Brand.docx

WHAT IS BRAND EQUITY? Perhaps the most distinctive skill of professional marketers is their ability to create maintain, enhance, and protect brands establishment brands such as Mercedes, Sony, and Nike have commanded a price premium and elicited deep customer loyalty through the years. the American marketing association defines a brand as a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of seller and to different them from those of competitors, a brand is thus a product or services whose dimensions different it in some way from other products as services designed to satisfy the same need. These differences may be functional, rational, or tangible –related to product performance of the brand .they may also be more symbolic, emotional, or tangible related to what the brand represent or means in a more abstract sense. Branding has been around for centuries as a means to distinguish the goods of one producer from those of another .the earliest signs of brandings in Europe were the medieval guilds requirement that crafts people put trademarks on their products to protect themselves and their customers against inferior quality. In the fine arts, branding began with artist signing their works, brand today play a number of important roles that improve consumers ‘lives and enhance the financial value of firms.

THE ROLE OF BRAND Brands identify the source or maker of a particular and allow consumers –either individual or organizations –to assign responsibility for its performance to a particular manufacturer or distributor .Consumers may evaluate the identical product differently depending on how it is branded. They learn about brands through past experiences with the products and its marketing program, finding out which brands satisfy their needs and which do not. As consumers lives become more complicated, rushed and time –started a brand ability to simplify decision making and reduce risk becomes invaluable.

Brands also perform valuable function for firms. First they simplify product handling or tracing. Brands help to organize inventory and accounting records. A brand also offers the firms legal protection for unique features or aspects of the product. The brand name can be protected through registered trademarks; manufacturing processes can be protected through patents; and packaging can be protected through copyrights and proprietary design. These intellectual property rights ensure that the firm can safely invest in the brand and reap the benefits of a valuable asset. A credible brand signals a certain level of quality so that satisfied buyers can choose the product again. Brand loyalty provides predictability and security of demand for the firm, and it creates barriers to entry that make it difficult for other firms to enter the market. Loyalty also can translate into customer willingness to pay a higher price- often 20 percent to percent more than competing brands. Although competitors may duplicate manufacturing processes and product design, they cannot easily match lasting impressions left in the minds of individuals and organizations by years of product experience and marketing activity. In this sense, branding can be a powerful means to secure a competitive advantage. Sometimes marketers don’t see the real importance of brand loyalty until they change a crucial element of the brand, as the now- classic tale of new coke illustrate. DEFINING BRAND EQUITY Brand equity is the added value endowed on products and services. It may be reflected in the way consumers think, feel, and act with respect to the brand, as well as in the prices, market share, and profitability the brand commands. Marketers and researchers use various perspectives to study equity. Customerbased approaches view it from the perspective of the consumer –either an individual or an organization-and recognize that the power of a brand lies in what customers have seen, read, heard, learned, thought, and felt about the brand over time. Customer based brand equity is thud the differential effect brand knowledge has on consumer response to the marketing of that brand. A brand has positive customerbased brand equity when consumer react more favorably to a product and the way it is marketed when the brand Is identified, than when it is identified. A brand has

negative customer- based brand equity if consumer react less favorably to marketing activity for the brand under the same circumstances. There are three key ingredients of customer- based brand equity. 1. Brand equity arises from differences in customer response. If no differences occur, the brand- name product is essentially a commodity, and completion will probably be based on price. 2. Differences in response are a result of consumers brand knowledge all thoughts, feelings, images, experiences, and beliefs associated with the brands. Brands must create strong, favorable, and unique brand association with customers, as have Toyota, hallmark and amazon.com. 3. Brand equity is reflected in perceptions, preferences, and behavior related to all the marketing of a brand. The challenge for marketers is therefore ensuring customers have the rights type of experience with products, services, and marketing programs to create the desired brand knowledge. In an abstract sense, we can think of brand equity as providing marketers with a vital strategic bridge from their past to their future. Marketers should also think of the marketing expenditure on products and services each year as investments in consumers brand knowledge. The quality of that investment is the critical factors, not necessarily the quantity. Its actually possible to overspend on brand building, money is not spent wisely. Brand knowledge dictates appropriate future directions for brand. A brand promise is the marketers vision of what the brand must be and do for consumers. Consumers will decide, based on what they think and feel about the brand, where they believe the brand should go and grant permission to any marketing action or program. The growth story of lifebuoy is an illustration of how the company has consistently maintained the brand key promise of health over the years and yet introduced several variants and line extension with a more generic interpretation of the brand promise and contemporary execution of marketing- mix elements, keeping changing consumer preferences in mind.

