Building Brains Into Your Games
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Set_Video_Mode(int mode); DQG
Plot_Pixel(int x, int y,unsigned char color); :HZLOOXVHWKHYLGHR%,26IXQFWLRQKWRVHWWKHYLGHRPRGHEXWKRZFDQZHSORWSL[HOV"3ORWWLQJSL[HOVLQ PRGHKLVYHU\VLPSOHEHFDXVHWKHJUDSKLFVDUHIXOO\PHPRU\PDSSHG%DVLFDOO\PRGHKLVDWRWDOO\ OLQHDUDUUD\RIPHPRU\WKDWUHSUHVHQWVHDFKSL[HOZLWKDVLQJOHE\WH)XUWKHUWKLVYLGHRPHPRU\VWDUWVDW ORFDWLRQ$ DQGFRQVLVWVRIURZVDQGFROXPQV7KHUHIRUHWRFRPSXWHWKHDGGUHVVRIDQ\ SL[HODW [\ ZHVLPSO\PXOWLSO\WKH<FRPSRQHQWE\DQGDGGWKH;2ULQRWKHUZRUGV
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// GMOD.H graphics module for demos unsigned char far *video_buffer = (unsigned char far *)0xA0000000L; void Plot_Pixel(int x,int y,int color) { // plots the pixel in the desired color a little quicker using binary shifting // to accomplish the multiplications video_buffer[((y<<8) + (y<<6)) + x] = (unsigned char )color; } // end Plot_Pixel void Set_Graphics_Mode(int mode) { // use the video interrupt 10h and the C interrupt function to set // the video mode union REGS inregs,outregs; inregs.h.ah = 0; // set video mode sub-function inregs.h.al = (unsigned char)mode; // video mode to change to int86(0x10, &inregs, &outregs); } // end Set_Graphics_Mode void Time_Delay(int clicks) { // this function uses the internal timer to wait a specified number of "clicks" // the actual amount of real time is the number of clicks * (time per click) // usually the time per click is set to 1/18th of a second or 55ms long far *clock = (long far *)0x0000046CL, // address of timer start_time; // starting time // get current time start_time = *clock; // when the current time minus the starting time >= the requested delay then // the function can exit while(labs(*clock - start_time) < (long)clicks){} } // end Time_Delay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
// process x-coords if (px>bx1) bx1++; else if (pxby1) by1++; else if (py
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// Deterministic chasing algorithm demo // use numeric keypad to move player #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include
<stdio.h> <stdlib.h> <dos.h> <math.h> <string.h>
#include "gmod.h" // include our graphics module int main(void) { int px=160, // starting position of player py=100, bx=0, // starting position of bad guy by=0, done=0; // exit flag // set the video mode to 13h Set_Graphics_Mode(0x13); // main event loop while(!done) { // perform player logic // get input from keyboard if (kbhit()) // which way is player moving? switch(getch()) { case '8': // up { if ((py-=2)<0) py+=200; } break; case '2': // down { if ((py+=2)>=200) py-=200; } break; case '6': // right {
if ((px+=2)>=320) px-=320; } break; case '4': // left { if ((px-=2)<0) px+=320; } break; case 27: // exit { done=1; } break; } // end switch } // end if // perform bad guy logic if (px>bx) bx++; else if (pxby) by++; else if (py
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// select bx1 = bx1 // select by1 = by1
a + a +
random translation for X axis rand()%11 - 5; random translation for Y axis rand()%11 - 5;
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// Random logic demo // moves a flock of flies around // hit any key to exit #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include
<stdio.h> <stdlib.h> <dos.h> <math.h> <string.h>
#include "gmod.h" // include our graphics module #define NUM_FLIES 64 // start off with 64 flies typedef struct fly_typ { int x,y; // position of fly } fly; int main(void) { fly flys[NUM_FLIES]; // the array of flies int index; // looping variable // set the video mode to 13h Set_Graphics_Mode(0x13); // initialize all flies to random position for (index=0; index
Plot_Pixel(flys[index].x,flys[index].y,0); // perform fly logic, translate each fly +-2 pixels for (index=0; index
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int move_x[16] = {-2,0,0,0,3,3,2,1,0, -2,-2,-,0,1,2,3,4}; int move_y[16] = {0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,-1,-1, 2,3,4,0,0.-1}; // encoded pattern logic for a 16 element list
for (index=0; index<16; index++) { bx1+=move_x[index]; by1+=move_y[index]; } // end for index
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typedef unsigned short DISTANCE; const DISTANCE Tracking_Threshold = 50; const DISTANCE Random_Threshold = 100; DISTANCE theDistance; //Define states and initialize enum states{new, random, track, pattern}; states currentState = new; //FSM loop for(;;){ switch (currentState) { case new: //Note: Switchbox only, causes no behavior theDistance = CalcDistanceToPlayer(); if (theDistance > Random_Threshold){ currentState = random; } else {
