Braking Performance

BRAKING PERFORMANCE

GROUP IV HUANG, AARON ARNOLD BOADO, JAN CARLO ANDRADA, JAMES CASUGAY, RAYMOND ROBERTO, MARC JEROME

INTRODUCTION Braking Performance It shows the ability of the car to slow down and stop at a desired braking distance. ‘Braking performance’ (sometimes known as ‘effectiveness’) The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey revealed that roughly 2% of all motor vehicle crashes are caused by some sort of vehicular problem such as brake failure or a blown tire. Brake failure accounts for roughly 22% of these car accidents.

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Reaction Time The reaction time is the period which elapses between the recognition of the object, the decision to brake, and the time it takes for the foot to hit the brake pedal.

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Your reaction time • Normally 0.5–2 seconds. • 45–54 year-olds have the best reaction time in traffic. • 18–24 year-olds and those over 60 have the same reaction time in traffic. Young people have sharper senses but older people have more experience. 3 11

Reaction distance The reaction distance is the distance you travel from the point of detecting a hazard until you begin braking. reaction distance = speed x reaction time Sr=V×t 4 11

The reaction distance is affected by • The car’s speed (proportional increase)

 2 x higher speed = 2 x longer reaction distance.  5 x higher speed = 5 x longer reaction distance. 5 11

The reaction distance can be decreased by

• Anticipation of hazards. • Preparedness. The reaction distance can be increased by • The necessity of decision-making (for example, between braking or steering out of the way). • Alcohol, drugs and medication. • Tiredness.

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Braking distance Refers to the distance a vehicle will travel from the point when its brakes are fully applied to when it comes to a complete stop. Sb=V²/2g

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Braking distance It is primarily affected by the original speed of the vehicle and the coefficient of friction between the tires and the road surface, and negligibly by the tires' rolling resistance and vehicle's air drag.

Sb=V²/2µg 8 11

Braking distance

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The braking distance is affected by • The vehicle’s speed (quadratic increase; “raised to the power of 2”): 2 x higher speed = 4 x longer braking distance. 3 x higher speed = 9 x longer braking distance. • The road (gradient and conditions). • The load. • The brakes (condition, braking technology and how many wheels are braking).

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Stopping Distance It is the distance between the moment when a hazard is recognized and the time when the vehicle comes to a complete stop. • It is the sum of the distance traveled during the reaction time at given speed and active braking time. Stopping distance = reaction distance + braking distance

St=Sr + Sb St=V×t + V²/2µg

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Factors Affecting Braking Performance

Reporter: Boado, Jan Carlo

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1. Speed Braking distance and thinking distance affect your vehicle speed. Driving at high speed will jeopardize your braking distance. Moreover, when driving at high speed and the vehicle carries a heavy load, the stopping distance is affected. We recommend that drivers observe the local speed limits on the roads. Besides, drivers should keep a safe distance from the car ahead. 2 22

2. Brakes The effectiveness of your car brakes affects your stopping distance. Often, the friction material wears down gradually. Consequently, the grooves in the brake disc lead to the loss of stopping power due to overheating. Moisture may accumulate between the brake pads and discs in wet roads or stagnant water. 3 22

2. Brakes We recommend proper maintenance of car brakes for reduction of stopping distance. Besides, you should pump the brake pedals after driving through deep water to dry the brakes. You should do this while driving slowly.

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3. Tire pressure The grip of tires and the road play an important role in a vehicle’s stopping distance. The tires should have adequate pressure and in no case should they have the pressure below or above the manufacturer’s recommended value. Besides, over inflation or under inflation of the tires cause irregular wears. 5 22

3. Tire pressure Therefore, one will use more money in replacing new tires. The effectiveness of the tires to stop upon application of brakes reduces. We recommend that drivers maintain a regular check of tire pressure. In most cases, a monthly check of the tire pressure works well.