BRAND EQUITY MODEL Although marketers agree about basic branding principals, a numbers of models of brand equity offer some differing perspectives. Here we highlights three more established ones. BRANDASSET VALUATOR Advertising agency young and Rubicam (Y&R) developed a model of brand equity called the Brand Asset valuator (BAV). Based on research with almost 800,000consumers in 51 countries, BAV compares the brand equity of thousand of brand across hundred of different categories. There are four key components –or pillars –of brand equity, according to BAV. A. Energized differentiation measures the degree to which a brand is seen as different from others, and its perceived momentum and leadership. B. Relevance measures the appropriateness and breadth of a brand’s appeal. C. Esteem measures perception of quality and loyalty, or how well the brand is regarded and respected. D. Knowledge measures how aware and familiar consumers are with the brand. Energized differentiation and relevance combine to determine brand strength- a leading indicator that predicts future growth and value. Esteem and knowledge together create brand stature, a report card on past performance and a current indicator of current value. The relationship among these dimension- a brand pillar patterns- reveal much about a brand’s current and future status. Energized brand strength and brand stature combine to form the power grid, depicting stages in the cycle of brands development in successive quadrants. Strong new brands show higher levels of differentiation and energy than relevance, whereas both esteem and knowledge are lower still. Leadership brands show high levels on all pillars.

BRANDZ Marketing research consultants MILLWARD BROWN and WPP have developed the BRANDZ model of brand strength, at the heart of which is the brand Dynamics pyramid. According to this model, brand building follows a series of steps.

For any one brand, each person interviewed is assigned to one level of the pyramid depending on their responses to a set of questions. The brand dynamic pyramid shows the number of an consumers who have reached each level. 1. Presence .Active familiarly based on past trial, saliency, or knowledge of brand promise. 2. Relevance .Relevance to consumer’s needs in the right price range or on the consideration set BRAND BUBBLE TROUBLE In The brand bubble, brand consultants Ed LEBAR and JOHN GERZEMA use Y&R’s historical BAV database to conduct a comprehensive examination of the state of brands. Beginning with data from mid-2004 they discovered several odd trends. For thousands of consumers goods and services brands, key brand value measures such as consumers top-of-mind awareness, trust, regard, and admiration experienced significant drops. At the same time, however, share prices for a number of years were being driven higher by the intangible value the markets were attributing to consumers brands. Digging deeper, LEBAR and GERZEMA found the increase was actually due to a very few extremely strong brand such as Google, Apple, and Nike. The value created by the vast majority of brands was stagnating or failing. The authors viewed this mismatch between the value consumers see in brands and the value the markets were ascribing to them as a recipe for disaster in two ways. At the macroeconomics level, it implied that stock prices of most consumers companies are overstated. At the microeconomics, company level, it pointed to a serious and continuing problem in brand management.

bonding

advantage

relevance

strong relationship high share of category expenditure

performane

presence

weak relationship low share of category expenditure

BRAND RESONANCE MODEL The brand resonance model also views brand building as an ascending series of steps, from bottom to top:(1)ensuring customers identify the brand and associated it with a specific product class or need;(2) firmly establishing the brand meaning in customer’s minds by strategically linking a host of tangible and intangible brand association; (3) eliciting the proper customer response in terms of brand-related

judgment and feelings ;and (4)converting customers brand response to an intense, active loyalty. According to this model, enacting the four steps means establishing a pyramid of six brand building blocks. Then model emphasizes the duality of brands- the rational route to brand building is on the left side of the pyramid and the emotional route is on the rights side. 1. Brand salience is how often and how easily customers think of the brand under various purchase or consumption situations. 2. Brand performance is how well the product or service meets customer’s functional needs. 3. Brand imagery describes the extrinsic properties of the product or services, including the ways in which the brand attempts to meet customer’s psychological or social needs. 4. Brand judgments focus on customers own personal opinion and evaluation. 5. Brand feeling are customers ‘emotional responses and reactions with respect to the brand. 6. Brand resonance describes the relationship customers have with the brand and the extent to which they feel they ‘re ‘’in sync’’ with it. Resonance is the intensity of customers’ psychological bond with the brand and the level of activity it engenders. Brands with high resonance include HarleyDavidson, apple and eBay.

