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Khnby, 2008
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction Notes
Chapter 1, Destiny, Historicity, and Historical Path of the Bulgarian People after the Liberation from the Ottoman Empire 1.1. Notion of Destiny 1.2. Hegel’s Conception about the World-Historical Peoples 1.3. Heidegger about Destiny, Historicity and Historical Path 1.4. The Viewpoints of V. Prodanov about Overtaking Development 1.5. Historicity and Historical Path of the Bulgarian People after the Liberation from the Ottoman Empire Notes Chapter 2, Truth and Destiny after Heidegger 2.1. Paragraph 44 of “Being and Time”: “Dasein, Openness and Truth” 2.2. Paragraph 74 of “Being and Time”: “Basic Constitution of Historicity” 2.3. “Moira” 2.4. “Aletheia” Notes Chapter 3, Destiny of Being 3.1 The Last Two Paragraphs (82, 83) of “Being and Time” by Heidegger 3.2. The Last Two Paragraph (44, 45) of “Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics” by Heidegger 3.3. Kant’s Thesis about Being” 3.4. “Time and Being” Notes Chapter 4, Destiny as Cognition and Cognition of Destiny 4.1. Cognition by Heart, and Metaphor 4.2. Destiny and Poem 4.3. Destiny as Cognition, and “Internal Sense” after Kant
4.4. Unity of Mind and Heart: the Idea of Fundamental History 4.5. Symbol and Cognition of Destiny Notes Chapter 5, Historical Path and Counterfactual Analysis 5.1. History: a Science about Facts or a Science about Choices? 5.2. Counterfactual analysis 5.3. Counterfactual analysis and Historical Path Notes Chapter 6, Overtaking Development as a Historical Path 6.1. The Critics of P. Tillich against “Progressism” 6.2. The Critics of Assen Ignatov against “Accelerated Development”, in particular, and the Enlightenment Ideology of Progress, at all 6.3. R. Kosellek about the Christian and the Secularized “Progress”, and about the Category “Time’s Shortening” 6.4. The Collective Viewpoint of Some Bulgarian Philosophers about Overtaking 6.5. Care as Fundamentally Historical (Existential) Overtaking 6.6. Historical Path (Destiny) as Fundamentally-Historical (Existential) Overtaking 6.7. Overtaking as Duality of Care and Historical Path 6.8. Instead Conclusion: “We are in time, and time is in us” Notes Chapter 7, Historical Time 7.1 The Historical Existential of Historical Time 7.2. A Sketch in Such a Perspective of Some Philosophical Conceptions about Time from the Antiquity to the Present 7.3. Historical Time of Events and of Structures 7.4. Kairos of P. Tillich 7.5. A. Ignatov about Embedness of Infinite Nature in Finite Historical Time 7.6. Notion of Non-finity of Historical Time
7.7. Instead of Conclusion: Axial Time of Jaspers Notes Conclusion and Inferences Index (names and subjects) Literature Abstract in Bulgarian Abstract in English
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k\h_lh l\hj_gb_ beb ijhba\_^_gb_ dh_lh _ gjZ\kl\_gZ b iheblbq_kdZ hj]ZgbaZpby O_]_e -107) [4]. Ke_^h\Zl_egh
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nhjfZeghlh \j_f_ k ^mfZ jZaebqgZ hldZcjhkZbklbgghlh\j_f_–
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\j_f_ \ fbgZehlh < lh\Z ^jZfZlbqgh ktagZgb_ aZ bklhjby k_ dhj_gb
b^_ylZaZdZcjhkZbhllh\ZgZqZehlys_[t^_ij_h[jZam\ZgZ\ihgylb_
dh_lh s_ k_ baihea\Z \t\ nbehkhnbylZ gZ bklhjbylZ Lbeebo 217).
[2] ?^bg gZjh^ _ bah[sh k\_lh\ghbklhjbq_kdb kZfh ^hdhedhlh \
g_]h\by hkgh\_g _e_f_gl \ g_]h\ZlZ hkgh\gZ p_e _ iheh`_g _^bg
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lh\Z hij_^_e_g l_ _^bg gZjh^ bah[sh b ^motl k dhclh ljy[\Z ^Z
[hjZ\bf _ g Z j h ^ g b y l ^ m o GZjh^gbl_ ^moh\_ h[Zq_ iZd k_
jZaebqZ\Zl kihj_^ ij_^klZ\ZlZ dhylh kb kta^Z\Zl aZ kZfbl_ k_[_ kb
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bklhjbylZ Hl lh\Z dh_lh ^motl agZ_ aZ k_[_ kb aZ\bkb ktagZgb_lh gZ
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[4]
kZfh ijb\bd\Z dtf k\hy `b\hl gh ^hdhedhlh _ ^mo gZ gZjh^Z
ijbgZ^e_`Zs dtf k\_lh\gZlZ bklhjby lhc ^hklb]Z ^h ihagZgb_lh gZ
lh\Z dh_lh _ g_]h\h ^_eh b ^h fbke_g_lh aZ k_[_ kb Bah[sh lhc k_
hdZa\Zk\_lh\ghbklhjbq_kdbkZfh^hdhedhlh\g_]h\byhkgh\_g_e_f_gl
\ g_]h\ZlZ hkgh\gZ p_e k_ gZfbjZ \k_h[sbyl ijbgpbi kZfh ^hlhedh\Z
l\hj_gb_lhdh_lhkta^Z\ZlZdt\^mok_hdZa\ZgjZ\kl\_gZiheblbq_kdZ hj]ZgbaZpby O_]_e -107).
[5] < ij_\h^Z gZ *HVFKLFN dZlh bklhjbq_kdb itl k_ ke_^\Z jmkdbyl ij_\h^gZ<;b[bobg OZc^_]]_j
[6] J_rbfhkllZ [_r_ hij_^_e_gZ dZlh fteqZeb\h ]hlh\h aZ m`Zk
k_[_aZo\tjeyg_ gZ kh[kl\_ghlh [blb_ gZ \bgh\ghkl Ly ^hklb]Z k\hylZ
kh[kl\_ghkl dZlh baij_\Zj\ZsZ j_rbfhkl < g_y 'DVHLQ k_ jZa[bjZ hl
k\hylZ kihkh[ghkl gZ [blb_ ih lZdt\ gZqbg q_ ]e_^Z kftjllZ \ hqbl_
lZdZ q_ kts_kl\m\Zshlh dh_lh _ lh kZfhlh gZitegh ^Z ijb_f_ k\hylZ aZo\tje_ghkl +HLGHJJHU 1993: 382).
[7] Dh]Zlh h[Zq_ kt^[h\gbyl 'DVHLQ dZlh [blb_-\-k\_lZ ktsghklgh
_dabklbjZ dZlh [blb_-aZ_^gh k ^jm]bl_ >0LWVHLQ PLW $QGHUHQ@ g_]h\hlh
kt[blb__kt[blb_-aZ_^gh>0LWJHVFKHKHQ@bk_hij_^_eydZlhbklhjbq_kdb itl +HLGHJJHU
[8] L_jfbgtl ijbfhj^bZebatf _ [be baihea\Zg hl ba\_kl_g [jhc
khpbZegb mq_gb b ^jm]b [hjZ\_sb k y\e_gb_lh gZ itj\bqgb qm\kl\Z
beb ihgylby ijbktkl\Zsb ihg_ aZ gydhb gZ[ex^Zl_eb \ gydhb
h[s_kl\Zdhblhk_\taijb_fZlhlghkbl_ebl_gZdmelmjZbZgZeblbpbl_
^Z kZ ktsghklgb aZ lyoghlh kZfhhij_^_e_gb_ ;_a l_ab ijbfhj^bZegb
itj\bih\Z`ghklbebitj\hgZqZegbbebnmg^Zf_glZegb _e_f_glb
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dZklZ jZkZ gZke_^kl\_ghkl b ^j l_jblhjby b fh`_ [b gydhb ^jm]b
\tijhkgZlZ ]jmiZ g_ [b fh]eZ ^Z kb ij_^klZ\b k_[_ kb kts_kl\m\ZsZ (Schiffman 1999: 25).
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kemqZcghkl \dh_lh\yj\Zl_ebgbl_bhgh\Zdh_lhjbfeygbl_gZjbqZl
nhjlmgZ dblZcpbl_ kfylZl q_ Zdh b ^Z k_ kemqb dtkf_l lh _
g_h[oh^bfh hs_ ^Z k_ ihfbkeb ke_^\Z eb ^Z k_ \taihea\Zr hl g_]h
gyfZ eb ^Z ijbg_k_ lh\Z ih-]heyfZ [_^Z Zdh k_ \taiheam\Zr hl hgh\Z dh_lhg__ij_^gZagZq_ghaZl_[_ =jb]hjv_\Z -101).
[10] ;te]ZjkdbylgZpbhgZe_g\tijhk\tagbd\Zhs_ij_a;,9\dh]Zlh [te]Zjbl_ aZ]m[\Zl k\hylZ ^tj`Z\gZ kZfhklhyl_eghkl Hllh]Z\Z ^h ^_g-
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kts_kl\m\Zg_dZlhhl^_egZ_lgbq_kdZh[sghkl Dhk_\ Dhk_\
b >hcgh\ haZ]eZ\y\Zl iZjZ]jZn b gZ ]eZ\Z kthl\_lgh
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[11] B >bfbljh\ - oZjZdl_jbabjZ Kt_^bg_gb_lh dZlh
lZab^tjahklgZ[te]ZjkdbygZjh^ ^Zk_hiteqbkj_sm\kbqdbkbe_gk \yjZlZq_ijZ\hlh_gZg_]h\ZkljZgZ
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klhiZgkdhlhiheh`_gb_gZkljZgZlZij_a b ] =hjZgh\ 192).
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dZdlh [te]Zjkdbyl gZjh^ ij_a nZlZeghlh aZ g_]h eylh gZ ] KZfh
^\Zf_k_pZb_^bgZ^_k_l^gbke_^ih^ibk\Zg_lhgZEhg^hgkdby^h]h\hj
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[14] ;te]Zjby k_ gZf_kb \ Itj\ZlZ k\_lh\gZ \hcgZ aZ ^Z hkts_kl\b
k\h_lh aZ\_lgh b k\_s_gh gZpbhgZegh h[_^bg_gb_ ktdjmr_gh \t\
[15] LZdZ gZijbf_j ih ih\h^ gZ Kt_^bg_gb_lh b Kjt[kdh-[te]ZjkdZlZ
\hcgZ KlZl_eh\Z b IZgl_\ hl[_eya\Zl q_ \ [te]Zjbl_ mdj_i\Z
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=eZ\Z\lhjZ
BKLBG:BKT>;:IJBO:C>?=?J OZc^_]_j ij_h[jZam\Z h[bqZcghlh jZa[bjZg_ aZ bklbgZ hl adaequatio\g_kdjblhklDMOKYTHLDBklbgZlZdZlhg_kdjblhklktshdZdlh
adaequatio _ hlghr_gb_ gh f_`^m [blb_ b \j_f_ l_ g_ gZij f_`^m
km[_dlbh[_dlbebf_`^ml\tj^_gb_bg_]h\byij_^f_l bihlhabgZqbg
k_ij_ihl\tj`^Z\Z[blbckl\m\Zshlh\hldjblhklF_`^m[blb_b\j_f_ hlghr_gb_lh g_ _ h[bqZcgh jZa[bjZgh nmgdpbhgZegh beb ^hjb _^gh-
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ij_^klZ\ey\Z kt\dmighkl hl nmgdpbhgZegb hlghr_gby Ltdfh hl
jZadjblhkllZ beb jZal\hj_ghkllZ gZ [blbckl\Zshlh itd \ ;blb_ b \j_f_ [b\Z ba\_^_gZ bklbgZlZ dZlh g_kdjblhkl 'DVHLQ b DMOKYTHLD
\aZbfgh k_ ij_^iheZ]Zl b babkd\Zl 'DVHLQ H \ bklbgZlZ" (Heidegger
< jZfdbl_ gZ lh\Z _ b q_ 'DVHLQ [b^_cdb ktsghklgh ijhiZ^Zs_ihk\h_lh[blbcghmkljhckl\h\g_bklbgZlZ" (Heidegger 1993: 222).