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4. Tire wear The tread depth of your car should not go below 1.6mm. Tread depth beyond 1.6mm may affect the safety hence stopping distance of the car. The treads affect a car’s grip on the road. Most new tires have a tread depth of 8mm, but with time they wear out. We recommend drivers to carry out a regular check on tire depths. Moreover, one should not work with the minimum tire depth since the higher the depth, the better for safety.

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5. Tire quality The quality of tires affects the stopping distance of a vehicle. You may spend an extra coin in purchasing a premium tire, but you will have a peace of mind. Many tests show that premium tires work better for effective stopping distance and grip. Besides, premium tires come with other advantages which include increased aquaplaning resistance and efficient fuel savings. 8 22

6. Road conditions We have no control over the weather conditions. Slippery roads which drivers often encounter during rainy periods affect the stopping distance. Moreover, ice and snow which accumulate on roads during winter reduce the grip between tires and the road. Tread becomes compacted between the tires hence reducing the effectiveness of the grip. 9 22

6. Road conditions The best measure here involves keeping your car tires in good shape despite the road conditions. Moreover, ensure you drive slowly when the weather conditions change. You should also maintain proper distance with the vehicle ahead.

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7. View of the road The driver’s ability to spot road features and landmarks affect the stopping distance of a vehicle. If a driver takes long to notice a spot on the road, it will also take more time to apply braking force. When driving during winter, many drivers face visibility issues. We advocate that drivers ensure the car windscreen remain clean for clear sight. 11 22

8. Distractions While driving, nothing should distract the drivers. Instead, the drivers should concentrate throughout the journey. The use of mobile phones or adjustment o satnav by drivers steals the attention. Consequently, the thinking time reduces. Sometimes, drivers would wish to change the radio stations while driving and this could also divert attention. Drivers should concentrate on their main duty and keep watch on the road always for a better driving experience.

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9. Drink/drug driving You know that as a driver, you should not drink and drive. One should not use drugs such as cannabis sativa and cocaine since they influence the time one takes to process information. While many know that drivers should not drink and drive, the rules do not apply to alcohol only. The remedy lies in educating all drivers to avoid drug driving. 13 22

10. Tiredness Drivers may fall asleep behind the wheels when driving on monotonous roads. In such cases, the reaction time of the driver will be affected and decision-making process affected. In some cases, exhaustion of the driver may not lead to sleep but only poor concentration. We recommend that when you feel exhausted while driving, you should park the car and relax for some time before proceeding with the journey. You can also change your driving duties with your co-driver.

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How can you improve braking performance?

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Before you get too excited about improving your car’s brakes, its critical to understand that brakes are only as good as the tyres and suspension allow them to be. If you’re running hard tyres that skip over every road imperfection, upgraded brakes will provide literally no improvement. Improvements in brake torque assume you’re not traction limited. Improvements in brake fade assume you actually get your brakes hot enough that they lose performance. For the vast majority of cars on public roads, stock brakes will be more than enough.

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FOUR WAYS TO IMPROVE BRAKE TORQUE 1. Increase disc radius Larger discs will allow for more brake torque as the brake pad will apply pressure at a larger radius, allowing for a higher moment. Brake torque is equal to the force applied by the pad multiplied by the distance at which the force is applied from the center of the wheel. In this case, we’re increasing the distance from the centre. This is a good thing. 17 22

FOUR WAYS TO IMPROVE BRAKE TORQUE 2. Increase caliper piston area Increasing the size of the pistons (or number of pistons) means you have more area applying a specific pressure. If pressure remains constant and the area increases, the force applied will increase.

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FOUR WAYS TO IMPROVE BRAKE TORQUE 3. Line pressure Push your foot harder, and the car brakes harder. This is because the line pressure increases. If you can increase the line pressure (perhaps by creating a larger lever arm for your brake pedal to act upon, or using vacuum assist) you increase brake torque.

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FOUR WAYS TO IMPROVE BRAKE TORQUE 4. Friction coefficient between the pad and rotor Perhaps self explanatory, but if you can increase the friction (this comes down to material selection; brake pad manufacturers will often supply this data) between the pad and the rotor, you can increase the braking torque.

