Cat 2009 Eng Test41

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English Test 41 Directions for Questions from 1 to 4: The passage given below is followed by a question. Choose the most appropriate answer to question. Modern identity politics springs from a hole in the political theory underlying liberal democracy. That hole is liberalism’s silence about the place and significance of groups. The line of modern political theory that begins with Machiavelli and continues through Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau and the American founding fathers understands the issue of political freedom as one that pits the state against individuals rather than groups. Hobbes and Locke, for example, argue that human beings possess natural rights as individuals in the state of nature—rights that can only be secured through a social contract that prevents one individual’s pursuit of selfinterest from harming others. Modern liberalism arose in good measure in reaction to the wars of religion that raged in Europe following the Reformation. Liberalism established the principle of religious toleration—the idea that religious goals could not be pursued in the public sphere in a way that restricted the religious freedom of other sects or churches. (As we will see below, the actual separation of church and state was never fully achieved in many modern European democracies.) But while modern liberalism clearly established the principle that state power should not be used to impose religious belief on individuals, it left unanswered the question of whether individual freedom could conflict with the rights of people to uphold a particular religious tradition. Freedom, understood not as the freedom of individuals but of cultural or religious or ethnic groups to protect their group identities, was not seen as a central issue by the American founders, perhaps because the new settlers were relatively homogeneous. In the words of John Jay (in the second “Federalist Paper”): “A people descended from the same ancestors, speaking the same language, professing the same religion, attached to the same principles.” In the west, identity politics began in earnest with the Reformation. Martin Luther argued that salvation could be achieved only through an inner state of faith, and attacked the emphasis on works—that is, exterior conformity to a set of social rules. The Reformation thus identified true religiosity as an individual’s subjective state, dissociating inner identity from outer practice. The Canadian philosopher Charles Taylor has written helpfully about the subsequent historical development of identity politics. Rousseau, in the Second Discourse and the Promenades, argued that there was a big disjuncture between our outer selves, which were the accretion of social customs and habits, and our true inner natures. Happiness lay in the recovery of inner authenticity. This idea was developed by Johann Gottfried von Herder, who argued that inner authenticity lay not just in individuals but in peoples, in the recovery of what we today call folk culture. In Taylor’s words, “This is the powerful ideal that has come down to us. It accords moral importance to a kind of contact with myself, with my own inner nature, which it sees as in danger of being lost… through the pressures toward social conformity.” The disjuncture between one’s inner and outer selves comes not merely out of the realm of ideas, but from the social reality of modern market democracies. After the American and French revolutions, the ideal of la carrière ouverte aux talents was increasingly put into practice as traditional barriers to social mobility were removed. One’s social status was now achieved rather than ascribed; it was the product of one’s talents, work and effort rather than an accident of birth. One’s life story was the search for fulfillment of an inner plan, rather than conformity to the expectations of one’s parents, kin, village or priest.

1. According to the passage, the elimination of conventional barriers resulted in which of the following?

The chasm between the inner and outer selves was removed. The ideal of talents was put into application. Social status was attributed to personal efforts. Expectations from the family increased. Birth was a matter of no significance. Skip this question

2. The Reformation was successful in accomplishing which of the following in the passage?

It marked the advent of socially relevant politics. It controlled the state. It bespoke of emphasis on work. It demanded large scale reforms. It beheld the virtuosity of inner conviction. Skip this question

3. According to the passage, the idea of religious toleration propagates which of the following? That cultural freedom was a part of religion. That religious objectives should not confine anyone’s freedom. Tha religion should not be professed publicly. That the religious bodies should be separate from the state. That individuals were free to protect their identities. Skip this question

4. What according to the passage is the reason for the existence of modern identity politics?

The position and implication of factions has not been defined. The individual has been pitted against the state. The state restricts human rights when it comes to religion. The definition of a social contract is not clear. The natural rights of a human beings should be in accordance with the state.

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Skip this question

5.

In the following INAPPROPRIATE.

question, the word at the top is used in four different ways, numbered 1 to 4. Choose the option in which the usage of the word is INCORRECT or

PASSING

She did not have passing marks in mathematics The mad woman was cursing everybody passing her on the road. At the birthday party all the children enjoyed a game of passing the parcel. A passing taxi was stopped to rush the accident victim to the hospital None of these Skip this question

6.

In following question, the word at the top of the table is used in four different ways, numbered I to 4. Choose the option in which the usage of the word is INCORRECT or INAPPROPRIATE. FALLOUT

Nagasaki suffered from the fallout of nuclear radiation. People believed that the political fallout of the scandal would be insignificant. Who can predict the environmental fallout of the WTO agreements? The headmaster could not understand the fallout of several of his good students at the Public examination. None of these Skip this question

7. Each statement has a part missing. Choose the best option from the four options given below the statement to make up the missing part. ; Many people suggest _________________ and still others would like to convince people not to buy pirated cassettes

to bring down audiocassette prices to reduce the incidence of music piracy, others advocate strong legal action against the offenders, bringing down audiocassette prices to reduce the incidents of music piracy, others are advocating strong legal action against offenders, bringing down audiocassette prices to reduce the incidence of music piracy, others advocate strong legal action against offenders, audiocassette prices to be brought down to reduce incidence of music piracy, others advocate that strong legal action must be taken against offenders, None of these Skip this question

8.

Each statement has a part missing. Choose the best option from the four options given below the statement to make up the missing part. ; Archaeologists believe that the pieces of red-ware pottery excavated recently near Bhavnagar and _____________shed light on a hitherto dark 600-year period in the Harappan history of Gujarat. estimated with a reasonable certainty as being about 3400 years old, are estimated reasonably certain to be about 3400 years old estimated at about 3400 years old with reasonable certainty, estimated with reasonable certainty to be about 3400 years old, None of these Skip this question

9. Identify the incorrect sentence or sentences. A. It was a tough situation and Manasi was taking pains to make it better. B. Slowly her efforts gave fruit and things started improving. C. Everyone complemented her for her good work. D. She was very happy and thanked everyone for their help.

A D B and C A and C B and C Skip this question

10.

Identify the incorrect sentence or sentences. A. Last Sunday, Archana had nothing to do. B. After waking up, she lay on the bed thinking of what to do.

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C. At 11o'clock she took shower and got ready. D. She spent most of the day shopping.

B and C C A and B B,C and D A, B and C Skip this question

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