GZ bklbgZlZ dZlh adaequatio kthl\_lkl\m\Z lt`^_kl\hlh gZ
km[_dl b h[_dl ih gZqbg ZgZeh]bq_g gZ hgab ijb dhclh gZ bklbgZlZ
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ijbktkl\b_lh gZ 'DVHLQ dZdlh b k\_`^Zg_lh gZ \tijhkZ aZ [blb_lh ^h
lhab gZ f_lZnbabdZlZ \ OZc^_]_jh\ kfbkte aZ [blb_lh gZ
kts_kl\m\Zshlh blhktshdZlhgydZd\hkts_kl\m\Zsh Ihklhygkl\hlh
\ djZcgZ kf_ldZ _ ihklhygkl\h gZ HMQHYUJHLD iheh`_gb_ ihklZ\_gh \
l_f_ebl_ b gZ kt\j_f_gghlh ijbjh^hagZgb_ aZdhgtl aZ aZiZa\Zg_ gZ
_g_j]bylZdhclhk_ba\_`^ZhlitegZlZgb\_ebjZghkl–jZ\ghf_jghkl
_^ghbaf_jghkl b [_akljmdlmjghkl – gZ nbabq_kdhlh \j_f_ ?lh aZsh nbabq_kdhlh \j_f_ _ ktsghklgh k\tjaZgh k bklbgZlZ dZlh adaequatio.
OZc^_]_j pblbjZ < Omf[he^ Lhc kZfbyl >_abdtl@ g_ _ ijhba\_^_gb_ (ErgoQ Z^_cghkl (QHUJHLD +HLGHJJHU a LZdZ\j_^bpZlZgZ
nbabq_kdhlh\j_f_bbklbgZlZdZlhadaequatiofh`_f^Z^h[Z\bf_abdZ
jZa[jZgdZlhkt\dmighklhllhqgbihgylby_abdtl\bgZ]bjZ\_ggZk_[_
kbl_\djZcgZkf_ldZb^_ZetlgZgZmqgby_abd –\kbqdhlh\Ziheh`_gh
\ _^bg rbjhdh hkfbke_g dmelmjheh]bqgh b pb\bebaZpbhgggh ltedm\Zg aZdhgaZaZiZa\Zg_gZ_g_j]bylZ [1].
GZijhlb\ aZ ih_lbqgby _abd _ k\hckl\_gZ km[_dlb\gZlZ
h[Z]j_ghklG_]h\ZlZbklbgZZdhfh`_f^Z]h\hjbfaZlZdZ\ZjZa[bjZ
k_ g_ fh`_ ^Z [t^_ bklbgZlZ dZlh adaequatio [2]. Lhc km[_dlb\gh
badjb\y\Zkdh_lhij_^Z\Zg_ijhklhij_^f_lZZij_^f_lZij_`b\yghl _^gZ^mrZGZbadjb\y\Zg_lhkthl\_lkl\m\Z_^ghg_gb\_ebjZgh\j_f_–
g_jZ\ghf_jgh fgh]hf_jgh b k \tlj_rgZ kljmdlmjZ Kbf\hetl fbltl p_gghklgZlZ kbkl_fZ k\_lh]e_^tl
[3] kZ ktsh lZdZ ih^h[gb
badjb\y\Zgby ij_\_`^Zsb \ agZqbfZlZ km[_dlb\ghkl gZ _^gZh[sghkl
bgl_jkm[_dlb\gZ ih hlghr_gb_ gZ bg^b\b^mZegZlZ K lyo k_ aZ^Z\Z
kt^[ZlZ gZ h[sghkllZ dZlh g_bg bklhjbq_kdb itl *HVFKLFN >belZc
ibr_q_\k_dbk\_lh]e_^bfZjZa\blb_b\lh\ZjZa\blb_k__dkiebpbjZ
g_]h\hlh kt^tj`Zgb_ lZdZ ihkl_i_ggh k l_q_gb_ gZ \j_f_lh lhc
ijb^h[b\Z ljZcghkl mklhcqb\hkl b fhs lhc _ ijh^mdl gZ bklhjbylZ >belZc
DZlh pyeh lh\Z _ ihkhdZlZ gZ \j_f_lh hdheh dhylh
djb\mebqb kt^[ZlZ LZab ihkhdZ _ qm\kl\hlh gZkljh_ghkllZ 6WLPPXQJ
[4] j_rbfhkllZ ^Z k_ ke_^\Z ihkhdZlZ gZ kt^[ZlZ g_aZ\bkbfh hl
g_cgbl_ij_\jZlghklb–ex[h\dtfkt^[ZlZ amor fati IhebgbylZgZ
kt^[ZlZ HMQHYUJHLD ^_cghkllZ b \j_f_gZlZ k_ ijhf_gyl gh [blb_lh
\b^bfh dZlh kbf\he-\_jmx hklZ\Z Kbf\hetl ij_ijZsZ dtf ke_^\Zsby
kZfh ih lZdZ ba[jZgZlZ ihkhdZ gZ \j_f_lh aZlh\Z agZdtl ijhklh dZlh
bgnhjfZpbyij_ijZsZdtfke_^\Zsby\ihkhdZlZgZnbabq_kdhlh\j_f_
gZ h[_dlb\ghkllZ Ih-kdhjh ljy[\Z ^Z fbkebf h[_dlb\ghkllZ dZlh
k\h_[jZa_g qZkl_g kemqZc gZ ij_`b\ygZ h[_dlb\ghkl l_ gZ
km[_dlb\ghkllZ nbabq_kdhlh \j_f_ – gZ \j_f_lh dZlh nbehkhnkdZ
j_Zeby Z ijbjh^gbl_ gZmdb – gZ gZmdbl_ aZ ^moZ ltc dZlh gb_ k_
aZgbfZ\Zf_ kZfh b \bgZ]b k bklhjby ^hdhedhlh kZfb kf_ bklhjbqgb =Z^Zf_j
Hl^jm]ZkljZgZl_abbadjb\y\Zgbyij_^Z\Z_fbqj_ah[jZa_g
_abd \ lq b nbehkhnkdbyl b ih_lbqgbyl – kbf\heb fblh\_
p_gghklgb kbkl_fb – kZ ij_^ihqblZgby [5], dhblh ijZ\yl ih-\_jhylgb
_^gb\tafh`ghklbaZkf_ldZgZ^jm]bbijblh\Z[b\Zcdbg_ij_klZggh
m^hklh\_jy\Zgbbihkl_i_gghij_h[jZam\Zgbqj_aj_Zegbl_kts_kl\_gb
ba[hjbgZohjZlZ\lyogZlZdhgdj_lgZkt^[Z `bl_ckdbybfitl [6].?lh
aZsh \k_h[sh ijbagZlbl_ kbf\heb fblh\_ b p_gghklgb kbkl_fb
gZijbf_jj_eb]bhagbl_ kZ\h^_sbl_bklhjbq_kdbkljmdlmjbdhblh[_a
^Zij_^hij_^_eyloh^ZgZ^Z^_ghkt[blb_\k__^ghkj_^ghklZlbq_kdb ij_^hij_^_eyloh^ZgZbklhjbylZ
S_ [t^Zl jZa]e_^Zgb q_l\hjbpZ [7] l_dklh\_ hl OZc^_]_j \
qbylhkj_^bgZ^Z\tagbdg__^ghjZa[bjZg_aZbklhjbq_kdZlZbklbgZdZlh
kt^[Z ihagZ\Z_fZ dZlh kbf\he fbl p_gghklgZ kbkl_fZ beb _lhk gZ ih\_^_gb_
IZjZ]jZn gZ ;blb_ b \j_f_ 'DVHLQ
jZal\hj_ghklbbklbgZ
OZc^_]_jh[ykgy\Zh[shijb_lhlhjZa[bjZg_aZbklbgZ–bklbgZlZ
dZlhadaequatiokt]eZkm\Zghkl\qZklghklkt]eZkm\ZghklgZbadZa\Zg_lh
k g_]h\by ij_^f_l – qj_a e_`Zsh ih-^te[hdh b ih-^j_\gh ko\ZsZg_ aZ
bklbgZlZ dZlh g_kdjblhkl DMOKYTHLD DZd\h bah[sh agZqb l_jfbgtl
kt]eZkm\Zghkl" Kt]eZkm\Zghkl gZ g_sh k g_sh bfZ nhjfZegby
oZjZdl_j hlghr_gb_ gZ g_sh dtf g_sh
ke_^h\Zl_egh ktsh b bklbgZ _ hlghr_gb_ Gh g_ \kydh hlghr_gb_ _
kt]eZkm\Zghkl +HLGHJJHU Kt]eZkm\ZghkllZ hagZqZ\Z q_
badZa\Zg_lhbebhljZ`_gb_lh\km[_dlZdhibjZ[_abadjb\y\Zg_k\hy
ij_^f_l beb h[_dlZ Ijb lZdh\Z jZa[bjZg_ km[_dlb\ghkllZ dhylh
ltdfh badjb\y\Z h[jZaZ _ kbghgbf gZ g_bklbgZlZ DZd lh]Z\Z h[Zq_
fh`_ ^Z _ bklbggZ _^gZ f_lZnhjZ beb _^gh klbohl\hj_gb_" < lyo _
gZebp_ gZkljh_ghkl jZaiheh`_gb_ ^Z k_ badZ`_ ^Z k_ ihdZ`_ ^Z k_
hklZ\b ^Z k_ \b^b \ ihkhdZlZ gZ hij_^_e_gh qm\kl\h BadZa\Zg_lh _
bklbgghagZqb lhjZadjb\Zkts_kl\m\Zshlh\g_]hkZfhlhLhbadZa\Z
lh ihdZa\Z lh hklZ\y ^Z k_ \b^b DMSRYIDQVL kts_kl\m\Zshlh \
g_]h\ZlZ jZadjblhkl ;blb_lh gZ bklbggh (bklbgZlZ gZ badZa\Zg_lh
ljy[\Z ^Z k_ jZa[_j_ dZlh [blb_lh gZ jZadjb\Zsh Ke_^h\Zl_egh
bklbgZlZkt\k_fgyfZkljmdlmjZlZgZkt]eZkm\Zghklf_`^mhihagZ\Zg_b
ij_^f_l \ kfbkteZ gZ m_^gZd\y\Zg_ gZ _^gh kts_kl\m\Zsh km[_dl k
^jm]h h[_dl ;blb_lh gZ bklbggh dZlh [blb_lh gZ jZadjb\Zsh _ iZd
hglheh]bq_kdb \tafh`gh kZfh gZ hkgh\ZlZ gZ [blb_lh-\-k\_lZ Lhab
n_ghf_g \ dhclh hihagZof_ hkgh\ghlh mkljhckl\h gZ ijbktkl\b_lh _ nmg^Zf_gl gZ bagZqZegby n_ghf_g gZ bklbgZlZ +HLGHJJHU 18219).