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Why would you need to improve braking? There are two primary reasons why you’d need to improve the braking performance of your vehicle: 1. Lack of stopping power The vehicle does not have sufficient brake torque to lock up the wheels at the speeds it travels (or get close to locking up the wheels, providing the maximum deceleration forces).

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Why would you need to improve braking? There are two primary reasons why you’d need to improve the braking performance of your vehicle: 2. Excessive brake fade The vehicle experiences brake fade after certain durations of brake use, and loses braking capabilities as a result. Prolonged braking (such as on a track) can lead to brake fade as a result of improper brake cooling.

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BRAKE FAILURE

Reporter: Andrada, James

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Brake Failure Brake failure is defined as the loss of ability to stop the vehicle. If you've ever been in a vehicle that did not stop, you know the sheer terror that brake failure can cause. Whether your vehicle is equipped with disc or drum brakes, you expect them to work when you hit the brake pedal. Brakes have their own language; they squeal, click, squeak and grind. You need to listen carefully to their noises rather than ignore them.

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Warning signs of brake problems 1. Brake Light On When one of the red or yellow brake indicators on your dashboard lights up it may mean you’re just due for an inspection. It could also be your vehicle’s smart electronics alerting you to a problem.

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Warning signs of brake problems 2. Squealing, Squeaking or Grinding Noises Hearing a Metallic Squeal While You’re in Motion? If you start hearing a high-pitched noise that stops when you apply the brakes that’s likely the sound of the brake pad wear indicators. They’re made of steel so they make this sound when they start contacting the rotor. 4 22

Warning signs of brake problems 2. Squealing, Squeaking or Grinding Noises Grinding Sound When Brakes Are Applied? Grinding that you also feel in the pedal could mean a number of things. There could just be some gravel or a rock caught in the caliper unit, easily remedied. But you may have gone too long without brake servicing. The brake pads may be worn through, and you’re hearing metal on metal that could be creating grooves in the brake rotor. Not good.

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Warning signs of brake problems 3. Wobbling, Vibration or Scraping When Braking Shaking in the steering wheel or vibration when you apply the brakes may be the result of an uneven rotor. Then you’ll feel shaking when braking, as the pad hits that bump in the rotor. Over time and thousands of wheel revolutions, it’s normal for the rotor surface to get slight variations. Rust can also sometimes develop. 6 22

Warning signs of brake problems 3. Wobbling, Vibration or Scraping When Braking Another possible cause of rough braking is the brake caliper not releasing properly.Due to wear from heat or road debris, the piston can get sticky. It may not retract the pads back into the full “off” position when you let up on the brake pedal. A fourth cause of bumpy braking could be damage to your brake components from improper wheel lug nut installation. (The lug nuts are the big bolts that clamp your tire and wheel onto the hub of your car.)

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Warning signs of brake problems 4. Leaking Fluid If you’re experiencing a soft brake pedal, have a service technician look for fluid leaking from the master cylinder or elsewhere in the brake system.

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Warning signs of brake problems 4. Leaking Fluid The master cylinder is the unit that creates the power for your brakes. It has a reservoir like the one for your wiper fluid that contains brake fluid. When you apply the brakes, this fluid is pushed through thin piping, creating hydraulic pressure. If fluid is leaking from this system, there may not be enough power to force the brake pads to clamp hard to the rotors.

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Warning signs of brake problems 5. Spongy or Soft Brake Pedal If you notice a difference in the resistance in the brake pedal — it feels “softer,” or sinks all the way to the floor mat when you press on it — it’s a sign you need immediate service. There could be air or moisture in the braking system or a problem with the master cylinder. 10 22

Warning signs of brake problems 6. Car Pulling to One Side When Braking This could be caused by a brake hose gone bad or a caliper problem. One brake caliper may be applying more or all the pressure during braking, resulting in unbalanced stopping.