if (theDistance > Tracking_Threshold) { currentState = pattern; } else { currentState = track; } } break; case track: DoTrackBehavior(); currentState = new; break; case pattern: DoPatternBehavior(); currentState = new; break; case random: DoRandomBehavior(); currentState = new; break; case default: cerr<<"state machine has entered an unknown state\n"; assert(FAIL); } }
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// GMOD.H graphics module for demos unsigned char far *video_buffer = (unsigned char far *)0xA0000000L; void Plot_Pixel(int x,int y,int color) { // plots the pixel in the desired color a little quicker using binary shifting // to accomplish the multiplications video_buffer[((y<<8) + (y<<6)) + x] = (unsigned char )color; } // end Plot_Pixel void Set_Graphics_Mode(int mode) { // use the video interrupt 10h and the C interrupt function to set // the video mode union REGS inregs,outregs; inregs.h.ah = 0; // set video mode sub-function inregs.h.al = (unsigned char)mode; // video mode to change to int86(0x10, &inregs, &outregs); } // end Set_Graphics_Mode void Time_Delay(int clicks) { // this function uses the internal timer to wait a specified number of "clicks" // the actual amount of real time is the number of clicks * (time per click) // usually the time per click is set to 1/18th of a second or 55ms long far *clock = (long far *)0x0000046CL, // address of timer start_time; // starting time // get current time start_time = *clock; // when the current time minus the starting time >= the requested delay then // the function can exit while(labs(*clock - start_time) < (long)clicks){} } // end Time_Delay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
// process x-coords if (px>bx1) bx1++; else if (px
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// Deterministic chasing algorithm demo // use numeric keypad to move player #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include
#include "gmod.h" // include our graphics module int main(void) { int px=160, // starting position of player py=100, bx=0, // starting position of bad guy by=0, done=0; // exit flag // set the video mode to 13h Set_Graphics_Mode(0x13); // main event loop while(!done) { // perform player logic // get input from keyboard if (kbhit()) // which way is player moving? switch(getch()) { case '8': // up { if ((py-=2)<0) py+=200; } break; case '2': // down { if ((py+=2)>=200) py-=200; } break; case '6': // right {
if ((px+=2)>=320) px-=320; } break; case '4': // left { if ((px-=2)<0) px+=320; } break; case 27: // exit { done=1; } break; } // end switch } // end if // perform bad guy logic if (px>bx) bx++; else if (px
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// select bx1 = bx1 // select by1 = by1
a + a +
random translation for X axis rand()%11 - 5; random translation for Y axis rand()%11 - 5;
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// Random logic demo // moves a flock of flies around // hit any key to exit #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include
#include "gmod.h" // include our graphics module #define NUM_FLIES 64 // start off with 64 flies typedef struct fly_typ { int x,y; // position of fly } fly; int main(void) { fly flys[NUM_FLIES]; // the array of flies int index; // looping variable // set the video mode to 13h Set_Graphics_Mode(0x13); // initialize all flies to random position for (index=0; index
Plot_Pixel(flys[index].x,flys[index].y,0); // perform fly logic, translate each fly +-2 pixels for (index=0; index
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int move_x[16] = {-2,0,0,0,3,3,2,1,0, -2,-2,-,0,1,2,3,4}; int move_y[16] = {0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,-1,-1, 2,3,4,0,0.-1}; // encoded pattern logic for a 16 element list
for (index=0; index<16; index++) { bx1+=move_x[index]; by1+=move_y[index]; } // end for index
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typedef unsigned short DISTANCE; const DISTANCE Tracking_Threshold = 50; const DISTANCE Random_Threshold = 100; DISTANCE theDistance; //Define states and initialize enum states{new, random, track, pattern}; states currentState = new; //FSM loop for(;;){ switch (currentState) { case new: //Note: Switchbox only, causes no behavior theDistance = CalcDistanceToPlayer(); if (theDistance > Random_Threshold){ currentState = random; } else {
if (theDistance > Tracking_Threshold) { currentState = pattern; } else { currentState = track; } } break; case track: DoTrackBehavior(); currentState = new; break; case pattern: DoPatternBehavior(); currentState = new; break; case random: DoRandomBehavior(); currentState = new; break; case default: cerr<<"state machine has entered an unknown state\n"; assert(FAIL); } }
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