Capsule Camera

Movement Of Capsule Through The Digestive System

DATA RECORDER

COMPUTER

Data Acquisition & Storage Of Data On Computer

Data Recorder with pick up antennae & a Computer.

A view of Data Recorder being mounted on a belt pack tied to the patient’s waist.

 Crohn's Disease.  Celiac Disease.  Malabsorption Disorders.  Tumors of the small intestine & Vascular Disorders.  Ulcerative Colitis  Medication Related To Small Bowel Injury.

Capsule image of Bowel stricture in a patient with Crohn’s disease

M2A Endoscopy Procedure  Capsule is swallowed by the patient like a conventional pill.

 It takes images as it is propelled forward by peristalsis.

 A wireless recorder, worn on a belt, receives the images transmitted by the pill.

 A computer workstation processes the data and produces a short video clip or still images.

Components Of M2A Endoscope

LIGHTING DEVICE

LENS

TRANSMITTING ELECTRODE

CMOS IMAGE SENSOR

Inside The M2A

5

7

ASIC BATTERY ANTENNA CMOS ILLUMINATING LENS OPTICAL LENS TRANSMITTER IMAGE HOLDER DOME SENSOR LED’S

Specifications  Diameter of 10 mm and a Length of 20 mm.

 Bullet shape - This shape and its diameter are critical for mapping th small intestine.

 Uses Silver oxide button batteries - high energy density & disposable  Made up of biocompatible material.

Optical Dome

The This shape results Dome inthe easy front orientation part of the of capsule the capsule & is axis bullet TheOptical Optical Domeis contains the Light Receiving Window . It shaped. along the axis of small intestine so helps to is made ofcentral non conductor material whichand is harmless propel theThe capsule forward the body. window alongeasily. with the container are sealed to prevent infiltration of digestive fluids inside the capsule.

Lens Holder

The Lens Holder is that part of the capsule which accommodates the lens. The lens is tightly fixed to the holder so that it doesn’t get dislocated anytime.

Lens

The Lens is an integral component of the capsule. It is arranged behind the Light Receiving Window. Light passes through this window and falls on the lens. The Light is then focused on the CMOS Image Sensor arranged behind the lens.

Illuminating LED’s

Non-reflection Around the Lens coating & CMOS is performed Image Sensor, on the four inner LED’s and (Light outer Emitting of surfaces Diodes) the Light are present. ReceivingThese Window plural so that lighting light devices are arranged irradiated from in the donut LED’s shape. may pass through the light receiving window smoothly and illuminate an object.

CMOS Image Sensor

During It CMOS has 140º an (Complementary eight field hour of view procedure, and Metal canOxide detect the camera Semiconductor) objects obtains as small as 0.1 mm. approximately Image It isSensor so precise 57,000 is the that most high it can quality important see images apolyp part(a at ofgrowth athe rate capsule. of that 2 can It lead frames is highly to per cancer) sensitive second. that is and tinier produces than 0.1 very millimeter high quality (0.004 images. inch), something an endoscope can't do.

CMOS Image Sensor

PIXEL ARRAY

READ CIRCUIT

OSCILLATING CIRCUIT

CODING CIRCUIT

SWITCHING CIRCUIT

CONTROL CIRCUIT

CURRENT LIMITING CIRCUIT

Battery

Silver Battery Oxide used primary in thebatteries capsule isare button usedshaped (Zinc/Alkaline and are two Electrolyte/Silver in number as shown. Oxide). TheSuch batteries a battery are arranged has a even together discharge just behind voltage, the CMOS disposable Image Sensor. and doesn’t cause harm to the body.

ASIC Transmitter

The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) Transmitter is arranged behind the Batteries as shown. Two Transmitting Electrodes are connected to the outlines of the ASIC Transmitter. These electrodes are electrically isolated from each other.

Antennae

As shown, The dome Antennae containing the receives Antennae the the is Antennae arranged data fromis at the made the ASIC end of Transmitter non of the capsule. conducting and sends It it material to the Data which Recorder is harmless tiedto tothe thehuman patient’s body. is enclosed waist. Parylene coated in a dome onto polyethylene shaped chamber. or polypropylene is used.

Advantages  Painless, no side affects or complications.  Miniature size, so can move easily through the digestive system.  Accurate, precise & low power consumption.  Images taken are of very high quality which are sent almost instantaneously to the data recorder for storage.  Made of bio compatible material, doesn’t cause any harm to the body.

Disadvantages  Gastrointestinal obstructions and swallowing disorders prevent free flow of capsule through the digestive system.  Patients with pacemakers, pregnant women and all pediatrics have to be monitored continuously while taking the capsule.  The M2A procedure is not a replacement for Colonoscopy.  Very expensive.  It is not reusable.

Future Improvements  Equipping the capsule with a LASER.  Adding additional features like Zooming & Auto Focus.

 Can be used in Restorative Surgery & Pharmacological Interven  Further reduction in size using Nano Technology.  Making it cost effective.

Conclusion

The Given® M2A Endoscopy capsule is a pioneering concept for Medical Technology of the 21st century. The endoscopy system is the first of its kind to be able to provide non-invasive imaging of the entire small intestine. It has revolutionized the field of diagnostic imaging to a great extent and has proved to be of great help to physicians all over the world.