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Warning signs of brake problems 7. Burning Smell While Driving A sharp, chemical odor after repeated hard braking on steep roads is a sign of overheated brakes or clutch. Pull over immediately in a safe place, check your parking brake to make sure it’s fully released and allow the brakes to cool. If you don’t, you risk heating up the brake fluid to boiling, which can cause brake failure. If there’s any smoke coming from a wheel, it may be a stuck brake caliper and possibly unsafe to continue driving on without repairs.

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Warning signs of brake problems 8. Bouncing Up and Down When You Stop Short If your vehicle rocks or bounces with sharp braking, it’s probably not a brake problem at all. Your shock absorbers may need to be replaced. Not every brake noise or symptom is going to cost you. It could be a harmless squeak from certain types of material in brake pads. There may be dust or moisture somewhere in the braking system that isn’t causing damage. You may just need to add new brake fluid.

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Warning signs of brake problems 8. Bouncing Up and Down When You Stop Short Brake parts wear out over time. Selfdiagnosing symptoms or delaying brake servicing could put you and your passengers at unnecessary risk. And like with a lot of automotive issues, if there is a problem, the longer you put it off the more you risk big repair bills. 14 22

What to do if experiencing brake failure ? 15 22

What to do if experiencing brake failure ? 1. Take a Deep Breath This is step one to averting any crisis situation. You have to gather yourself and allow your brain to function properly instead of in crisis mode. Your immediate reaction will be to continually slam the brakes, which may work depending on the issue (i.e., your brakes simply lost pressure), but isn't always the best solution. So take a deep breath and gain your composure.

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What to do if experiencing brake failure ? 2. Make Sure You Take Your Foot Off The Gas

This may seem self-explanatory, but again you are likely not thinking straight. Allow your car to begin slowing naturally by taking your foot off the gas.

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What to do if experiencing brake failure ? 3. Turn Your Hazard Lights On

If you're just driving down a side street then putting your hazards on should be enough to warn others of the situation.

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What to do if experiencing brake failure ? 4. Downshift

If you drive a vehicle with a manual transmission you know how to downshift. Doing so will cause your engine to slow the car down for you little by little. You will want to downshift a little at a time so you don't destroy your transmission, but this will help. A good rule of thumb is whenever your car stops slowing down it's safe to downshift again.

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What to do if experiencing brake failure ? 5. Shift Into Neutral

Once you've reached First gear you can't downshift anymore so you have to begin using alternative brakes such as your emergency brake.

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What to do if experiencing brake failure ? 6. Begin Pulling Your Emergency Brake

Most, if not all vehicles have an emergency hand-brake. Usually this is a lever near your center console. Pulling up on this slowly will help you brake. Ripping it up in one clean pull on the other hand will likely result in your car spinning out of control. Use this to slow your car just like your normal brakes.

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What to do if experiencing brake failure ? 7. Park Most of the time you can completely stop your car using your emergency brake (this is how you park your car in a manual) but in some instances the emergency hand brake on an automatic may not be it may not be correctly adjusted or assembled. If you run into this problem slow you car as much as possible and then shift it into park. This should bring your car to a halt and your 22 crisis to an end. 22

Causes of Brake Failure

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Reporter: Casugay, Raymond

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Causes of Brake Failure 1. Unreliable Parts

The car braking system is made of several parts like pads/shoes, the hydraulic lines, the air lines etc. When any of this parts is faulty or malfunctioning it can result in the failure of the whole system. To avoid this, proper maintenance of these parts must be ensured and done periodically. Always tell your mechanic to help watch out for these parts while servicing the car to avoid any fatal accident.

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Causes of Brake Failure 2. Overheated Brake Pads

Squealing brakes is an indication of a problem with the brake system. Usually, a squealing noise is an indication that your brake pads are worn down and need to be replaced. Other causes can be overheated brake pads or rotors and sometimes rust can get impregnated on the brake lining material and cause grumbling or squeaking noises. 3 16

Causes of Brake Failure 3. Fluid Leakage The major reason why brakes fail is as a result of fluid leakage, if there is a slow leak in the system it will effect the brake master cylinder by allowing air into the system creating a low peddle and eventual brake operation failure. If a large brake fluid leak is present, fluid escapes, leading to a major brake failure on one half of the system (front or rear). A master cylinder has a built in safety device, two separate hydraulic systems a primary and secondary, separating front and rear brake operation in 4 case of front or rear brake operation failure, one system will still be present. 16