Fyklhlh gZ kt]eZkm\ZghkllZ _ aZ_lh hl jZadjblhkllZ Hl
_^gZlZ kljZgZ gZ jZadjblhkllZ _ 'DVHLQ dhclh ij_[b\Z\Z \
ljZgkp_g^_gpby k_[_gZ^o\tjeyg_ [blb_-gZij_^ ]jb`Z LyogZlZ
gZkhdZ _ ^Z^_gZ \ gydZd\Z gZkljh_ghkl jZaiheh`_gb_ \ djZcgZ kf_ldZ
_fibjbqgh ikboheh]bq_kdb – dZlh hij_^_e_gh qm\kl\h Hl ^jm]ZlZ
kljZgZ _ kts_kl\m\Zshlh BfZ bklbgZ kZfh ^hdhedhlh b ^hdZlh 'DVHLQ _ Kts_kl\m\ZshlhkZfhlh]Z\Z_jZadjblhb_jZal\hj_ghkZfh
^hdZlh Dasein e +HLGHJJHU < lZab jZadjblhkl ]jZgbpZlZ
f_`^m 'DVHLQ b kts_kl\m\Zshlh g_ ijhklh baq_a\Z Z g_sh ih\_q_
baykgy\Z k_ q_ gbdh]Z g_ y _ bfZeh hk\_g \ [blbcgZlZ hijZ\^Zghkl gZ
f_lZnbabdZlZdhgklblmbjZsZkts_kl\m\ZshlhdZlhij_^f_l gZg_fkdb
Gegenstand – [md\ ³kj_sme_`Zshlh´ aZ jZaebdZ hl VXELHFWXP eZl
XMSRYNHLPHQRQ ]j ih^e_`Zshlh ih^e_`Zs__ jmk ih^eh] [te]
kts_kl\m\Zshlh _ bklbgZlZ dZlh g_kdjblhkl DMOKYTHLD b ^hdhedhlh ly _
bfZ[blb_BfZ[blb_–g_kts_kl\m\Zsh–kZfh^hdhedhlhbklbgZlZ_
B ly _ kZfh ^hdhedhlh b ^hdZlh 'DVHLQ H ;blb_ b bklbgZ kZ _^gZd\h bagZqZegh (Heidegger 1993: 230). \aZbfgZ
JZa[bjZ k_ qZkl_g kemqZc gZ \aZbfgZlZ ijbgZ^e_`ghkl –
jZadjblhkl
beb
\aZbfhijhgbd\Zg_
–
gZ
'DVHLQ
b
kts_kl\m\Zshlh _ lyogZlZ kt]eZkm\Zghkl bklbgZlZ dZlh DGDHTXDWLR
ijhklh ^hijyghkl b jZa]jZgbq_ghkl l_ \ djZcgZ kf_ldZ gme_\hlh jZaiheh`_gb_ gZkljh_ghkllZ aZ h[_dlb\ghkl \ kfbkteZ gZ ij_^-
klZ\_ghklbij_^f_lghklgZk\_lZdZlhdZjlbgZhkgh\hiheZ]ZsZ\lh\Z
qbkeh b gZmdZlZ Gh ^Zeb ih^h[gh jZa[bjZg_ aZ bklbgZlZ _ bah[sh
ijbeh`bfh aZ bklhjbylZ dhylh ih kZfZlZ kb ktsghkl _ \t\ \j_f_lh \
hldjblhkl\t\\aZbfhijhgbd\Zg_ktkk\hyh[_dldZlhg_]h\hjZa[bjZg_ bltedm\Zgb_"
<hkgh\ZlZgZbklbgZlZklhbba[hjtlZbf_gghbagZqZegbyl
ba[hj f_`^m bklbgZ b g_bklbgZ Ke_^h\Zl_egh fh`_f ^Z hij_^_ebf
bklbgZlZ b dZlh bagZqZegh ba[jZghlh hl qh\_dZ b dZlh dhgdj_lgh
ba[bjZghlh hl g_]h Lh\Z ba[bjZg_ _ ktsh lZdZ \aZbfgh ba[bjZg_ – g_
kZfh qh\_dtl ba[bjZ ba[jZghlh dZlh bklbgZ gh b lh ]h _ ba[jZeh dZlh
\ZabfhijbgZ^e_`ghkl beb kt-ijbgZ^e_`ghkl b \abfhijhgbd\Zg_ aZ
jZaebdZ hl g_bklbgZlZ \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ g_ba[jZghlh hklZ\beZ qh\_dZ \
g_keylhkl k g_y Q_ [h]bgylZ gZ bklbgZlZ dhylh \h^b IZjf_gb^ ]h
ihklZ\y ij_^ ^\Z itly itly gZ hldjb\Zg_lh b itly gZ kihlZy\Zg_lh
hagZqZ\Zg_g_sh^jm]hZ 'DVHLQ\bgZ]b\_q_kts_kl\m\Z\bklbgZlZb
g_bklbgZlZ Itlyl gZ hldjb\Zg_lh k_ ihklb]Z kZfh \ NULYQHLQ ORYJZ \
jZa[bjZshlh jZaebqZ\Zg_ gZ ^\ZlZ b j_rZ\Zg_lh aZ _^bg +HLGHJJHU 1993: 222-223).
<hkgh\ZlZgZba[hjZdZlh\aZbfhijbgZ^e_`ghklkba[jZghlh
_ gZkljh_ghkllZ jZaiheh`_gb_lh Z _fibjbqgh ikboheh]bq_kdb
qm\kl\hlhqj_adh_lhk_ba[bjZbjZa[bjZ
q_ \k_db bgl_j_k b ij_p_gdZ \kydh p_gghklgh hij_^_e_gb_
(BestimmunJ k_ hlgZky ^h hl^_eghlh b _^ghdjZlghlh G_dZ ^Z h[tjg_f
\gbfZgb_ \tjom lh\Z dhedh [tjah gZr_lh qm\kl\h k_ ijbltiy\Z shf
g_]h\bylij_^f_lk_jZafgh`bbebitdk_bay\bdZlhkemqZckj_^obey^b ih^h[gb
Kt\dmighkllZ hl agZqbfb ba[hjb l_ ba[hjbl_ gZ
dhgdj_lgZlZ qh\_rdZ bklbgZ djb\mebpbl_ gZ gZkljh_ghkllZ qm\kl\hlh
\bgZ]bhq_jlZ\Zl_^gZkt^[ZOZc^_]_jh\hlhjZa[bjZg_aZbklbgZlZdZlh
DMOKYTHY LD H fgh]h ih-[ebah ^h kt^[Z hldhedhlh ^h bklbgZlZ dZlh
adaequatio b ke_^h\Zl_egh fgh]h ih-[ebah ^h bklbgZlZ \ bklhjbylZ hldhedhlh^hlZab\ijbjh^hagZgb_lh
?dabkl_gpbZegh-hglheh]bq_kdZlZ
bgl_jij_lZpby
gZ
n_ghf_gZ gZ bklbgZlZ ihdZaZ BklbgZlZ \ gZc-bagZqZe_g kfbkte _
jZal\hj_ghkllZ gZ 'DVHLQ dtf dhylh ijbgZ^e_`b jZadjblhkllZ gZ
\tlj_rghk\_lh\hlh kts_kl\m\Zsh 'DVHLQ _^gZd\h bagZqZegh kts_kl\m\Z\bklbgZlZbg_bklbgZlZ +HLGHJJHU
2.2. IZjZ]jZn gZ ;blb_ b \j_f_ Hkgh\ghlh
mkljhckl\hgZbklhjbqghkllZ"
< lhab iZjZ]jZn OZc^_]_j ^Z\Z nbehkhnkdh hij_^_e_gb_ gZ
kt^[Z K ^mfZlZ kt^[Z rel="nofollow">6FKLFNVDO@ hagZqZ\Zf_ ktklhyshlh k_ \
kh[kl\_gZlZ j_rbl_eghkl bagZqZegh kt[blb_ gZ 'DVHLQ \ dh_lh lh
>'DVHLQ@ k\h[h^gh aZ kftjl k_ ij_^Z\Z gZ kZfhlh k_[_ kb \ gZke_^_gZ
gh\k_iZdba[jZgZ\tafh`ghkl'DVHLQkZfhaZlh\Zfh`_^ZihiZ^g_ih^
m^Zjbl_gZkt^[ZlZaZshlh\hkgh\ZlZgZk\h_lh[blb_lh_\ihkhq_gby
kfbktekt^[ZKt^[h\gh_dabklbjZcdb\k_[_-ij_^Z\ZsZlZj_rbl_eghkl
'DVHLQ \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ [blb_-\-k\_lZ _ jZal\hj_gh aZ kj_sZg_ gZ
sZkleb\b h[klhyl_ekl\Z b gZ `_klhdhkllZ gZ kemqZcghklbl_ (Heidegger 1993: 384).
< pblZlZ Z b \ ij_^r_kl\m\Zsbl_ 'DVHLQ _ hklZ\_gh [_a
ij_\h^dZd\ZlhijZdlbdZ_^hklZjZaijhkljZg_gZ
Ih gZqZeh 'DVHLQ hagZqZ\Z [blb_ b lZdZ k_ mihlj_[y\Z
gZijbf_j hl DZgl OZc^_]_j h[Zq_ \gZky ki_pbnbqgh agZq_gb_
hkgh\Z\Zsh gZ ih^q_jlZ\Zg_lh gZ qZklbpZlZ 'D – lmd _lh k_]Z
'DVHLQ _ [blb_ dh_lh _ lmdZ nZdlbqgh _ k\tjaZgh _ k qh\_dZ g_]h\
`bl_ckdb itl `blb_-[blb_ b kts_\j_f_ggh _ nbehkhnkdb hkfbke_gh 'DVHLQbkt^[ZkZfgh]hlykghk\tjaZgbktshdZdlhbbklbgZlZ-DMOKYTHLD bkt^[Z
Fh`_^Zk_l\tj^bq_OZc^_]_j\djZcgZkf_ldZbklhjbabjZ
^\ZlZ hkgh\gb nbehkhnkdb l_jfbgZ bklbgZ b [blb_ ihkj_^kl\hf
lhabgZkt^[ZlZij_\jtsZcdb]bkthl\_lgh\DMOKYTHLDb'DVHLQ?lh
aZsh kt^[ZlZ dhgklblmbjZ bagZqZegZlZ bklhjbqghkl gZ 'DVHLQ
(Heidegger 1993: 386). "KZfh kh[kl\_gZlZ \j_f_\hkl dhylh aZ_^gh k
lh\Z _ djZcgZ ijZ\b lZdZ \tafh`gh g_sh dZlh kt^[ZlZ l_ kh[kl\_gZlZbklhjbqghkl" (Heidegger 1993: 385).
