British Defence Doctrine

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Doctrine has its foundation in history - it is enduring but not unchanging. The Royal Navy's Submarine H3 (in service 1902-1913) seen here passing Nelson's Flagship HMS Victory in Portsmouth Harbour early this century. Picture courtesy of the Imperial War Museum.

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The Nature of Doctrine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‰

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1 AAP-6: NATO Glossary 2 Sir Julian Corbett (1854 - 1922) - maritime historian and strategist.



BRITISH DOCTRINE HIERARCHY

British Defence Doctrine JWP 0-01

British Maritime Doctrine BR1806

British Military Doctrine BMD

United Kingdom Doctrine for Joint and Combined Operations JWP 0-01

Allied Joint Operations Doctrine (AJP-1(A))

Air Power Doctrine AP3000

Tactics, Techniques and Procedures

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Doctine is relevant across the whole range of military operations. Seen here, British and Canadian troops come ashore in Normandy, 6 June 1944. Picture courtesy of the Imperial War Museum.

3 BR 1806 dated 1995; Army Code No 71451 Second edition dated 1996 ("Military" is used here in the narrower sense of pertaining to the Army); and AP 3000 Second Edition dated 1993. 4 AJP-1, Allied Joint Operations Doctrine, 1994 (Second Edition (AJP1A) due for publication in 1997).



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An RAF Regiment Rapier detachment on the shores of the Gulf.

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Chapter 2 WAR AND ARMED CONFLICT The Nature of War and Armed Conflict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 A useful definition of war is:"When differences between states reach a point at which both parties resort to force, or one of them does acts of violence, which the other chooses to look on as a breach of the peace, the relation of war is set up, in which the combatants may use regulated violence against each other until one of the two has been brought to accept such terms as his enemy is willing to grant". Hall on International Law Driefontein Consolidates Mines v Janson [1900] 2QB 339 at 343.

2 On War, Carl Von Clausewitz, edited and translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, Princeton University Press, 1984, .page 87 3

On War, page 121



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On War, page 121.



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Sun Tzu's advice - that one should seek victory in the shortest possible time, with the least possible effort and at the least cost in casualties to one's enemy, remembering that one had to live next door to him when the fighting was over - seems relevant still.



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"No fly zones" are increasingly used as part of control regimes imposed by the United Nations. An RAF Harrier lands on an RN Carrier in the Adriatic.

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In lower intensity operations there will be an greater emphasis on minimising civilian casualties and collateral damage. A British Army Scimitar in Bosnia in 1996.



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Above: Symblizing the asymmetry of some types of modern conflict, a British Challenger tank passes a civilian car frequently used to transport warring faction fighters to and from the confrontation line in Bosnia.

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Formal treaties and alliances provide mutual security guarantees between states. Russia joins Partnership for Peace (PfP), June 1994. (Picture courtesy of the NATO Office of Information and Press).

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Individual elements of each service must be able to operate in an allied force. American and British soldiers relax during exercise Purple Star in 1996

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The moral base is founded, in part, on the political will of a government to maintain and, when necessary, use armed forces. Prime Minister John Major visits UN soldiers in Bosnia, in 1995



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Effective, affordable, equipment is essential to provide a battle-winning edge in modern combat. Seen her, the launch of the Royal Navy's new helicopter carrier HMS Ocean.

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Destruction is a form of denial. Seen here, the aftermath of an air attack on an Iraqi hardened aircraft shelter during the Gulf War



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1 David Fraser, "Alanbrooke", London, 1982, page 215



In some circumstances - for example peacekeeping operations (see Chapter 6) - there may not be a clearly defined enemy.

However, in almost all circumstances in which a military force is deployed there are likely to be forces or groups of people seeking to frustrate the military force achieving its objectives or to attain conflicting objectives. References to the enemy or the opponent in the remainder of this Chapter should be read in this light.



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The support of the local population may be crucial to success and it is essential to win their confidence. A British soldier makes friends with a local in Bosnia.