Causes of Brake Failure 4. Brake Fade We need to take care of brake fade too. It is another type of brake failure caused by overheating of the brake pads. It is common on poor material brake pads. If you have a bad brake booster then it automatically follows that you’ll have problems with your brake pedal as well. A low brake pedal is usually a telltale sign that your brake power boost unit has gone badly. Most of today’s brake boosters are vacuum controlled. To check your brake booster you may need a vacuum measurement gadget that will be connected to the brake booster.

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Causes of Brake Failure 5. Rust

Attached to the cylinder master are the brake lines. The steel brake tubing is transcended to all the wheel of your vehicle. Rusts are the worst enemies of the brake lines. To avoid these and leaks, regularly inspect the linings. Replacement is the best course of action in case of damages. 6 16

Causes of Brake Failure 6. Defective Hoses

Running from the brake lines to the brake calipers as well as to the wheel cylinders are rubber brake hoses. It is advised to avoid their exposure to dirt, road grime, salt and other elements. These can make the rubber to become brittle and can produce crack. This will then lead to a failure in the brake system. 7 16

Causes of Brake Failure 7. Moisture

As well, it is worth noting that brake failure can be caused by water in the brake fluid. When the fluid gets hot, the water will vaporize. This steam can be compressed unlike the water. However, instead of the braking effort being transmitted to the wheels, it is dissipated and the car will fail to brake. So it is important not to forget changing the brake fluid at given interval.

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How to Troubleshoot Brake Failure

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How to Troubleshoot Brake Failure The easiest way you can avoid brake failure is by maintaining the vehicle regularly and being attentive to any changes in performance. • Replace your car's brake pads.Be sure to review each time the status of brake pads. Their average life is 25,000 km, but can become blunt before its hardness and lifestyle. Replace them if they are worn. If you hear a squealing or grinding noise when you apply the brakes, it may be a sign that you need to replace your brake pads.

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How to Troubleshoot Brake Failure • You must change the brake shoe (or a shoe or a brake block) for every four changes of brake pads or so. • Change the brake fluid of your car. Change the brake fluid every 48,000 miles, every four years, or during regular brake servicing. Contaminants in your brake fluid may cause your brakes to function incorrectly. If your brake pedal pushes down further than normal to activate the brakes, it may be a sign of contaminated fluid.

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How to Troubleshoot Brake Failure • Verify whenever possible the power of braking of each of the four wheels with a brake meter/brake tester. • Isolate braking problems by test-driving the car. You will want to find an empty parking lot or quiet side street to do this. • See if the car decelerates normally. Be particularly alert for vibrations or a change in resistance felt in the brake pedal. This is a warning there may be air in the brake's hydraulic system.

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How to Troubleshoot Brake Failure • Check to see their headlights and brake lights are working. Also, he urges people to make sure to aim the headlights properly. • Do not modify the original brake system. Observe the times given by the manufacturer. • Examine your brake lines and replace any damaged or broken lines. A hard to press brake pedal is an indicator of a blocked brake line. 13 16

How to Troubleshoot Brake Failure •

Check your car's vacuum system for leaks. If your brake pedal is hard to press down, it's likely that your vacuum system needs repairing.

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Install a new master cylinder. If your brake pedal seems to have no pressure and your car doesn't brake well, you might need a new master cylinder.

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Inspect your car's brake discs. Bad discs result in grabby brakes or a vibration when braking. One disc may be the problem, or all of them may need to be replaced.

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How to Troubleshoot Brake Failure • Ask a mechanic to test your brake power boost unit. A faulty brake power boost unit causes the brake pedal to depress more than usual in order to activate the brakes. • Inspect the visible components of your car's brake system. Park your car on a firm, level surface, preferably on a paved driveway or garage floor. Chock the wheels, and raise one wheel with a floor jack if available. Install jack stands if you are going to work on wheels while they are elevated.

