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50 Ms. Gromada World Civ II 15 October 2008 The Painting of Our History Religious stories and scientific theories have tried for thousands of years to accurately datethe formation of man. However, in the 1860s,a new art was discovered that changed the view of human creation forever. This new insight was cave painting. Cave painting is a form of prehistoric art that dates back hundreds of thousands of years. Analysts are unable to specify the reasoning behind these paintings of objects on cave walls, but many theories have been formulated to surmise the rational behind the art. Questions arise like, “why did man find a need to paint the walls of caves” and is this part of the foundation of the origin of human life as we know it? (Beacon) The ecumenical belief is rooted at history; cave paintings are man’s unwrittenstory of evolution. In the Upper Paleolithic period, from 40000 B.C. to 10000 B.C., paintings were created in over 300 caves across the globe. “There are two types of cave art: petroglyphs, which are pictures carved in stone and pictographs, which are pictures painted on stone” (Cave Painting). The art is usually found in hidden caves thatare difficult to locate. For this reason, scientists have taken great interest in discovering why man wished to go to such extremes to produce theartistry. The graphics include mainly animals, geometric figures, and signs but rarely depict any relevance to humans. The visual communication gives valuable clues to the culture and beliefs of that era.
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#50 The degree of preciseness of the images, being at such a high level, suggests that the art was not merely decorations that covered the bare surfaces of the caves, butwere created for purpose. “The tonal qualities, and the ingenious use of surfaces in the rock, suggest depth and even a kind of perspective” (Johnson). The astuteness of the art raises many questions pertaining to how and why this artistry was produced. The methods used to create have proven themselves more useful in dating the art than the work itself. The natural objects used have withstood timebetter that the art. In the earlier times of the paintings, fingers and soft clays created many of the paintings. The fine engravings were created later in time, respectively, and are much more rare. Over time the art became more revolutionized and the artists began to mix colors with pestles and mortars. They even went as far as using stencils and blowpipes to create different effects. Another supporting theory that the paintings were done consciously to preserve time is the cost of the art. The cave paintings were expensive to create. The artists required sufficient lighting and a homemade type of scaffolding to reach the high areas. If it didn’t seem imperative to the peopleto preserve their experiences, they wouldn’t have gone to such costs to create the work. The quality and consistency of the bestpainted works in caves supports this. They honed their skill to perfection so that it would last for centuries to be interpreted months later by different clans or even years later by completely different generations. When the first painting was found, people didn’t know whether they were conclusive to a specific area. Many years later from 1860 after finding the first cave of Chauvet, hundredsof paintings have been found. Historians believe there to have been over a thousand of
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#50 themworldwide. However, due to the decaying of the art from carbon dioxide, erosion, and time itself, many have been lost and unable to recover. The caves tend to be enormous is size, stretching hundreds of feet and, believe it or not, the art covers most of that wall space. From studies, the places prove to be more of a special place than an area of human habituation. The most famous of these caves are in Western Europe. Lascaux, in France, was found in 1940 and has the most rooms of all found caves: seven. The Halls of the Bulls is by far the most impressive, telling us about the essence of their nourishment and ways of obtainment. One of the halls is rare in form by depicting humans, an unseen and unheard tradition. Altamira, in Spain, was found many years before Lascaux and is considered the Sistine Chapel of Paleolithic art. Some artistic and carving tools found in various caves date as far back as the Ice Age, however this is ambiguous to the cave painting’s time themselves. As a culture, it’s imperative to realize that this art hasonly been discovered within the last two centuries. There is a world full of information that will still be discovered from the graphics. It will take time, but the collection of knowledge gained from this will be vast.
The numerous theories start specifically with the images themselves. Scientists and
theorists have debated since the findings of the art on the themes, what the images are, and why they are there. Nature is the prominent inspiration of the art. Suns, moons, rain, and clouds are conspicuous amidst the bulls, bison, and deer. The petroglyphs are most commonly considered to have deep religious and cultural meanings behind them. “The art historian looks at the image, or object, compares it to other cultures, and will offer some suggestions, as will the other two disciplines, for the psyche and motivation for these ancient cultures to produce the work they did”
#50 (Johnson). The abstract figures are commonly compared to the Chinese language, meaning
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words and phrases, rather than individual letters. The far north caves in Scandinavia show competition and boundaries of land between the Norsemen. This gives us insight to the Viking culture and how this aggression was created by means of natural selection. “The petroglyphs depict the beings that came, their interaction with the inhabitants of the ancient city, and the war and destruction that ensued” (Petroglyphs). In Egypt, the art depicts a good deal of information about the rulers of the land. After much controversy, scientists have come to an agreement regarding the few and far between images of humans. It could very well be so that the people believed thatany representation of the human might take the soul. The people were very superstitious so this could, in essence, be the reason for the domination of animals and abstract signs. Discovery after discovery, scientists and historians become more enthroned with the cave paintings and their meanings. These men, such as Andreas LeroiGourhan, Henri Breuil, and David LewisWilliams, offer a rationalizationand reasoning behind these historical narratives. These men believed the art to be a ritual act or ceremony, done to increase hunting potential or as a result of hallucinations. The man who really developed the history within the art is Richard Rudgley. He is an anthropologist that looks at the culture and religious side of the artwork. He argues the advancement the people of that time had and the information they transmitted to us, via cave art. His studies of the geometric figures relates to the religious and mythological beliefs of the people. The crosses, stars, and spirals provide us with the key to understanding the religious aspect of the Stone Age. To communicate their strong beliefs, the people wrote down
#50 their impressions of religion to be seen for others and, eventually, us. This is comparatively
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similar to the holy books of today’s religions. But on a more simplified level, “perhaps the cave man wanted to decorate the cave and choose animals because they were important to their existence” (Beacon). Or could it have been that they believed that capturing an animal on “wall” would help them seize the animal in real life. Whatever the reason was, their art continues to teach us the history of our man. The cave paintings contradict the biblical creation stories and support the theory of Darwinism. The accepted Utilitarian theory states the art as shamanistic, magical and religious, and a source for teaching. The works were a cohesive factor for the people. It will forever be unknown the true meaning for their works. “We are a huge distance from that society and its mentality, and finding an answer to its mysterious actions requires an effort of imagination which may be beyond us” (Johnson). What we do learn is the high level of intelligence of these people who thought enough to take the time to preserve what was important to them. We see the importance that they saw and that is where the real truth is discovered. Putting ourselves in that environment is unrealistic, but understanding the basis of their thinking provides us with their history and culture. Learning their society is enough to see into the insight of the primitive man. It develops even more the knowledge of our being; the upmost importance of expanding our culture and the tendencies of ourselves. Cave paintings will forever be a controversial piece of history. However which way you interpret it, it still provides us with one thing: history. It has taught us the lives of our ancestryand the society in which they survived. The evolution from that era to today is
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#50 astonishing. We see it simply in the development from our society daily. Their ideas combined with thatovertime have created a new perspective for us about our own history. And before we can learn the history of other things, we must learn about ourselves first. Even through interpretation, we learned immensely from the simplepaintings and carvings on a cave wall. It
will continue to teach us generation after generation. But in the end, the controversies shouldn’t arise from the ambiguous paintings. If interpretation is all we have to go by, then that is what we do. And isn’t that what all history is? An interpretation of facts versus opinion.