Carmela Vergara

Vergara, Carmela Blabagno, Raisa Cespedes, Donna Delen, Jeanne Dumapay, Aleder Oriarte, Anne Tesorio, Lordelyn

GROUP # 1

Experiment #3 General Structure of Plants 1. What are seed plants? –

The spermatophyte, which means "seed plants", are some of the most important organisms on Earth. Life on land as we know it is shaped largely by the activities of seed plants. Soils, forests, and food are three of the most apparent products of this group.

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Seed plants are those plants which are reproduced by means of seeds.

– Seed-producing plants are probably the most familiar plant to most people, unlike mosses, liverworts, horsetails, and most other seedless plants which are overlooked because of their size or inconspicuous appearance. Many seed plants are large or showy. Conifers are seed plants; they include pines, firs, yew, redwood, and many other large trees. The other major groups of seed-plants are the flowering plant, including plants whose flowers are showy, but also many plants with reduced flowers, such as the oaks, grasses, and palms. 2. Enumerate the 2 types of highly developed plant which produce seeds and briefly give characteristics of each type. Gymnosperms – any plant of the class gymnospermae, which includes the coniferous trees and other plants having seeds not enclosed within an ovary. They are plants which are reproduced by seed. They bare naked seeds which are born in the cones. The term gymnosperm means naked seed. Angiosperms – any plant of the class angiospermae, characterized by having seeds enclosed in an ovary: a flowering plant. They are a group of plants that produce flowers which develop into fruits containing the seeds. 3. Enumerate the vegetative organs of the plants. Epidermis Xylem Cortex Phloem Vascular cylinder Endodermis 4. What is the function of each vegetative organ to the plants? Briefly enumerate them.

Epidermis is a cortical region of ground tissue, and a single solid cylinder of vascular tissue. Cortex is the ground parenchyma in roots is represented by only an outer layer. Vascular cylinder is the vascular tissue is partially coalesced into a solid Xylem is the central portion of tissue comprises. Phloem is near the periphery (edge) of this central disc of vascular tissue. Endodermis is between the vascular tissues and the cortex parenchyma is a single layer of cells. 5. What are the general characteristics of monocot and dicot plants? Monocot is the short for monocotyledon, which means that the seeds of these plants contain only one cotyledon or seed leaf. Characteristics: - Monocots have one cotyledon. - Roots generally disappear soon. Adventitious roots instead. - Stems are vascular bundles not arranged. - Pollen grains often have one pore or furrow. - Flower parts are in threes of multiples of three. - Monocots have leaves with parallel-veined, sheathed at the base, sessile, without stipules. Dicot is the short for dicotyledon, which means one of the two major divisions of angiosperms, characterized by a pair of embryonic seed leaves that appear at germination. - Dicots have two cotyledons. - Roots are developing from radical from which secondary roots derive. - Stems are vascular bundles arranged in rings. - Pollen grain often has three pores. - Flower parts in fours or multiples of fours or fives. - Leaves are reticulated, seldom sheathed at the base, frequently etiolated and with stipules.

6. What is the advantage of seed production to a flowering plant? The advantage of seed production is that the Seeds are produced when pollen is released from the male (stamen) part of a plant. That pollen comes into contact with the ovules of the female (pistil) parts of a plant. Some kinds of plants contain both male and female organs on the same plant. In that case, self-fertilization

can occur when pollen from one part of the plant fertilizes ovules on another part of the same plant and the advantages in flowering plant is A plant that produces flowers and fruit; comprise about 90 percent of the Kingdom Plantae. The total number of described species exceeds 230,000, and many tropical species are as yet unnamed. During the past 130 million years, flowering plants have colonized practically every conceivable habitat on earth, from sun-baked deserts and windswept alpine summits to fertile grasslands, freshwater marshes, dense forests and lush mountain meadows. Although a number of flowering plants live in aquatic habitats and have adapted to the saline conditions of dry lake beds and salt marshes, relatively few species live submersed in the oceans. True marine angiosperms are found throughout the oceans of the world, although most species are distributed in tropical regions. They are sometimes referred to as "sea grasses" and include about 50 species in 12 genera. Virtually all flowering plants produce some type of functional floral organ, although in some families such as the Lemnaceae, the flowers are microscopic and are seldom seen by the casual observer. Certain grasses and specialized cultivars apparently do not produce flowers, although they may still have rudimentary flowers (vestigial floral parts).