Kt^[ZlZ jZa[bjZ k_ _ ktsghklgh \j_f_\Z Hglheh]bqghlh
mkeh\b_ aZ g_cgZlZ \tafh`ghkl _ ltdfh \j_f_\hkllZ Kt^[ZlZ dZlh
g_fhsgZlZ ijb]hl\ysZ ij_\jZlghklbl_ k\jtofhs gZ fteqZeb\hlh
]hlh\haZm`ZkaZo\tjeyg_k_[_kbgZk\h_lh[blb_-gZ-\bgh\_gbabkd\Z
[blbcghlh mkljhckl\h gZ ]jb`ZlZ l_ \j_f_\hkllZ dZlh hglheh]bqgh mkeh\b_aZk\hylZ\tafh`ghkl +HLGHJJHU
Kt^[ZlZ _ g_ij_klZgghlh \tah[gh\y\Zg_ beb ih\lhj_gb_ gZ
'DVHLQ qj_a dZd\hlh lh k_ hk\h[h`^Z\Z ^Z ba[_j_ bbeb \ gydZd\Z
kl_i_g b ^Z hlo\tjeb ljZ^bpbylZ
ij_^Z\ZsZlZ k_ gZ k_[_ kb j_rbl_eghkl lh]Z\Z klZ\Z ih\lhj_gb_ gZ
aZ\Zj_gZlZ \tafh`ghkl aZ _dabkl_gpby Ih\lhj_gb_lh _ bajbqgh
ij_^Zgb_ l_ \ta\jZl gZ 'DVHLQ \t\ \tafh`ghklb gZ \k_db^g_\ghlh
Kh[kl\_ghlhih\lhj_gb_gZ[b\ZeZlZ\tafh`ghklgZ_dabkl_gpbylZ–q_
'DVHLQ kb ba[bjZ k\hbl_ ]_jhb – _dabkl_gpbZegh k_ hkgh\Z\Z \
ij_^\b`^ZsZlZ j_rbl_eghkl ^hdhedhlh \ g_y ij_^b \kbqdh k_ ba[bjZ
ba[hjtl dhclhhk\h[h`^Z\ZaZ[hj_sbyk_ihke_^\Zg_lhbij_^ZghkllZ
dtf ih\lhjbfhlh +HLGHJJHU Fgh]h kts_kl\_gh _ q_ \ ij_^\b`^ZsZlZ j_rbl_eghkl k_ ba[bjZ ba[hjtl dmjkb\tl fhc –
<I Ih-]hj_ OZc^_]_j \_q_ _ dZaZe q_ 'DVHLQ k_ ij_^Z\Z gZ kZfhlh
k_[_ kb \ gZke_^_gZ gh \k_ iZd ba[jZgZ \tafh`ghkl +HLGHJJHU 384).
Kt^[ZlZ kydZr kts_kl\m\Z ih ^\Z gZqbgZ dZlh
ij_^ihqblZgb_ aZ ba[hj hkgh\Zgh gZ ih\lhj_gb_lh ij_^Zgb_lh b
ljZ^bpbylZ lh\Z ij_^ihqblZgb_ aZ ba[hj _ b kfbktetl gZ gZijZ\_gby
ba[hj dZlhihke_^h\Zl_eghklhldhgdj_lgbba[hjb\k_dbhldhclh_
gZijZ\_g kj_^ kt\dmighkl hlZel_jgZlb\gbgZg_]hba[hjbLjZ^bpbylZ
k_j_ZebabjZqj_aihklhygghba\tjr\Zsbk_ba[hjbbihlhabgZqbgk_
hq_jlZ\Z dZlh dhgdj_l_g `bl_ckdb itl gZ qh\_dZ kt^[Z 6FKLFNVDO beb
dZlh bklhjbq_kdb itl *HVFKLFN gZ gydZd\Z h[sghkl Ih\lhj_gb_lh
oZjZdl_jbabjZf_dZlhfh^mkgZkZfh-ij_^Z\ZsZlZk_j_rbl_eghklqj_a
dhylh 'DVHLQ bajbqgh _dabklbjZ dZlh kt^[Z :dh h[Zq_ kt^[ZlZ
dhgklblmbjZ bagZqZegZlZ bklhjbqghkl gZ 'DVHLQ lh bklhjbylZ bfZ
k\hylZktsghklgZl_`_klgblh\fbgZehlhgblh\gZklhys_lhbg_]h\ZlZ
\aZbfh\jtadZ k fbgZehlh Z \ kh[kl\_ghlh kt[blb_ gZ _dabkl_gpbylZ \tagbd\Zshhl[t^_s_lhgZ'DVHLQ +HLGHJJHU
DZlh pyeh dhgp_ipbylZ _dabkl_gpbZeZ gZ OZc^_]_j aZ
kt^[ZlZ\g_ihkj_^kl\_gZlZc\jtadZk'DVHLQg_]h\ZlZ_dabkl_gpbZegh
ijbktsZ bklhjbqghkl b ijhbalbqZsZlZ hl lmd bklhjby *HVFKLFKWH b
bklhjbq_kdb itl gZ _^gZ h[sghkl \kbqdb l_ nmg^bjZgb \ bagZqZegZlZ \j_f_\hklgZ'DVHLQfh]Zl^Zk_h[h[syllZdZ
E_`Zshlh \ j_rbl_eghkllZ ij_^\b`^Zsh k_[_ij_^Z\Zg_ gZ
Da gZ fb]Z gZjbqZf_ kt^[Z < g_y k_ hkgh\Z\Z bklhjbq_kdbyl itl (Geschick ih^dhclhjZa[bjZf_kt[blb_lhgZ'DVHLQ\[blb_lh-aZ_^ghk
^jm]b Kt^[h\gbyl bklhjbq_kdb itl fh`_ ^Z [t^_ bajbqgh jZal\hj_g \
ih\lhj_gb_lh ih hlghr_gb_ gZ g_]h\hlh aZ^tj`Zg_ \ aZ\Zj_ghlh
gZke_^kl\h Itj\h ih\lhj_gb_lh ijZ\b \b^bfh aZ ijbktkl\b_lh
ijbktsZlZ fm bklhjby KZfhlh kt[blb_ b ijbgZ^e_`ZsZlZ fm
jZal\hj_ghkl kthl\ g_cghlh mk\hy\Zg_ k_ hkgh\Z\Z _dabkl_gpbZegh \
lh\Z q_ 'DVHLQ _ _dklZlbqgh hldjblh \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ \j_f_\h (Heidegger 1993: 386). FhcjZ
<k\hylZih-dtkgZjZ[hlZ OZc^_]_jpblbjZIZjf_gb^
(VIII, 34- \qbclhdhgl_dklFhcjZ ]jtpdZlZ[h]bgygZkt^[ZlZ [8] _
lZabdhylhk\tja\Zfbke_g_lhb[blb_lh^Z[t^Zlpyehbg_ih^\b`gh (Heidegger 1985a: 223) [9]?^\Zhllmdkt^[ZlZ\dZq_kl\hlhcgZFhcjZ
g_mfhebfh \eZkl\ZsZ b gZ^ [h]h\_l_ b gZ^ ohjZlZ fh`_ ^Z [t^_
hkfbke_gZ g_ihkj_^kl\_gh \ hglbqgh-hglheh]bq_g ieZg \ ;blb_ b
\j_f_ aZ^Z\Zg qj_a ZdmklbdZlZ gZ 'DVHLQ – l_ dZlh kthlgZkyg_ gZ
[blb_ b kts_kl\m\Zsh ;blb_lh _ g_sh dh_lh ]h bfZ gh g_ _ g_sh
kts_kl\m\Zsh OZc^_]]_j >Zeb lh]Z\Z g_ fh`_f ^Z aZy\bf
q_ [blb_lh _ g_sh g_kts_kl\m\Zsh Gbsh \ dhghlZpbylZ fm gZ
agZqbfhkl aZ kts_kl\m\Zshlh" B ^Zeb itd kt^[ZlZ gyfZ ^Z _ gbrdZlZ
gZ\tj\ysZkts_kl\m\Zshbg_kts_kl\m\ZshgZijt\ih]e_^\k__^gh\
[_adjZ_g gba hl gmeb b _^bgbpb" < g_cgZlZ ktsghkl s_ [t^_ _^ghlh
dZlh ^\_ beb ih-lhqgh _^ghlh dh_lh _ ^\_ < hkgh\ZlZ kb jZa[bjZ k_
lZdh\Z _^gh-^\_ _ ktshlh dZlh _^gh-fgh]h H>Q SDYQWD /RYJR-tl
kt[bjZsZlZ eh`bl[Z OZc^_]_j ihkl_i_ggh ij_\jtsZeZ k_ \
bklhjbh]jZnbylZ gZ _\jhi_ckdZlZ f_lZnbabdZ \ e_`Zshlh \ hkgh\ZlZ
VXELHFWXP b gZdjZy hl _^gZ kljZgZ \ DZglh\bl_ ljZgkp_g^_glZe_g
km[_dl b ljZkp_g^_glZegZ Zi_jp_ipby b \ O_]_eh\by JZamf hl ^jm]Z
Ke_^h\Zl_eghkm[_dltl\k\hylZktsghkl_kt^[ZlZghaZ]m[beZk\hylZ
hlg_k_ghkldtf[blb_lhdtfg_kts_kl\m\ZshlhdtfljZgkp_g^_glghlh
dtf k\h[h^ZlZ b ba[hjZ H[jZlgh km[_dltl \k_ _^gh ljy[\Z ^Z k_ \bjlmZebabjZ [10]aZ^Zk_\ta\_klb\bagZqZegZlZkbkt^[_ghkl
“ M(RYQ kts_kl\m\Zshlh _ ih-kdhjh \ ^mZeghkllZ >=ZLHIDOW@
[11] gZ [blb_ b kts_kl\m\Zsh ihfbke_gh b badZaZgh dZlh ijbqZklb_
[_a ^Z k_ gZf_k\Z ]jZfZlbqghlh ihgylb_ \_q_ kh[kl\_gh \ _abdh\hlh
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h[bdgh\_gh^Zk_baihea\ZrZgkbebdtkf_lih^nhjfZlZgZnhjlmgZ\ ltedm\Zg_lhgZbklhjbylZ .RVHOOHN -117).
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]jtpdhlh fbke_g_ GZbklbgZ ij_\h^tl kt^tj`Z \_q_ ltedm\Zgb_ (Heidegger 1967: 111).
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[17] N_c ]h\hjb aZ bglbfgby ktxa IXYVL–DMOKYTHLD )D\ aZ
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j_^dby b ljm^gh ij_\h^bf g_fkdb ]eZ]he “west”: "Sein west als IXYVL" (Heidegger 1958: 77).
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^Z ghkbl_ bklbgZlZ Ijbf_qZgby i_j_\h^qbdZ dtf OZc^_]]_j 450).