DESIGNING HOLISTIC MARKETING ACTIVITIES Brands are not built by advertising alone .Customer come to know a brand through a range of contact and touch point: personal observation and use, word of mouth, interaction with company personal online or telephone experiences, and payment transactions .A brand contact is any information –bearing experience, weather positive or negative, a customer a prospect has with the brand, its product category, or its market. The company must put as much effort into managing this experience as into producing its ads.

As we describe throughout this text, marketing strategy and tactics have changed dramatically. Marketers are creative brand contact and building brand equity through new avenues such as clubs and consumer community, trade shows, event marketing, sponsorship, factory visit, public relation and press releases and social cause marketing. Integrated marketing is about mixing and matching this marketing activities to maximize their individual and collective effect. To achieve it, marketers and need a variety of different marketing activities that consistently reinforce the brand promise. Johnson & Johnson has became one of the most popular brand in Indian and south Asian markets because of its consistent and well integrated marketing program.

INTERNAL BRANDING Marketers must now ‘’walk the walk’’ to deliver the brand promise. They must adopt an internal perspective to be employees and marketing partners appreciate and understand basic branding notions and how they can help-or hurt-brand equity. Internal branding consists of activities and processes that help inform and inspire employees about brands. Holistic marketers must go even further and train and encourage distributors and dealer to serve their customers well. Poorly trained dealers can ruin the best efforts to build a strong brand image. Brand bonding occurs when customers experience the company as delivering on its brand promise. all the customers’ contacts with company employees and communications must be positive. The brand promise will not be delivered unless everyone in the company lives the brand. Disney is so successful at internal branding that it holds seminars on the ‘’disney style’’ for employees from other companies. When employees care about and believe in the brand, they’re motivated to work harder and feel greater loyalty to the firm. 1. Choose the rights moments. Turning points are ideal opportunities to capture employees attention and imagination.

2. Link internal and external marketing. Internal and external message must match. IBM’ e-business campaign not only helped that to changed public perception of the company in the use marketers, it place also signaled to employees that IBM was determined to be a leader in the use of internet technology. 3. Bring the brand alive for employees. Internal communications should be informative and emerging. Millar brewing has tapped into its brewing heritage to generate pride and passion and improve employees morale. allances

other brand

extensions

people

brand

places

events

things

third party

BRAND COMMUNITIES Thanks to the internet, companies are interested in collaborating with consumers to create value through communities built around brands. A brand community is a specialized community of consumers and employees whose identification and activities focus around the brand. Three characteristics identify brand communities. 1. A’’ consciousness of kind’’ or sense of felt connection to the brand, company, product, or other community members; 2. Shared rituals, stories, and tradition that help to convey the meaning of the community, and 3. A shared moral responsibility or duty to both the community as a whole and individual community members.

Brand communities come in many different forms. Some arise organically from brand users while others are company- sponsored and facilitated. The HarleyDavidson owner’s group (HOG) is an example- sponsored and facilitated brand communities. Building a positive, productive brand community requires careful thought and implementation. Branding experts Susan Fournier and Lara Lee have identified seven common myths about brand communities and suggest the reality in each case.

MEASURING BRAND EQUITY How do we measure brand equity? An indirect approach assesses potential sources of brand equity by identifying and tracking consumers brand knowledge structures. A direct approach assesses the actual impact of brand knowledge on consumers response to different aspects of the marketing. ‘’Marketing Insight:The brand value chain’’ shows how to link the two app.

