Cancer Food Drugs By Prathiksha Sharmila Sumathi Priyadharshini Gowthami

BY V.Prathiksha K.Sharmila jasmine S.Sumathi K.Priyadharsini G.Gowthami

DEFINITIONS Cancer: A disease of uncontrolled cell growth Tumour:

growth

Mass of tissue formed by abnormal cell

Carcinogens: Substances that induce cancer Anticancer agents:

cancer

Substances that prevent

Carcinogen

Directly cause mutations in DNA

React with chemicals in body and cause gene mutation

Tumor development

cancer

Sources carci nogens

Chemicals Food  Industrial emission Smoking & tobacco

of

UV rays

Radioactive substances

 Natural food components except Aflatoxins  Cancer rate consumption  Food additives

due to

processed food

DANGEROUS FOOD ADDITIVES 

Substances which are deliberately added to food for purpose of Preservation

 Coloring

Texture Enhancing flavour

•Legal to use but is shown to cause cancer

FOOD ADDITIVES INDUCING CANCER

CHEMICAL S

ROLE

FOOD

TYPE OF CANCER

Propyl gallate

Antioxidant

Oil, Potato sticks

BHA, BHT

Antioxidant

Potassium bromate

Leavening agent

Chewing gum, oil, cereals, potato Bread &chips rolls

MSG

Flavour enhancer

Soups, salad dressing, sausages

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Aspartame

Sweetener

Diet sodas, diet foods

Brain tumor

Acesulfame

Sweetener

Baked foods, soft drinks, chewing gum

Thyroid

Urinary bladder cancer

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CHEMICAL S

ROLE

FOOD

TYPE OF CANCER

Olestra

Fat substitute

Crackers, potato chips

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Sodium nitrite

Preservativ e, coloring, flavouring

Bacon, ham,hot dogs,meats, smoked fish

Bowel cancer

Blue 1 & 2

Food colorant

Brain tumor

Red 3

Food colorant

Candy, beverages, bakery goods, Fruit

Yellow 6

Food colorant

Acryl amide Saccharin

Sweetener

cocktails, baked foods,candy Baked foods, candy, sausages Chips & bread Soda

Thyroid cancer Adrenal gland, kidney tumors Damages DNA Bladder cancer

NOTE  avoid colored foods  prolonged consumption  Foods in their natural form

Metabolism of nutrients

Energy + unstable O2 atom( free radical)

Free radical + e from neighbouring molecule

Chain Reaction

Damage DNA,enzymes,proteins (CAUSE FOR CANCER)

ACTION OF ANTIOXIDANTS

HELP!

ACTION OF ANTIOXIDANTS

HAPPY

REACTION MECHANISM R*+ AO

R+ AO*

AO*

AO+ Heat

Retinoids are better known as vitamin A . Present in liver,egg yolk,butter,fish,yellow and orange fruits.

RETINOL

9- cis retinoic acid Trans retinoic acid

It binds to the nuclear receptor inducing or suppressing the DNA transcription. Receptors: a)Retinoid acid receptor b)Retinoid X receptor Synthetic retinoids:

TRETINOIN,ISO TRETINOIN,ADAPALENE.

• SOURCES: fish, shellfish, red meat, egg yolks, chicken, garlic. • necessary for the function of the detoxifying enzyme glutathione peroxidase. • hydroxyl radicals attack DNA and cause mutations. • protection against ultraviolet induced skin tumors. • reduces the incidence of cancers involving the lung, colon/rectum and prostate. • Reduces the mortality of lung cancer.

•

SOURCES: orange and red vegetables , carrots, tomatoes, beets, and berries.

•

Reduces free radical damage of DNA after ultraviolet exposure.

•

Beta-carotene with vitamins C and E offer synergistic cell protection against free radicals.

•

Protect lipids, blood and other body fluids from free radicals.

• SOURCES:Nuts,wheat germ oil ,spinach, citrus fruits. • Vitamin C combined with vitamin E -photoprotective effect than either agent alone. • Due to the capacity of vitamin C to regenerate vitamin E from its free radical form. • Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid–stabilize collagen’s helical structure. • Vitamin E or alpha tocopherol –prevents peroxidation of

FOOD

ACTIVE MECHANISM INGREDIENT

TYPE OF CANCER

Green tea

Polyphenols, Catechins

Prevents free radical, stops action of cancer causing chemicals.

MOUTH,BREAST CANCER

Black tea

Polyphenols, antioxidants.

Prevents free radical formation, Stops action of cancer causing chemicals.

PROSTRATE,BOW EL CANCER

Tofu, soya milk

Iso flavones

Act as oestrogen

Reduce the risk of HARMONAL CANCER.

Tomato

Lycopene

Mops free radical

PROSTRATE CANCER

Cod liver oil

Omega 3 fatty acid.

Grape seeds

Polyphenol

Cabbage,cauliflow Indole 3-carbinol er Rice bran Cyclo artenol ferulate

--------------------Inhibit epidermal lipid peroxidation ----------------------Anti inflammatory

BREAST AND COLON CANCER SKIN CANCER --------------------------------------

CANCER TREATMENT  SURGERY

 RADIATION THERAPY

 CHEMOTHERAP Y

SURGERY  To diagnose or to treat a disease  Diagnostic surgery a piece of tumor removed & tissue viewed under microscope  Curative surgery organ removed along with lymph glands

• • • • •

Laser Cryosurgery Moh’s procedure Laproscopy Electrosurgery

RADIATION THERAPY  Ionising radiation to control malignant cells  For curative or adjuvant cancer treatment  As palliative or in therapeutic treatment  Primary therapy  Treatment intent depends on - tumor type, location & stage - patient health  Commonly applied to gross tumor

TYPES Conventional external beam Intensity modulated

SIDE EFFECTS Damage of mouth, throat, oesophage & bowel Soreness & ulceration of head & neck areas Fibrosis Dryness Hair loss

• Radiotherapy through infusion or ingestion • Examples  Iodine 131 Leutetium 177 Yttrium 90 Glass/resin microspheres

thyroid cancer neuroendocrine cancer live tumors/liver metastases

CHEMOTHERAPY • • • •

Administration of cytotoxic or anticancer drugs Non oncological Targets fast dividing cells ACTION - affect cell division/DNA syntehesis & function - directly targets molecular abnormality - modulate tumor cell behaviour - some cause cells to apoptosis

TYPES antimetabolites alkylating drugs anthracyclins monoclonal antibodies

SIDE EFFECTS Nausea, vomiting Diarrhoea Hair loss

DISAVANTAGES More effective on younger cells --loss of differentiation, growth is less regulated Doesn’t reach the centre of solid core

Compounds used in chemotherapy  TAXOL Yew tree inhibits mitosis in tumor cells  Flourouracil  Adriamycin  Methotrexate

• CISPLATIN H3N H3N

Pt

Cl Cl

• CARBOPLATIN •

NEDAPLATIN & OXALIPLATIN

• 2-PICOLINE Pt COMPLEX- 2 to 3 times slow hydrolysis than cisplatin

OTHER METALS METALS MECHANIS Titanium M Transferrin Gold

Transferrin

Gallium

Transferrin

Rutheniu Transferrin m Copper Mixed ligand Cobalt

TYPE OF CANCER Breast & GI carcinomas Cisplatin sensitive & ovarian cancer Lung &urothelium carcinomas Primary tumors ------

pH dependant Leukemia & carcinoma cell lines

MECHANISM OF CIS PLATIN

• drug accumulation • Altered drug metabolism • Altered drug targets • repair of drug induced damage • trapping agents formation • Combination of resistance mechanism