[19] PblZltl ijh^te`Z\Z ih ke_^gby gZqbg k\h[h^Z ij_^iheZ]ZsZ
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\j_f_lh b dZlh h[_^bgy\Zsh \tlj_rgh b \tgrgh beb k ^jm]b ^mfb h\j_f_gy\Z
kydZr fh`_ ^Z k_ ktihklZ\b k _^bg hl q_lbjbl_ kfbkteZ gZ
jZa]jZgbq_gb_ f_`^m \tlj_rgh b \tgrgh ij_^eh`_gb hl Oj Klh_\ (2005: 195- lZdZ
– \tlj_rghlh k_lb\h jZa]jZgbqZ\Z f_`^m \tlj_rgh b
\tgrgh\f_lZnbabq_gieZg [31];
– \tgrghlhk_lb\h–\_fibjbq_gkfbkte [32]; – \tgrgbylhibl–\ljZgkp_g^_gl_gkfbkte [33]; – \tlj_rgbylhibl\ljZgkp_g^_glZe_gkfbkte [34].
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hlghr_gb_ gZ bg^b\b^mZegbl_ kt[blby ke_^h\Zl_egh bfZ kljmdlmjgb
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ZjlbdmebjZl b dhblh kZ _abdh\h bajZabfb dZlh kljmdlmjb \tlj_ \ lyo (Kosellek 1985: 109).
[48] Mceyf ?fiktg hibk\Z f_lZnhjbl_ dZlh [j_f_ggb ktk agZq_gb_
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gZklhy\Z q_ iZjZ]jZnbl_ k f_lZnhjb \ktsghkl aZ\tjr\Zl k b lZdZ gZlZltd >&DYHOO 6 (1967), "Aesthetic Problems of Modern Philosophy, in
M. Black, ed. Philosophy in America (Ithaca, Cornell University Press): 7497]" (Stern 2000: 267-268). [49] Ihl_gpbZetlaZih-gZlZltrgZbgl_jij_lZpby_kts_kl\_gaZ^Zk_
jZa[_j_ dZd f_lZnhjbl_ nmgdpbhgbjZl \ gZmdZlZ ?^bg mq_g ij_^eZ]Z
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itj\hgZqZeghlh kt^tj`Zgb_ beb hjb]bgZegbyl Sinn \ gZ hgab dhclh itj\b_ko\ZgZef_lZnhjZlZ 6WHUQ -270).
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fh`_
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gZdZjZgb ^Z ]h\hjyl" (Kosellek 1985: 155).
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l_hjby _^gZ l_hjby gZ \tafh`gZlZ
bklhjby LZdZ\Z l_hjby _ bfiebpblgZ
\t\ \kbqdb jZ[hlb ih bklhjbh]jZnby \tijhktl _ kZfh ^Z k_ gZijZ\b _dkiebpblgZ" (Kosellek 1985: 130-131).
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h[hkgh\Z\Zg_gZpb\bebaZpbhggbyih^oh^\t\nbehkhnbygZbklhjbylZ
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bklhjby L_ gZc-e_kgh [boZ fh]eb ^Z [t^Zl ihdZaZgb ihkj_^kl\hf ijbf_jZkijhlb\hnZdlh\byZgZebaijbeh`_g\bklhjbylZ
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bklhjbylZbbklhjbq_kdhlhij_[hj\Zcdbk_kijh^te`beby^_k_lbe_lby
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³bklhjbylZ g_ ihagZ\Z mkeh\ghlh gZdehg_gb_´ >hjb [_]te ih]e_^ gZ
dZlZeh]Z gZ ^bk_jlZpbbl_ b ba^Z\Zgbl_ dgb]b ih bklhjby hl
Mgb\_jkbl_lkdhlh ba^Zl_ekl\h \ Ijbgkltg _^bg hl\h^_sbl_k\_lh\gb
p_gljh\_ \ lZab h[eZkl fh`_ ^Z gZ\_^_ gZ fbktelZ q_ g_sZlZ kZ k_
h[tjgZeb ^hlZf q_ bklhjbylZ _ gZ itl ^Z aZ[jZ\b aZ bay\bl_eghlh
gZdehg_gb_ dZdlh b aZ lh\Z q_ _ bfZeh \j_f_ dh]Zlh g_ _ [beZ lhqgZ
gZmdZ[hjZ\_sZkfZl_fZlbq_kdbfh^_ebihqlb\kl_i_glZgZnbabdZlZ bbdhghfbdZlZ
GZqZehlh _ ³debhf_ljbylZ´ b ³gh\ZlZ bdhghfbq_kdZ bklhjby´
Ij_a -l_ b -l_ ]h^bgb gZ OO \_d \ K:S aZihq\Zl ^Z k_ baihea\Zl
f_lh^b gZ fZl_fZlbq_kdhlh fh^_ebjZg_ \ bklhjbylZ \_jbnbdZpby gZ
obihl_lbdh-^_^mdlb\gb fh^_eb k nZdlh\b ^Zggb baf_j\Zgby b qj_a
mkeh\gb ijhf_geb\b hij_^_eyg_ _^\Z gZ lZab hkgh\Z gZ ijbqbgZ b
ke_^kl\b_ GZ _e_f_glbl_ gZ bklhjbq_kdby ijhp_k ke_^\Z ^Z k_ ^Z^_
dhebq_kl\_g bajZa Debhf_ljbylZ _ hgZab h[eZkl hl bklhjbylZ dt^_lh
fh]Zl^Zk_baihea\Zlqbkeh\b^ZggbbfZl_fZlbq_kdbfh^_eb Khdheh\
³Gh\ZlZ bdhghfbq_kdZ bklhjby´ k_ hkgh\Z\Z bapyeh gZ
debhf_ljbylZ b j_\babjZ fgh]h iheh`_gby hl ljZ^bpbhggZlZ
bdhghfbq_kdZbklhjby bdhghfbq_kdZlZg_ba]h^ghklgZjh[h\eZ^_ekdZlZ
kbkl_fZ dZlh ij_^ihklZ\dZ aZ g_cghlh iZ^Zg_ gZij_^tdtl \
debhf_ljbylZ iha\hey\Z ^Z k_ ba\tjrZl gydhb ³ijbgpbigb dhj_dpbb \ ljZ^bpbhggZlZ oZjZdl_jbklbdZ gZ jh[kl\hlh´ Fogel, Engerman 1974: 4-
l_fih\_l_ gZ bdhghfbq_kdhlh jZa\blb_ gZ K:S ke_^ ]jZ`^ZgkdZlZ
\hcgZ North 1961); kZfhlh ijhkeh\mlh bake_^\Zg_ gZ Nh]_e aZ
\ta^_ckl\b_lh hl \t\_`^Zg_lh gZ `_e_agbpbl_ \tjom bdhghfbq_kdhlh
jZa\blb_ Fogel 1964) ijbqbgbl_aZ[tjahlhjZa\blb_gZf_lZemj]bqgZlZ
ijhfbre_ghkl (Temin 1964) nZdlhjbl_ aZ jtkl gZ l_dklbegZlZ
ijhfbre_ghkl (DZvis 1960) Ij_^r_kl\_gbpbl_ gZ ³gh\ZlZ bklhjby´
fh]Zl ^Z k_ ijhke_^yl b baq_jiZl_eghba[jhylihg_^h-l_]h^bgbgZ \_d DZvis 1966: 658-659).
< dgb]ZlZ gZ Nh]_e ³@_e_agbpbl_ b Zf_jbdZgkdbyl
bdhghfbq_kdbjZkl_`´hkgh\gbylba\h^ Gmj__\EZlh\ _q_
kjZ\gy\Zg_lh gZ ^\ZlZ \ZjbZglZ – rbjhdh \t\_`^Zg_ gZ `_e_agbpbl_
beb g_ – \h^b ^h jZaebdZ \ bdhghfbq_kdby jZkl_` hl - aZ i_jbh^Z
1840- \ iheaZ gZ \t\_`^Zg_lh Ij_^ihq_l_g _ ih-^h[jbyl \ZjbZgl
ihhlghr_gb_gZjZkl_`Zghg_]h\hlhij_^bfkl\h_fgh]hih-fZedhhl
ljZ^bpbhggh ijb_fZghlh ³QWERTY-bdhghfbklbl_´ h[Zq_ ³^himkdZl \tafh`ghkllZaZih[_^ZltdfhgZg__n_dlb\gbl_\ZjbZglb´ iZdlZf
AZ ^Z k_ hp_gb jZaebdZlZ f_`^m ^_ckl\bl_egby b
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kemqZcgZhlktkl\b_gZ`_e_agbpbaZij_\hagZ_^gbktsbklhdbf_`^m
_^gb b ktsb lhqdb AZ ^Z k_ baqbkeb ³h[s_kl\_ghlh ki_kly\Zg_´ k_
\t\_`^Z fgh]hkltiZe_g fZl_fZlbq_kdb fh^_e hkgh\Zg gZ ebg_cghlh
ijh]jZfbjZg_ b f_`^bggb hp_gdb aZ ^hklh\_jghkllZ gZ ihemqZ\Zgbl_
j_amelZlb IjhfZobgZ -
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Ih ih^h[_g itl iZd lZf - Nh]_e ^hklb]Z ^h ba\h^Z q_
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Kihj_^ g_]h ³nmg^Zf_glZegZlZ f_lh^heh]bqgZ q_jlZ gZ
gh\ZlZ bdhghfbq_kdZ bklhjby _ g_cgbyl hibl ^Z ij_o\tjeb \kbqdb
h[ykg_gbyaZfbgZehlhbdhghfbq_kdhjZa\blb_\t\nhjfZlZgZ\Zeb^gb
obihl_lbdh-^_^mdlb\gb fh^_eb´ Fogel ³?^bgkl\_gh qj_a
kjZ\g_gb_ gZ lh\Z dh_lh _ [beh k lh\Z dh_lh [b fh]eh ^Z [t^_ kf_ \
ktklhygb_ ^Z badZ`_f l\tj^_gb_ hlghkgh ijbjh^ZlZ gZ kt[blbylZ´ (Davis 1966: 658).