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How to Troubleshoot Brake Failure  Look at the surface of the car's brake rotors (if equipped with disc brakes). They should be smooth and shiny, with a uniform silver color. Purple or bluish discoloration indicated they have been overheated, roughness, swirling groove, or splotchy and grainy surface appearance indicates abnormal wear or rotor warpage.  If the wheel is lifted off the ground, try to rock it to see if there is any unusual movement in the wheel bearings assembly. Rotate the wheel so you can listen for sounds of uneven brake contact. Now have an assistant engage the brake and check to see if the wheel becomes immobile.

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Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)

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Reporter: Roberto, Marc Jerome

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Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) An anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a safety anti-skid braking system used on aircraft and on land vehicles, such as cars, motorcycles, trucks and buses. ABS operates by preventing the wheels from locking up during braking, thereby maintaining tractive contact with the road surface.

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Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) ABS is an automated system that uses the principles of threshold braking and cadence braking, techniques which were once practised by skilful drivers before ABS braking systems were widespread. ABS operates at a much faster rate and more effectively than most drivers could manage. Although ABS generally offers improved vehicle control and decreases stopping distances on dry and some slippery surfaces, on loose gravel or snow-covered surfaces ABS may significantly increase braking distance, while still improving steering control.

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Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)

Generally speaking, ABS doesn't "kick-in" at speeds below 12-15 mph (20-25 km/h) because the controller (Electronic Control Module) realizes that, when making a turn, the wheels on an axle will, by default, be turning at different speeds.

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Components of ABS

There are four main components of ABS: 1. wheel speed sensors 2. valves 3. pump 4. controller.

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Components of ABS 1. Speed sensors A speed sensor is used to determine the acceleration or deceleration of the wheel. These sensors use a magnet and a Hall effect sensor, or a toothed wheel and an electromagnetic coil to generate a signal. The rotation of the wheel or differential induces a magnetic field around the sensor. The fluctuations of this magnetic field generate a voltage in the sensor. 6 23

Components of ABS 1. Speed sensors Since the voltage induced in the sensor is a result of the rotating wheel, this sensor can become inaccurate at slow speeds. The slower rotation of the wheel can cause inaccurate fluctuations in the magnetic field and thus cause inaccurate readings to the controller

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Components of ABS 2. Valves There is a valve in the brake line of each brake controlled by the ABS. On some systems, the valve has three positions: *In position one, the valve is open; pressure from the master cylinder is passed right through to the brake. *In position two, the valve blocks the line, isolating that brake from the master cylinder. This prevents the pressure from rising further should the driver push the brake pedal harder. *In position three, the valve releases some of the pressure from the brake.

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Components of ABS 2. Valves The majority of problems with the valve system occur due to clogged valves. When a valve is clogged it is unable to open, close, or change position. An inoperable valve will prevent the system from modulating the valves and controlling pressure supplied to the brakes.

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Components of ABS 3. Pump The pump in the ABS is used to restore the pressure to the hydraulic brakes after the valves have released it. A signal from the controller will release the valve at the detection of wheel slip. After a valve releases the pressure supplied from the user, the pump is used to restore a desired amount of pressure to the braking system. The controller will modulate the pump's status in order to provide the desired amount of pressure and reduce slipping.

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Components of ABS 4. Controller The controller is an ECU type unit in the car which receives information from each individual wheel speed sensor. If a wheel loses traction, the signal is sent to the controller. The controller will then limit the brake force (EBD) and activate the ABS modulator which actuates the braking valves on and off. 11 23

If too much force is applied to the brake pedal, conventional brakes may cause the wheels to lock up. This lessens the driver's steering control and makes the braking distance greater. Locked wheels skid more easily. An antilock brake system (ABS) has sensors on each of the wheels that monitor the wheel's speed. In addition, the sensors regulate hydraulic brake pressure through a hydraulic control unit. The third element of ABS is a computerized command system. 12 23

With ABS The ABS (Anti-Lock Braking System) is a braking system that allows that when stops the wheels not they block, and therefore they continue turning, which allows that they obey to the turn that is marked to him from the steering wheel. The right way to stop a car equipped with ABS brakes is to hit the brakes and did not release pressure until the vehicle is stopped. During braking and subject to activate the ABS, will be felt a vibration in the pedal. This effect is normal , Is the way the car to tell us that the ABS is working.

