Carbon Compounds Lecture

EVERYTHING in the universe is either…..

MATTER

o r

Energy

BiochemistryThe study of chemicals important to living systems CHEMICALS are MATTER because they have mass and take up space!!

Chemicals of Life All chemicals, all matter are made up of different combinations of the elements found on the periodic table.

These are all of the elements we know of in the universe!!

Chemicals of Life 

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ELEMENTS bond together to form MOLECULES MOLECULES consist of two or more atoms sharing their electrons. MOLECULES consisting of atoms from different types of elements are called COMPOUNDS

Chemicals of Life 

Organisms from ALL of the Kingdoms, from bacteria to animals are made up of compounds formed mostly from relatively few elements.

Carbon Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Oxygen

NITROGEN

hydrogen

HYDROGEN-so simple…

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 

Are made up of two or more elements, like all compounds

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Contain

CARBON 

Combine to form organisms’ bodies!

Organic Compounds Four main categories important to life:

 Proteins  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Nucleic

PROTEINS 

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Contain NITROGEN, CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN Complex, long molecules used to build structures of the body and communicate within the body (enzymes, hormones)

PROTEINS are made of AMINO ACIDS  

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Your body needs 20 different specific amino acids to build the proteins you need You can make 12 yourself, the other 8 you must get in your food

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS:

*The 8 amino acids you must intake in food *Animal proteins contain these 8, Plant proteins contain some of the 8 essential amino acids

CARBOHYDRATES 

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Are made of CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN ONLY! Sugars, Starches and Fiber are all carbs! Living things store energy in carbohydrate molecule

carbohydrates glucose and fructose are MONOMERS of the disaccaride, sucrose

carbohydrates 

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Simple sugars have the Chemical formula: C6H12O6 Simple sugars are easy to digest and release energy stores form Glucose,, fructose, ribose, and are all examples of simple sugars

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Complex carbohydrates are formed when simple sugars are bonded by dehydration synthesis Starches and fiber like cellulose are complex carbohydrates

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

LIPIDS • Lipids are molecules that contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, just like carbohydrates •Do not mix with water •Also used for energy storage •Fats, oils,and waxes are all lipids

Nucleic Acids 

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Are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus Are the molecules that hold the code for how to make all the proteins of the organism Are the molecules that communicate the code for proteins to ribosomes Are the molecules that help make the proteins in the ribosomes DNA & RNA

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

DNA has a unique chemical structure 

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Made of repeating nucleotide units Has two nucleotide chains, which are bonded at the nitrogenous bases The double chains are twisted in a “double helix” shape

Review Organic compound Biochemistry Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen

Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Proteins Monomer Polymer

Element Compound Simple Sugar Amino acid Essential amino acid Glucose