>Z gZ^gbdg_f \ ij_^bklhjbylZ gZ ³ijhlb\hnZdlbl_´ hl
g__\deb^h\ZlZ]_hf_ljby^hh[sZlZl_hjbygZhlghkbl_eghkllZ
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hltjkb hl ³lbjZgbylZ gZ ^_ckl\bl_eghlh´ kZfZlZ ly mkiy\Z ^Z k_ hk\h[h^b hl g_y \ lykgh ktljm^gbq_kl\h k nbehkhnbylZ Obihl_lbdh-
^_^mdlb\gbyl f_lh^ - dZlh hl _^gZ nhjfbl_ gZ ZdkbhfZlbdh-
^_^mdlb\gby f_lh^ – ^ZlbjZ k\h_lh gZqZeh k \tagbd\Zg_lh gZ
g__\deb^h\ZlZ ]_hf_ljby gZ Eh[Zq_\kdb Ke_^ ijh^te`bebl_ gZ^ ^\_
obey^he_lby [_aieh^gb hiblb ^Z k_ ^hdZ`_ beb hijh\_j]Z_ i_lbyl
ihklmeZlgZ?\deb^ \kt\j_f_ggZnhjfmebjh\dZ ij_alhqdZg_e_`ZsZ
gZ ^Z^_gZ ijZ\Z fh`_ ^Z k_ ij_dZjZ kZfh _^gZ ijZ\Z mkihj_^gZ gZ
^Z^_gZlZ FZjlbgh\ -3 jmkdbyl fZl_fZlbd kb ihklZ\y ^jm]Z
aZ^ZqZ ^hdt^_s_k_klb]g_Zdhk_ijb_f_hljbpZgb_lhgZihklmeZlZb
ih-lhqgh ij_alhqdZ\tghl^Z^_gZijZ\Zfh`_^Zk_ij_dZjZlih\_q_hl
_^gZ ijZ\b mkihj_^gb gZ ^Z^_gZlZ iZd lZf B ^hklb]Z ^h lh\Z q_
jZajZ[hl\Z \tlj_rgh g_ijhlb\hj_qb\Z Zel_jgZlb\gZ ]_hf_ljby
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?\deb^h\ZlZ b ghk_sZ gZa\Zgb_ obi_j[hebqgZ >jm]byl \tafh`_g
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kn_jbqgZlZ ]_hf_ljby - Z bf_ggh g_ fh`_ ^Z k_ ij_dZjZ gblh _^gZ
ijZ\Zmkihj_^gZgZ^Z^_gZlZ–_jZajZ[hl_ghl;JbfZgLhcmkiy\Z^Z
h[_^bgb\kbqdbfh^_ebgZg__\deb^h\b]_hf_ljbbih^bn_j_gpbZegZlZ
bf nhjfZ b ^Z ]b deZkbnbpbjZ qj_a kthl\_lkl\Zsh gZ \kydZ nhjfZ b
]_hf_ljby qbkeh gZjbqZgh djb\bgZ gZ ijhkljZgkl\hlh beb gZ
]_hf_ljbylZ Djb\bgZlZ gZ _\deb^h\hlh ijhkljZgkl\h _ gmeZ gZ
kn_jbqgbl_]_hf_ljbbiheh`bl_eghj_ZeghqbkehZgZobi_j[hebqgbl_ –hljbpZl_egh
NbehkhnkdZlZ ihkhdZ gZ obihl_lbdh-^_^mdlb\gby f_lh^
fh`_ ^Z k_ hldjb_ hs_ \ ³dhi_jgbdZgkdby ih\jZl´ gZ DZgl k dhclh
\j_f_lhbijhkljZgkl\hlhk_ba\_`^Zlg_hlg_sZlZ³kZfbihk_[_kb´Z
kZ³qbklbl_ZijbhjgbgZ]e_^b´ DZgl JbfZgh\bl_]_hf_ljbb
– \tij_db q_klh kj_sZghlh ijhlb\hiheh`gh fg_gb_ – g_ hijh\_j]Z\Zl
ih^oh^ZgZDZgldh_lhhkh[_ghykghijhebqZ\Zhl:cgsZcgh\ZlZb^_y
aZ \k_h[sZ dh\ZjbZglghkl gZij Ghjlhg Dhghie_\Z Khdhebd
1972: 118- b ijbeh`_gZ hl g_]h \ h[sZlZ l_hjby gZ
hlghkbl_eghkllZ?\deb^h\ZlZ]_hf_ljbyhklZ\Zijb\be_]bjh\ZgZbkj_^
jbfZgh\bl_dZlhb^_ZegZlZdZlhhlijZ\gZlZlhqdZ\l_jfbgbl_gZDZgl –dZlhqbklbyZijbhj_ggZ]e_^
Ke_^\ZsbylgZc-\Z`_gfhf_gl e dhgp_ipbylZgZOmk_jekZf
fZl_fZlbd ih h[jZah\Zgb_ aZ HMSRFKY \ta^tj`Zg_ hl kt`^_gbylZ aZ
^_ckl\bl_eghkl Omk_je - aZ_c^_lbqgZn_ghf_gheh]bqgZb
ljZgkp_g^_glZegZj_^mdpby iZdlZf - IhlhabgZqbg-gZitegh\ ^moZ gZ lh]Z\Z \_q_ hkts_kl\_gZlZ \ fZl_fZlbdZlZ obihl_lbdh-
^_^mdlb\gZj_\hexpbyitj\hgZqZeghdhk\_ghbg^mpbjZgZhlDZglh\bl_
b^_b – \t\ nbehkhnbylZ ih^ \ebygb_ gZ fZl_fZlbdZlZ \tafh`ghlh b
^_ckl\bl_eghlh k_ jZa]e_`^Zl kt\f_klgh b dZlh jZ\ghijZ\gb aZ ^Z k_
bay\b lyogZlZ g_h[oh^bfh h[sZ kljmdlmjZ n_ghf_gtl
fZl_fZlbdZlZ n_ghf_gtl – lh\Z _ ZdkbhfZlbqgZlZ kljmdlmjZ
_fZgpbibjZgZ hlk\hylZobihl_lbqghkl:aZ ihke_^gZlZk_hdZa\Zq_g_
fh`_ ^Z bfZ \tlj_rgh fZl_fZlbq_kdh hij_^_e_gb_ OZc^_]_j gZ k\hc
j_^ jZa\b\Z dhgp_ipby aZ bklbgZlZ DMOKYTHLD, dhylh ^Z g_ _ h[\tjaZgZ k
^_ckl\bl_eghkllZ gZ bklbgghlh Heidegger 1993: 212- \tijhk
h[k^_g \ ]eZ\Z LZdZ \t\ n_ghf_gheh]bylZ _ jZajZ[hl_g nbehkhnkdb
hkgh\gbyl \tijhk gZ ijhlb\hnZdlh\by ZgZeba ^Zeb b dZd fh`_f hl
^_ckl\bl_eghlh ^Z ihemqbf ^hklh\_jgh \tafh`ghlh ^Z hibr_f
dZq_kl\_ghbdhebq_kl\_ghjZaebdZlZf_`^mlyo<j_f_lhk_ij_\jtsZ\
hkgh\_g h[_dl b \j_f_\bl_ \jtadb – \ ]eZ\_g ij_^f_l <j_f_lh b \j_f_\bl_\jtadbkZp_gljZegbylijh[e_fbgZijhlb\hnZdlh\byZgZeba
K \t\_`^Zg_lh gZ jbfZgh\bl_ ]_hf_ljbb dZlh \h^_sby
fZl_fZlbq_kdb fh^_e \ _^gZ nmg^Zf_glZegZ nbabq_kdZ l_hjby –
:cgsZcgh\ZlZh[sZl_hjbygZhlghkbl_eghkllZ–_^bgghlhjZa]e_`^Zg_
gZ\tafh`ghb^_ckl\bl_egh_\tietl_gh\gZmqgbyijbgpbibb^_ZeaZ
h[sZ dh\ZjbZglghkl GZ k\hc j_^ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ j_rZ\Z ktsby
ijh[e_f ih ^jm] gZqbg b gZ hkgh\ZlZ gZ ^jm] fZl_fZlbq_kdb
nhjfZebatf lhab gZ obe[_jlh\bl_ ijhkljZgkl\Z Ly jZa]e_`^Z dZlh
k\hc h[_dl fgh`_kl\hlh hl ³\kbqdb \tafh`gb k\_lh\_´ _^bg baf_`^m
dhblh kemqZcgh k_ ba[bjZ aZ ^_ckl\bl_e_g qj_a baf_j\Zg_lh
^bkbiZlb\gh j_^mpbjZsh ³\tegh\by iZd_l´ Lh\Z _ gZitegh \ ^moZ gZ kihf_gZlZlZ \_q_ QWERTY-dhgp_ipby Gmj__\ EZlh\ -120).
Ltdfh k lZab bagZqZegZ kemqZcghkl h[Zq_ kdjblh ba[hjtl _ \t\_^_g dZlhhkgh\ZgZfbjha^Zgb_lhbklh\Z]hbklhjbabjZ.
BklhjbylZ gZmdZaZnZdlbl_bebgZmdZaZba[hjbl_"
H[bqZcghlhjZa[bjZg_aZkt^tj`Zgb_lhgZgZmdZlZbklhjby_
baeh`_gb_lh gZ \j_f_\Z ihke_^h\Zl_eghkl hl bklhjbq_kdb nZdlb [2].
Ijb lh\Z hklZ\Z kftl_g djbl_jbyl aZ hij_^_eyg_ gZ _^bg nZdl dZlh
bklhjbq_kdb
nZdlb _ g_\tafh`gh ^Z k_ ijZ\yl aZdexq_gby hlghkgh \_jhylghkllZ gZ
[t^_sbkt[blbyBklhjbq_kdbl_nZdlbbaitd\ZldZlhmgbdZegbdh_lhb
e_`b\hkgh\ZlZgZjZa]jZgbq_gb_lhgZbklhjbylZkj_^b^bh]jZnbqgbl_
gZmdb beb gZmdbl_ aZ ^moZ aZ jZaebdZ hl ghfhl_lbqgbl_ gZmdb
ba\_`^Zsb aZdhgb b aZdhghf_jghklb hl bg^mdlb\gh h[h[s_gb_ gZ j_e_\Zglgbl_nZdlb [3].
