$ ifconfig eth0:1 172.61.25.210 netmask 255.255.255.0 Now your machine act like presence of another physical network card. Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

IP based Virtual Hosts •Configure /etc/hosts :IP address

domainnames

172.61.25.10

www.nistinfo.com

172.61.25.210

www.sudhir.com

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

IP based Virtual Hosts

•Configure VirtualHost Directive For Multiple Hosting: DocumentRoot /webspace/nistinfo ErrorLog /webspace/logs/error_log TransferLog /webspace/logs/access_log DocumentRoot /home/sudhir/public_html ErrorLog /home/sudhir/public_html/logs/error_log TransferLog /home/sudhir/public_html/logs/access_log Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Name based Virtual Hosts

Technical Seminar-2004

•Check your IP Address :-

/home/root$ ifconfig eth0 It will show your current IP address and netmask e.g., inet addr 172.61.25.10, Mask 255.255.255.0

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

IP based Virtual Hosts •Configure /etc/hosts :IP address

domain names

172.61.25.10 www.nistinfo.com www.sudhir.com

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Name based Virtual Hosts

•Configure VirtualHost Directive ( /etc/httpd.conf file):NameVirtualHost 172.61.25.10 ServerName www.nistinfo.com DocumentRoot /webspace/nistinfo ErrorLog /webspace/logs/error_log TransferLog /webspace/logs/access_log Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Name based Virtual Hosts •Configure VirtualHost Directive ( /etc/httpd.conf file): ServerName www.sudhir.com DocumentRoot /home/sudhir/public_html ErrorLog /home/sudhir/public_html/logs/error_log TransferLog /home/sudhir/public_html/logs/access_log Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Related Files and Daemons of Apache

• Configuration Files :• httpd.conf :- The main configuration file containing the variables that specify server specific configuration. • srm.conf :- Server Resource Managementhistorically, this file contained the variables that specified how server resources were to be used. • access.conf :- Historically, this file contained the variables relating to access control. • httpd.pid :- Stores the Parent process ID of httpd deamon. • mime.types :- Stores the mime type information of the system. Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Related Files and Daemons of Apache • Related Deamons :• httpd :- It is the Apache HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) server program. It is designed to be run as a standalone daemon program. It will create a pool of child process to handle requests. To stop it, send a TERM signal to the initial parent process. Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Starting and Stopping the Apache • Starting Apache :• /usr/local/bin/httpd • apachectl start • Stopping Apache :• kill the PID of the parent httpd. • kill -TERM `cat /var/run/httpd.pid` • apachectl stop Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Keywords in Apache • Directives :- Configuration Variables • Core Directives :- A fairly sizable subset of the directives are known as Core Directives and they get enabled by default by the systems. • Modules :- Sophisticated operating system objects that can be loaded into or shared among other running programs. Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Keywords in Apache • Dynamic Shared Objects :• Handlers :• Mime Types :-

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Some Common Apache Directives • directive and are used to enclose a group of directives which will apply only to the named directory and subdirectories of that directory. Any directive which is allowed in a directory context may be used. Directory-path is either the full path to a directory, or a wild-card string. Example: Options Indexes FollowSymLinks For example, with Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Some Common Apache Directives • directive and are used to enclose a group of directives which will apply only to the named directory and sub-directories of that directory, the same as . However, it takes as an argument a regular expression. For example: would match directories in /www/ that consisted of three numbers. Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Some Common Apache Directives • BindAddress directive This directive is used to tell the server which IP address to listen to. It can either contain "*”, an IP address, or a fully qualified Internet domain name. Example :BindAddress *

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Some Common Apache Directives • Port directive The port to which the standalone server listens. Example :Port 80

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Some Common Apache Directives

• Listen directive The Listen directive instructs Apache to listen to more than one IP address or port: Multiple Listen directives may be used. For example, to make the server accept connections on both port 80 and port 8000, use: Listen 80 Listen 8000 To make the server accept connections on two specified interfaces and port numbers, use Listen 192.170.2.1:80 Listen 192.170.2.5:8000 Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Some Common Apache Directives • AddModule directive The server can have modules compiled in which are not actively in use. This directive can be used to enable the use of those modules. For example: AddModule mod_include.c Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Some Common Apache Directives • DocumentRoot directive This directive sets the directory from which httpd will serve files. The server appends the path from the requested URL to the document root to make the path to the document. For example: DocumentRoot /webspace/nistinfo then an access to http://www.nistinfo.com/index.html refers to /webspace/nistinfo/index.html. 52 Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Some Common Apache Directives • UserDir directive The UserDir directive sets the real directory in a user's home directory to use when a request for a document for a user is received. The name of the directory which is appended onto a user's home directory if a ~user request is received. For example: UserDir public_html Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Some Common Apache Directives • ServerType directive The ServerType directive sets how the server is executed by the system. Type is one of inetd The server will be run from the system process inetd; the command to start the server is added to /etc/inetd.conf standalone The server will run as a daemon process; the command to start the server is added to the system startup scripts. (/etc/rc.local or /etc/rc3.d/....) 54 Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Some Common Apache Directives • ServerRoot directive The ServerRoot directive sets the directory in which the server lives. Typically it will contain the subdirectories conf/ and logs/. Relative paths for other configuration files are taken as relative to this directory. For example: ServerRoot /usr/local/httpd Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Some Common Apache Directives • ServerName directive The ServerName directive sets the hostname of the server; this is used when creating redirection URLs. If it is not specified, then the server attempts to deduce it from its own IP address. For example: ServerName ntcsindia Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Some Common Apache Directives

• Order directive The Order directive controls the default access state and the order in which Allow and Deny directives are evaluated. For example: Order Deny,Allow Deny from all Allow from apache.org Order Allow,Deny Allow from apache.org Deny from foo.apache.org Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Some Common Apache Directives • Deny directive This directive allows access to the server to be restricted based on hostname, IP address, or environment variables.

For example: Deny from all

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Some Common Apache Directives • Allow directive The Allow directive affects which hosts can access an area of the server. Access can be controlled by hostname, IP Address, IP Address range, or by other characteristics of the client request captured in environment variables. For example: Allow from 10.1.2.3 Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Directory Structure • bin :- Contains the various daemons. • cgi-bin :- Contains the cgi files. • conf :- Contains the different configuration files. • include :- Contains the include files required for different modules. • lib :- Contains the library files for the modules. • logs :- Contains the different logs files. • modules :- Contains the core modules for apache. Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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CDMA Technology

Technical Seminar-2004

Directory Structure • bin :-

Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170

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