marketing program investment

customer mind-set

brand performance

shareholder

program multiper

customer multiplier

market multiplier .A

Brand audit is a consumer- focused series of procedures to assess the health of the brand, uncover its sources of brand equity, and suggest ways to improve and leverage its equity. Marketers should conduct a brand audit when setting up marketing plans and when considering shifts in strategic direction. Conducting brands audits on a regular basis, such as annually, allows marketers to keep their

fingers on the pulse of their brands so they can manage them more proactively and responsively. Brand- tracking studies collect quantitative data from consumers over time provide consistent, baseline information about how brand and marketing programs are performing. Tracking studies help us understand where, how much, and in what ways brand value is being created, to facilitate day-to-day decision making. Marketers should distinguish brand equity from brand valuation, which is the job of estimating the total financial value of the brand. In this way of known companies, brand value is typically over half the total company market capitalization. The measurement and ranking of brands is a challenging task for the researchers as defining and specifying the parameters to measure a brand involve complex research question. Table 10.4 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6

The world 6 valuable brand Brand Coca-cola IBM Microsoft Nokia Google Intel

most 2009 2009brand value $68.7 $60.2 $56.6 $34.9 $32.0 $30.6

MANAGING BRAND EQUITY Because consumer responses to marketing activity depend on what they know and remember about a brand, short term marketing actions, by changing brand knowledge, necessarily increase or decrease the long- term success of future marketing actions. BRAND REINFORCEMENT As a company’s major enduring asset, a brand needs to be carefully managed so its value does not deprecate. Marketers can reinforcement brand equity by

consistently conveying the brand’s meaning in terms of (1) what products it represents, what core benefits it supplies, and what needs satisfy; and (2)how the brand makes products superior, and which strong, favorable and unique brand associations should exist in consumers’ minds. NIVEA, one of Europe’s strongest brands. WHAT IS BRAND WROTH? Top brand- management firm Inter brand has developed a model to formally estimate the financial value of a brand. It defines brand value as the net present value of the future earnings that can be attributed to the brand alone. The firm believes marketing and financial analyses are equally important in determining the value of a brand. Its process follows five steps: 1. MARKET SEGMENTATION-The first step is it divide the markets in which the brand is sold into mutually exclusive segments that help determine variances in the brand’s different customer groups. 2. Financial analysis- Inter brand assesses purchase price, volume, and frequency to help calculate accurate forecasts of future brand sales and revenue. Once it has established brand Revenue, it deducts all associated operating costs to derive earnings before interest and tax. It also deducts the appropriate taxes and a charge for the capital employed to operate the underlying business, leaving economic earnings, that is, the earnings attributed to the branded business. 3. Role of Branding-Inter brand next attributes a proportion of economic earnings to the brand in each market segment, by first identifying the various drivers of demand, then determining the degree to which the brand directly influences each. The role of branding assessment is based on market research, client work-shops, and interviews and represents the percentage of economic earnings the brand generates. 4. Brand Strength-Inter brand then assesses the brand’s strength profile to determine the likelihood that the brand will realize forecasts brand earnings. The step relies on competitive benchmarking and a structured evaluation of the brand’s clarity, commitment, protection, responsive, authenticity, relevance, and understanding. For each segment, inter brand applies industry and brand equity metrics to determine a risk premium for the brand.

5. Brand Value Calculation-Brand value is the net present value of the forecasts brand earnings, discounted by the brand discount rate. The NPV calculation comprise both the forecast period beyond, reflecting the ability of brands to continue generating future earnings. Market

segments

financial analysis

demand drives

competitive benchmarking

intangible earning

role of brand

brand strength

brand earning

brand discount

brand value

BRAND REVITALIZATION Any new development in the environment can affect a brand’s fortunes nevertheless, a number of brand have managed to make impressive comebacks in recent years. After some hard times, bur berry, fiat, and Volkswagen have all turned their brand fortunes around to varying degrees. Often, the first thing to do in revitalizing a brand is to understand what the sources of brand equity were to begin with. Are positive associations losing their strength or uniqueness? Have negative associations become linked to the brand? Then decide whether to retain the same positioning or create a new one, and if so, which new one.

Sometimes the actual marketing program is the source of the problem, because it fails to deliver on the promise. Then a ‘’back to basic’’ strategy may make sense. As noted previously, Harley-Davidson regained its market leadership by doing a better job of living up to customer expectation as to product performance. In other cases, however, the old positioning is to just no longer viable and a reinvention strategy is necessary. Mountain dew completely overhead its brand images to become a soft drink powerhouse. As a history reveals, it is often easier to revive a brand that is alive but has been more or less forgotten. Old spice is another example.