;jh^_eDha_e_db^jjZa]jZgbqZ\Zlbklhjbq_kdbkt[blbyhl
bklhjbq_kdb kljmdlmjb ijb dh_lh itj\bl_ iha\hey\Zl bklhjbylZ ^Z _
_^bg jZadZa aZ g_ih\lhjbfb b agZqbfb kt[blby ^hdZlh \lhjbl_ kZ
hibkZgb_gZgydZd\bh[h[s_gbkljmdlmjb [4] ijh]ghabl_kZ\tafh`gb
kZfh aZshlh \ bklhjbylZ bfZ nhjfZegb kljmdlmjb dhblh k_ ih\lZjyl
\tij_db q_ lyoghlh dhgdj_lgh kt^tj`Zgb_ _ _^ghdjZlgh b aZ
aZk_]gZlbl_lhkbhklZ\Zbag_gZ^\Zsh Dha_e_d
kt[blbylZ b kljmdlmjbl_ kZ ^mZegb lyoghlh ktiheZ]Zg_ _ \tafh`gh
ihkj_^kl\hfdhgp_ipbylZaZ\j_f_\bl_ieZklh\_h[o\ZsZsbijhp_kb kjZaebqgZkdhjhkl [5]
ihdjb\ZeZ hl [Z\gZ bklhjby pyehlh gZ bklhjbylZ k_ fbkeb dZlh
aZihq\Zg_hl_^gZbgnjZkljmdlmjZ
\kbqdb obey^b \ajb\h\_ gZ bklhjbq_kdhlh \j_f_ k_ kt^tj`Zl \
ihl_]eyg_lh hl lZab ^te[bgZ hl lZab ihemg_ih^\b`ghkl \kbqdh k_
\tjlb hdheh g_y Braudel 1969: 54) [6] ;jh^_e ^hklb]Z ^h b^_ylZ aZ
\j_f_lhgZfgh]h[Z\gZlZijhfygZ\j_f_lhgZbklhjbq_kdbl_kljmdlmjb
ihkj_^kl\hfihgylb_lhaZpb\bebaZpbbQj_aZgZebaZgZpb\bebaZpbylZ
;jh^_egbbaijZ\yij_^p_gljZegbyimgdlgZk\hylZbklhjbq_kdZl_hjby –ij_^hkgh\gZlZdZl_]hjbygZkhpbZeghlh\j_f_– "longue durée_ih-
ijh^te`bl_eghhlbklhjbylZgZhl^_egbl_qh\_rdbh[sghklbbeb^Z`_ pb\bebaZpbb Klhygh\
Ke_^\Zcdblhabih^oh^fh]Zl^Zk_\t\_^ZlgZc-fZedhlh^\_
\j_f_gZ [7] – gZ kt[blby b gZ kljmdlmjbl_ [8] S_ ihklmebjZf_ b
hgZ]e_^bf gydhedh l\tj^_gby hlghkgh \j_f_lh gZ kljmdlmjbl_ b
g_]h\hlh kthlgZkyg_ k \j_f_lh gZ kt[blbylZ hl _^gZ kljZgZ b k ihgylb_lhaZpb\bebaZpbyhl^jm]Z
<j_f_lhgZkljmdlmjbl__lhedh\Zih-[Z\ghhl\j_f_lhgZ
kt[blbylZ q_ hl ]e_^gZ lhqdZ gZ ihke_^ghlh fh`_ ^Z k_ ijb_f_ aZ g_ih^\b`ghaZ\_qghkl–IeZlhgh\byl_hg
< hl^_egb ki_pbnbqgb fhf_glb ^\_l_ \j_f_gZ
\aZbfh^_ckl\m\Zl b lh\Z kZ fhf_glbl_ gZ kt^[h\gb bklhjbq_kdb
j_r_gby DZlh hgZ]e_^y\Zg_ fh`_ ^Z k_ baihea\Z itj\h kthlgZkyg_lh
gZ kt^[Z b ij_^hij_^_e_gb_ dZdlh _ baeh`_gh ijb ;h_pbc [9] \lhjh
ihgylb_lh aZ hkh[_gh bklhjbq_kdh \j_f_ dZcjhk ijhlb\hihklZ\_g gZ
nbabq_kdhlh \j_f_ ojhghk ijb IZme Lbebo Lbeebo
DZcjhk \ g_]h\by mgbdZe_g b mgb\_jkZe_g kfbkte _ aZ ojbklbygkdZlZ
\yjZ ijbr_kl\b_lh gZ Bkmk Ojbklhk AZ nbehkhnbylZ gZ bklhjbylZ
dZcjhktl\g_]h\byh[sbki_pbnbq_gkfbkte_\k_dbih\jZl_gfhf_gl
\ bklhjbylZ dh]Zlh \_qghlh kt^b b ij_h[jZay\Z \j_f_\hlh Lbeebo 1995: 231) [10].
Pb\bebaZpbbl_ dZdlh dZl_]hjbqgh ih^q_jlZ\Z Otglb]ltg
[11]k_kljmdlmjbjZlbhij_^_eylhlk\hbl_j_eb]bbKihj_^Djbklhntj
>hmktgj_eb]bylZ_dexqtldtfbklhjbylZb_g_\tafh`gh^ZjZa[_j_f
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k\h_lhj_eb]bhaghmq_gb_bhl^jm]Z\qh\_rdZlZh[sghkldhylh[b\Z h[_^bg_gZhlkthl\_lgZlZj_eb]by
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ktsghklgh^Zk_ktihklZ\ylihkj_^kl\hfgZqbgZgZkthlgZkyg_gZ^\_l_ \j_f_gZ–gZkt[blbylZbgZkljmdlmjbl_ [12].
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hlkZfghlh Ijbktkl\b_lh gZ ljZgkp_g^_glghlh b oZjZdl_jgbyl fm
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g_hagZqZ\Zg_ij_f_gghijhba\hegh ^_kbpbhgbklbqgbl_Zdlh\_fh]Zl
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h[Zq_ \tjom gydZd\Z ijbjh^hh[jZagZ h[_dlb\ghkl Z \tjom _^gZ
p_gghklgZkljmdlmjZdZlhpyehoZjfhgbqgZbih^j_^_gZdhylhh[Zq_
Zdh b ^Z _ hkts_kl\_gZ b ihklb]gZlZ hl p_eb ihdhe_gby \k_ iZd _
qh\_rdh ^_eh lZab kljmdlmjZ g_ fh`_ ^Z k_ ijhf_gy ijhba\hegh ly
ijbl_`Z\Z dhgklZgl_g mklhcqb\ klbe dhclh _ lZdZ ^Z k_ dZ`_
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mkeh\b_ k\_`^Zg_ gZ p_gghklgZlZ kbkl_fZ ^h bdhghfbq_kdZ ;h] FZfhg).
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j_Z[beblbjZg_bj_^hiheZ]Zg_gZqm\kl\ZlZkljZklbl_gZj_^kjZamfZ\
dZq_kl\hlhgZZglbpbibjZsbgZkhdZlZgZbklhjbq_kdbyitlBa[hjtlg_
k_ hkts_kl\y\Z kZfh jZpbhgZegh gh b ktk ktjp_lh qj_a dh_lh
^_ckl\m\Z bklhjbq_kdZlZ kljmdlmjZ [13] JZ\gh\_kb_lh f_`^m mf b
ktjp_ [14]_jZ\gh\_kb_f_`^m\j_f_lhgZkt[blbylZbgZkljmdlmjbl_
BklhjbylZ g_ k_ hkts_kl\y\Z \ _^bg gZ^ebqghkl_g beb g_ebqghkl_g
k\yldZdlh\gh\h_\jhi_ckdhlhfbke_g_k_jZa[bjZijbjh^ZlZ–g_sh ih\_q_ bklhjbylZ \k_ _^gh k_ ba\tjr\Z \tlj_ \ _^gZ _^bggZ ebqghkl,
dZd\hlh_x^_ckdZlZbkeyfkdZlZbhkh[_ghojbklbygkdZlZb^_yaZ[h]Z
"bklhjbylZ_Bgl_gpbhgZe_gihlhd" (Margolis 1993: 187) [15]; "lh\Z dh_lh _ Bgl_gpbhgZegh j_Zegh _ dhgk_gkmkgh j_Zegh (Margolis 1993:
178) [16] Bklhjbq_kdZlZ bklbgZ _ lZab gZ dhgk_gkmkZ hlghkgh
kih^_eyg_lhgZbklhjbq_kdbyitlbke_^h\Zl_eghgZkt^[h\gbl_ba[hjb
MgbdZeghkllZ b^bh]jZnbqghkllZ b\k_h[sghkllZ ghfhl_lbqghkllZ
hl _^gZ kljZgZ b g_ih\lhjbfhkllZ gZ bklhjbq_kdhlh kt[blb_ b
d\Zab_fibjbqgZlZ \_qghklgZbklhjbq_kdZlZkljmdlmjZhl^jm]Zfh]Zl
^Z [t^Zl h[_^bg_gb ke_^\Zcdb Xg] -72) [17] dZlh _^gZ
q_l\hjbpZ gZ pyehklgZlZ ebqghkl dhylh \ k\_lZ gZ ojbklbygkdbl_
ij_^klZ\b _ kbf\hebabjZgZ hl Ojbklhk Hibl\Zf k_ ^Z ihdZ`Z dZd
ljZ^bpbhggbyl h[jZa gZ Ojbklhk h[_^bgy\Z q_jlbl_ gZ _^bg Zjo_lbi ih-ki_pbZegh–gZZjo_lbiZgZpyehklgZlZebqghkl Xg] [18].
Gh ke_^ dZlh lZab pyehklghkl gZ^o\tjey bg^b\b^mZeghlh ktagZgb_ \
g_hij_^_e_gZ b g_hij_^_ebfZ kl_i_g ly \bgZ]b \dexq\Z \ k_[_ kb
g_ktagZ\Zghlh b k lh\Z – kt\dmighkllZ hl \kbqdb Zjo_lbib : itd
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bfZl dhkfbq_g oZjZdl_j Lh\Z h[ykgy\Z lyogZlZ gmfbghaghkl b
[h`_kl\_ghkl Xg] :jo_lbitl gZ [h]hqh\_dZ hl _^gZ
kljZgZ _ klZgZe bklhjbq_kdZ j_Zeghkl qj_a Ojbklhk Z hl ^jm]Z kljZgZ \eZ^__^mrZlZdZlh\_qghijbktkl\m\Zs Xg]
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kfbkte ke_^\Z ^Z k_ jZa[bjZ hl _^gZ kljZgZ hkts_kl\y\Zg_lh gZ
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j_ZeghkllZ gZ agZq_gbylZ,
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dhgk_gkmkZ j_Zebatf gZ j_ne_dkb\ghlh jZa[bjZg_ gZ ^_ckl\bl_egZlZ
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Lebenswelten, Lebensformen, _ibkl_fbgZqbgbgZijhba\h^kl\hGeistgZ _^gZ beb ^jm]Z _ihoZ ljZ^bpbylZ b^_heh]bylZ Lh\Z _ _^bg verstende dhgk_gkmkdhgk_gkmkgZbgl_jij_lZpbylZ 0DUJROLV
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[be hibkZgb_ gZ j_Zegbl_ b bklhjbq_kdb Zel_jgZlb\b b lyoghlh
\taijb_fZg_ hl h[sghkllZ dhgdj_lgbyl gZijZ\_g ba[hj b g_]h\hlh
hkts_kl\y\Zg_qZklbqghhkts_kl\y\Zg_bebg_hkts_kl\y\Zg_dZlhnZdl
ih^\ta^_ckl\b_gZkt\dmighklhlnZdlhjbGZijZ\_gbylba[hj\bgZ]b_
l\hjq_kdZ bgl_jij_lZpby gZ bklhjbq_kdZ kljmdlmjZ – ijhjb\ gZ
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baykgy\Zl\tj^_gbyhljh^ZgZ Ojbklbygkl\hlh_bklhjbq_kdZj_eb]by
SDUH[FHOHQFHOjbklbygkl\hlh[_e_`bdhj_g_gih\jZl\hlghr_gb_lh
gZ qh\_dZ dtf bklhjbylZ Lh \ktsghkl jZadjb\Z bklhjbq_kdhlh baf_j_gb_bklhjbq_kdhlh\j_f_ F_j^`Zgh\Z -138) [19].
?^bg bklhjbq_kdb nZdl kt[blb_ ijb^h[b\Z k\hy kfbkte
kZfh ih hlghr_gb_ gZ Zel_jgZlb\gbl_ gh gbdh]Z kZf ih k_[_ kb
dZdt\lh gZijhlb\ _ b^_Zetl gZ bklhjbh]jZnbylZ Bklhjbq_kdbl_
nZdlb g_ ih^e_`Zl gZ h[h[s_gb_ ^hdZlh bklhjbq_kdbl_ ba[hjb fh]Zl
^Z [t^Zl lbibabjZgb dZlh ^mo gZ \j_f_lh beb gZ gZjh^Z beb dZlh
gZjh^hikboheh]by Ihkj_^kl\hf ihgylb_lh aZ bklhjbq_kdb ba[hj
ghfh]jZnbqghkllZ b b^bh]jZnbqghklZ k_ ijbfbjy\Zl Kt\dmighkllZ hl ba[hjbjZadjb\ZgydZd\hih\lZjyshk_ihklhygkl\h (ghfhl_lbqghkl),
gh \k_db ba[hj _ mgbdZegh j_r_gb_ b ltedm\Zgb_ gZ lh\Z ihklhygkl\h kj_^j_Zegh^Z^_gbl_dZlh\tafh`ghklbZel_jgZlb\b b^bh]jZnbqghkl).