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With ABS It only acts when stepping on the brake with

force. To obtain an effective braking system must step on the brake pedal with the force from the outset, while stepping on the clutch. In performing this maneuver will cause the car responds to its maneuverability and achieved its arrest in a shorter space.

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How do I know that the ABS on my car is running? Just start the car, turn on a light og ABS signal. The light should turn off after a few seconds. If the ABS does not shut down, it means that the ABS do not work. Still you can stop the car, but do not have the help of ABS. It would be advisable to bring a workshop to review.

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SYMPTOMS OF A BAD OR FAILING ABS SPEED SENSOR 1. The ABS Light comes on The most obvious sign of a problem with the ABS system is that the ABS Light will come on. The ABS Light is the equivalent of the Check Engine Light, except only for the ABS system. When the light is illuminated, this is usually the first sign that will be displayed indicating that there may be a problem with the ABS system, and perhaps an issue with one of the system’s sensors. 16 23

SYMPTOMS OF A BAD OR FAILING ABS SPEED SENSOR 2. Brakes take longer to stop car During heavy braking conditions the ABS system should automatically activate to aid in slowing down the vehicle, and traction loss and skidding should be minimal. While we should try to practice regular driving habits that avoid heavy braking situations, if you do notice that the vehicle is taking longer to stop under heavy braking situations, or is experiencing traction loss and skidding, then that may be an indicator of there being a problem with the system. The ABS system is typically made up of only a few components - the module and the sensors - so a problem in its operation will either be with the module or the sensors.

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SYMPTOMS OF A BAD OR FAILING ABS SPEED SENSOR 3. Less stability under icy or wet driving conditions Over time, most drivers will become familiar with how their vehicle handles under certain conditions, including slippery conditions, such as driving on wet or icy roads. A properly functioning ABS system will minimize any sort of traction loss, especially under wet and icy conditions. If when driving under wet or icy roads you experience any sort of tire slipping or loss of traction for more than a brief moment when stopping or taking off, then the ABS system may not be functioning correctly. This is typically due to either a problem with the module, 18 or more likely, a problem with the sensors. 23

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

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Advantages of Anti-Lock Brakes • Stopping on ice or any wet surface. As mentioned above, an ABS prevents lock-ups and skidding, even in slippery conditions. Anti-lock brakes have been proven to save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle.

• Lower insurance costs. Because it is a thoroughly tested safety device with a track record of effectiveness, insurers often give customers specific discounts for having an ABS system on their vehicle. 20 23

Advantages of Anti-Lock Brakes • Higher resale value. As a feature on a car or truck, an ABS raises the market value of the vehicle. Nowadays, where ABS technology has become standard on many vehicles, not having it could result in a lower price for resale. • Traction control. An ABS shares some of the infrastructure of a traction control system, where new technology helps ensure that each wheel has traction on the road. That makes it easy for manufacturers to install both of these features at the factory.

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Disadvantages of Anti-Lock Brakes • Inconsistent stop times. Anti-lock brakes are made to provide for surer braking in slippery conditions. However, some drivers report that they find stopping distances for regular conditions are lengthened by their ABS, either because there may be errors in the system, or because the clunking or noise of the ABS may contribute to the driver not braking at the same rate.

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Disadvantages of Anti-Lock Brakes •

Expense. An ABS can be expensive to maintain. Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix if they get out of calibration or develop other problems. For some, this is a big reason to decline an ABS in a vehicle.

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Delicate systems. It's easy to cause a problem in an ABS by messing around with the brakes. Problems include disorientation of the ABS, where a compensating brake sensor causes the vehicle to shudder, make loud noise or generally brake worse.

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