Q1. Have you heard of brand Cl? OPTION

No. of respondents

Percentage

YES No Total

59 11 70

84% 16% 100%

NO. OF RESPONDENT 16%

Yes No

84%

Q2. For What kinds of product you have heard of CL? OPTION MBA Banking/govt. sector GDS skill development GRE /GMAT CA Total

Respondents 8 24 28 5 5 70

Percentage 12% 34% 40% 7% 7% 100%

respondent

7%

7% 12%

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr

34% 40%

3rd Qtr 4th Qtr 5thQtr

INTERPRETATION:- it could be inferred that majority of person of the career launcher are the GDS SKILL DEVELOPMENT with 40% and BANKING SECTOR with 34% followed by MBA, GRE/ GMAT and CA persons with 7% each.

Q3. What image you draw about CL? OPTION Best faculty Best infrastructure Best study material Best test services total

Respondents 28 24 10 8 70

Percentage 40% 34% 14% 11% 100%

percentage

11% best faculty

14%

41%

best infrastructure best study material

best test services

34%

Q4. What values you draw from CL? OPTION Value for money Reliable &trust worthy Blindly recommend rest event to junior Still relish my experience

Respondents 8 10 24 28

Percentage 11% 15% 35% 40%

percentage

6%

value for money

8%

reliable&trust worthy

20% blindly recommend rest event to junior

66%

still relish my experience

Total

70

100%

INTERPRETATION:- it could be inferred that majority of values of career launcher are still relish my experience with 40% and blindly recommend rest event to junior with 35% followed by value for money, reliable & trust worthy 15% each.

Q5. What is you opinion that CL will be able to hold it reputation? OPTION Agree Disagree Extremely agree Extremely disagree TOTAL

Respondents 10 8 28 24 70

Percentage 14.28% 11.42% 40% 34.28% 100%

percentage

8%

6% agree

21% 65%

disagree extremely agree extremely disgree

INTERPRETATION:- This table the reputation of the company, and what are important criteria or attribute on decision making is done. From this table we can infer that person importance for extremely agree with 40% and extremely disagree with 34.28% followed disagree 11.42% and agree with 14.28% each.

Q-6 Do you find any competitor of CL at present. OPTION No match A few Lots of competitor Total

Respondents 30 26 14 70

Percentage 42.85% 37.14% 20% 100%

percentage

20% 43%

no match a few lots of competitors

37%

INTERPRETATION:- From this table it is clear that majority of NO MATCH with 42.85% and LOTS OF COMPETITOR with 37.14% LOTS OF COMPETITOR with 20 % each.

Q-7 Did you enroll yourself for any other CL program? OPTION Yes No Total

Respondent 59 11 70

Percentage 84.29% 15.71% 100%

percentage

16%

yes no

84%

INTERPRETATION:- From this table it could be inferred that 84.29% of the persons are satisfied with program of products of their career launcher companies, only 15.71% of the persons is not satisfied.

Q.8 What was you experience with other programs of CL? OPTION Better Same as before Below average Total

respondents 14 30 26 70

Percentage 20% 42.85% 37.14% 100%

percentage

20% 37%

better same as before below average

43%

INTERPRETATION:- This table it could be inferred that better with 20% and same as before with 42.85% and 37.14% each.

Q.9 Would you like to recommended CL brand to others OPTION Always Rare No Total

respondents 26 14 30 70

Percentage 37.14% 20% 42.85% 100%

percentage

37%

43%

always rare no

20%

INTERPRETATION:- It could be inferred that majority of people in career launcher are always with 37.14% and rare with 20% and no 42.85%

Q.10 What is you reaction if you do not gets CL slots for any test preparation? OPTION Wait Move to next centre Total

Respondents 10 60 70

Percentage 14.28% 85.71% 100%

percentage

14%

wait move to next centre

86%

INTERPRETATION:- IT could be inferred that majority of people of career launcher are move to next centre with 85.71% and wait with 14.29% each.

Q.11 What has been your overall expectation with CL? OPTION More than expected

Respondents 32

Percentage 45.71%

Meet expectation Fall short of expectation Total

20 18 70

28.57% 25.71% 100%

percentage

26% more than expected

46%

meet expectation fall short of expectation

28%