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On War, page 595



The Art of War, Sun Tzu, translated by Samuel B Griffith, Clarendon Press 1963, page 85.



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The ULTRA intelligence produced by breaking the German Enigma codes was crucial to Allied success during the Second World War. Seen here, General Heinz Guderian and his Enigma operators, France, June 1940.



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In many situations, servicemen will operate alongside allied forces as part of a joint force. Seen here, sailors of NATO's Standing Naval Force Atlantic.

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Logistic considerations are often the deciding factor in planning an operation, particularly one involving a longrange deployment, as was the case with the sea deployment to AlJubail at the start of the Gulf War. Seen here, a Landing Ship Logistic enters port.



JSP 398 describes the policy and application of UK national rules of engagement.



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Public support for any military operation must be rooted in an accurate understanding of events and their background. The Divisional Commander briefs the press in Bosnia.

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Training overseas students and deploying military training teams support long term diplomacy. Seen here a British Army officer in Mozambique.

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A Peace Enforcement force requires a combat capability. British AS90 self propelled guns deploy as part of the NATO Implementation Force (IFOR) in Bosnia.

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Military Aid to the Civil Community includes helping the community in time of natural disaster, such as flooding.

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The Joint Rapid Deployment force is underpinned by joint training. Seen here, British Royal Marines and American soldiers training together during Exercise Purple Star in 1996.

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Firepower - Challenger 2 undergoing night firing trials.



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TOP: A Nimrod MR2 on maritime patrol accompanied by Tornados armed with Sea Eagle anti-ship missiles. BOTTOM: Puma and Chinook support helicopters flying troops into a landing site during an exercise in Germany.

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Annex A

THE PRINCIPLES OF WAR

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Additional Protocol 1 to the Geneva Convention, Article 51(2). The new rules introduced by this Protocol are not intended to have

any effect on and do not regulate the use of nuclear weapons (c.f. UK Misc 19 (1977), Cmnd. 6927 and C Pilloud et al, 'Commentary on the additional Protocols of 8 June 1977', ICRC, 1987).

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Annex C

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Following such an attack each member will take such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore

and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. NATO Handbook Page 235. 

Partnership for Peace helps Partner nations to prepare their forces to operate alongside NATO forces in peace support and

humanitarian operations. It also prepares those states that aspire to membership of NATO, and offers states which may never join the opportunity of a substantial relationship with the Alliance.

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For example, the Western European Union played a large part in naval embargo operations during the conflicts in the Gulf and in former Yugoslavia.

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The Framework of Security Oganisations in Europe EU

Ireland (2) Austria (2,4) Finland (2,4) Sweden (2,4) Denmark (2) France Greece Luxembourg Portugal United Kingdom

Belgium Germany Italy Netherlands Spain

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Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Russia Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Ukraine

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Estonia (3) Latvia (3) Poland (3) Slovakia (3) Slovenia (3,4)

OSCE

EU: European Union NACC: North Atlantic Co-operation Council NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation OSCE: Organisation on Security and Co-operation in Europe PfP: Partnership for Peace WEU: Western European Union WEAG: Western European Armaments Group

Bosnia-Herzegovina Croatia Cyprus Holy See Liechtenstein

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Monaco San Marino Switzerland F.R. Yugoslavia (5) Tajikistan

Associate Members of WEU Observers of WEU Associate Parners of WEU Observer of NACC Membership suspended

Figure 3

Annex D

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Operational Command is the authority to assign missions or tasks to subordinate commanders, to deploy units, to reassign forces

and to retain or delegate operational and/or tactical control as necessary. It does not of itself include responsibility for administration or logistics. 

Operational Control is the authority to direct forces assigned so that the commander may accomplish specific missions or tasks,

which are usually limited by function, time or location, to deploy units concerned, and to retain or assign tactical control of those units. It does not include authority to assign separate employment of the units concerned. Neither does it of itself include administrative or logistic control. 

Command and control of operations in support of the civil power in Northern Ireland is covered in Chapter 6 under Military Aid to

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