GZrZlZ kt^[Z _ hgh\Z hldt^_lh \tagbd\Zl gZrbl_ j_r_gby Lbeebo 2000: 184) [20].
ij_^kdZaZgby gZ hkgh\ZlZ gZ bg^mdlb\gh h[h[s_gb_ gZ ijZ\_gbl_
^hk_]Z ba[hjb hl kthl\_lgZlZ h[sghkl L_ h[Zq_ g_h[oh^bfh bfZl
\_jhylghkl_g bebobihl_lbq_g oZjZdl_jltdfhihjZ^bg_hlkljZgbfhlh
ijbktkl\b_gZb^bh]jZnbqghkllZ gZj_^kghfhl_lbqghkllZ \ihgylb_lh
aZbklhjbq_kdbba[hjGZc-[ebadZlZZgZeh]by_\abfZg_lhgZj_r_gb_hl
kt^ \ta hkgh\Z gZ ij_p_^_glb _\_glmZegh h[h[s_gb dZlh gydZdt\ ijZ\h\aZdhg
Bklhjbq_kdbyl itl [21] ij_^klZ\ey\Z kt\dmighkllZ hl
bklhjbq_kdbl_ba[hjbbke_^h\Zl_egh_\tiets_gb_gZbklhjbq_kdZlZ
kljmdlmjZ ltedm\ZgZ hl h[sghkllZ ijb \kydh j_Zegh kemq\Zsh k_ kt[blb_
Hl baeh`_ghlh \_q_ _ ykgZ lykgZlZ \jtadZ f_`^m
bklhjbq_kdbitlbijhlb\hnZdlh\ZgZeba [22]. 5.2. Ijhlb\hnZdlh\bylZgZeba
Ijhlb\hnZdlh\byl ZgZeba \tagbd\Z \t\ \jtadZ k ZgZebaZ gZ
ijbqbgghkllZ \ bklhjbylZ Z dh]Zlh kibktdtl hl ijbqbgb _
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hl\kbqdh–Zdhij_l_]eyg_lhgZhlghkbl_egZlZ\Z`ghklg_ijhbaoh`^Z
hl ijhlb\hnZdlh\ZlZ ki_dmeZpby djZcgh ljm^gh _ ^Z k_ hij_^_eb dZd fh`_^Zijhbae_a_lZdh\Zij_l_]eyg_ 0F&OHODQG
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eh]bq_kdb fh^_e gZ ijbqbgghkllZ g_y\gh \dexq\Z b^_ylZ aZ
ijhlb\hnZdlh\ ZgZeba >_ckl\bl_egh dh]Zlh ij_^ihklZ\dZlZ _ gZebp_
klhcghkllZ gZ bfiebdZpbylZ ih\lZjy klhcghkllZ gZ ke_^kl\b_lh Dh]Zlh h[Zq_ ij_^ihklZ\dZlZ g_ _ gZebp_ –
kemqZylijhb]jZ\Zghlijhlb\hnZdlh\byZgZeba [23], –lhbfiebdZpbylZ
_ bklbggZ ^hdZlh klhcghkllZ gZ ke_^kl\b_lh g_ b]jZ_
jhey Lh\Z gZ\_`^Z gZ fbktelZ q_ ijhlb\hnZdlh\byl ZgZeba _
lt`^_kl\_gh bklbg_g [24] ^hdZlh h[jtsZg_lh gZ ihkhdZlZ gZ
nZdlh\byZgZebakf_gyf_klZlZgZbklbgZbg_bklbgZ :dhhl:ke_^\Z
< lh hl g_-< ke_^\Z g_-: Ke_^h\Zl_egh hl kdbpbjZgZlZ ]e_^gZ lhqdZ
eh]bq_kdbyl ijh[e_f gZ ijhlb\hnZdlh\by ZgZeba g_ _ g_]h\ZlZ
g_bklbgghklZlhqghgZijhlb\–g_]h\ZlZlZ\lheh]bqghklAZ^Zbae_a_
hllh\ZaZljm^g_gb_–ltcdZlh^hdhedhlh_lZ\lheh]bqghbklbg_glhc_
gZitegh [_aihe_a_g – k_ ba\tjr\Z iheZ]Zg_lh g_bklbgZ bklbgZ Hllmd \_^gZ]Z ke_^\Z q_ \Zeb^ghkllZ gZ ijhlb\hnZdlh\by
ZgZebababkd\ZiZjZe_eghlhiheZ]Zg_gZijZ\ZlZihkhdZgZ\j_f_lhaZ
h[jZlgZ < j_amelZl k_ hdZa\Z q_ hglheh]bqghlh hkgh\Zgb_ gZ ijhlb\hnZdlh\by
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_ _^bgbqgh h[jtsZg_lh gZ ihkhdZlZ gZ \j_f_lh babkd\Z _^bg \lhjb
\_q_ ijhlb\hnZdlh\ ba[hj gZ ijhlb\hnZdlh\h ^_ckl\bl_egh
Bklhjbq_kdhlh kt[blb_ lh]Z\Z gyfZ ^Z _ ijhklh kemq\Zg_lh fm dZlh
bklhjbq_kdb nZdl Z bgl_jij_lbjZg_lh gZ lhab nZdl kthlg_k_g k _^bg
^jm] g_kemqbe k_ \th[jZ`Z_f nZdl \k_ _^gh kemqbe k_ \ h[jZlgZ
ihkhdZ gZ \j_f_lh H[jZlgh Zdh _ gZebp_ kt[blb_ dh_lh
g_ijZ\hf_jgh hlt`^_kl\y\Zf_ ktk kZfh gydZdt\ nZdl lh k lh\Z k_
kdjb\Z _^bg ijhlb\hnZdl nZdl-gZf_j_gb_ [25] Lhab ijhlb\hnZdl ih
gbdZdt\ gZqbg h[Zq_ g_ [b\Z ^Z k_ fbkeb dZlh b hs_ ih\_q_
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gh \k_ iZd kthlg_k_gb k h[sZlZ kt^[Z dZlh bklhjbq_kdb itl H[_dlb\ghkllZ \ ijbjh^gbl_ gZmdb fh`_ b ke_^\Z ^Z k_ ba\_`^Z hl
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_ f_`^bgghkl b jZ\gh\_kb_ f_`^m _^gh b fgh]h _^gh-fgh]h B ih
ktsbygZqbgfbke_g_lh–ke_^dZlhZdhb^hdhedhlhkf_aZihqgZeb^Z fbkebf–HktshlhlZdh\Z GDV6HOEH mf-ktjp_Fbke_g_lh_mf-ktjp_.
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ijhlb\hnZdlbl_ kZ ij_^qm\kl\bylZ gZ ktjp_lh [28] beb gZkhdZlZ gZ
bklhjbq_kdbyitl kt^[ZlZ ij_^klZ\_gb\dZq_kl\hlhgZobihl_lbqgb
nZdlb beb g_hkts_kl\_gb ba[hjb [29] Bklhjbq_kdbyl itl djb\hebqb
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ijbqbggby ZgZeba gZ nZdl dt^_lh ijhlb\hnZdlh\bl_ l\tj^_gby kZ
baihea\Zgb ^Z ih^jZa^_eyl \Z`ghkllZ gZ hl^_e_g ijbqbg_g nZdlhj
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^Z k_ dZ`_ q_ ly g_ k_ ZkhpbbjZ k ijbqbggby ZgZeba gZ nZdl Q_klh
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h[eZkl
5RHVH
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l_jfbgZijhlb\hnZdlh\bh]jZgbq_gbyaZ^Zk_hlg_k_f^hl_abijZ\beZ (Seelaw, Seelaw, Wells, Windschitl 1995: 59-60).
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kh[kl\_gb ijZdlbdb gZ hlgZkyg_ aZy\y\Zg_ bg^b\b^mZebabjZg_ j_b^_glbnbdZpbyb^jih^h[gb" (Margolis 1993: 187).
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Bklhjbq_kdbyl beb bklhjbdh-_dabkl_gpbZegbyl kfbkte gZ
[blb_lhke_^\Z^Zk_ba\_^_hlhl]h\hjZ –dhclh_bh[jZl_g\tijhkdtf \tijhkZaZkfbkteZgZ[blb_lh– aZkfbkteZgZ\j_f_lh. KfbktetlgZ\j_f_lh _ - \
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[18] kts_kl\m\Zshlh.
Kts_kl\m\Zshlh _ \j_f_\h \ f_lZnhjbq_g kfbkte
kts_kl\m\Zshlh _g_ _ \j_f_\h >hdhedhlh lh\Z _g_ _ lZdZ lh b
\j_f_\hlh _g_ _ kts_kl\m\Zsh Lh\Z q_ kfbktetl gZ \j_f_lh _ \
kts_kl\m\Zshlh hagZqZ\Z q_ _ \a_l kZfh ihablb\gbyl kfbkte gZ
ihke_^gZlZf_lZnhjZBbah[sh^Zk_ijb^Z^_kfbktegZg_shhagZqZ\Z ltdfh ^Z k_ \a_f_ ihablb\gbyl kfbkte gZ _^gZ f_lZnhjZ Z bf_ggh q_
g_sh_q_bfZ[blb_:dhlh\Zg_shh[Zq__kZfhlh[blb_lh[blb_lh
gZ[blb_lh[b\ZhagZq_ghdZlh\j_f_IZlhktlgZOZc^_]_j_\lh\Zq_
[blb_lh g_ fh`_ ^Z _ ih gZqbgZ ih dhclh \kydh ^jm]h g_sh _ bfZ [blb_
IhjZ^b k\hylZ lhlZeghkl \tijhktl aZ [blb_lh gZ [blb_lh
dZdlh ij_hkfbkebof_ \tijhkZ aZ kfbkteZ gZ [blb_lh ke_^\Z ^Z
ml\tj`^Z\ZdZlhihablb\_gltdfhkfbkteZgZf_lZnhjbqghkllZ _g__
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f_lZnhjbqghkllZ _ iZd f_lZnhjbqghkllZ Lh\Z _ b Z[khexlghkllZ gZ
\j_f_lh dhylh Zdh [t^_ g_ijZ\begh jZa[jZgZ hlgh\h fh`_ ^Z klZg_
hkgh\ZgZ_^gZf_lZnbabdZ PHWDY kZfh\kfbkteZgZhl\t^ghg_bgZ
kj_^ – lZdZ\Z gZ \j_f_lh hiZkghkl dhylh \ gZc-\bkrZ kl_i_g aZieZr\ZOZc^_]_jh\ZlZnbehkhnby
Lh\Z s_r_ ^Z [t^_ lZdZ Zdh g_ kts_kl\m\Zr_ _^gh hkh[_gh
kts_kl\m\Zsh 'DVHLQ hglbq_g _d\b\Ze_gl gZ dh_lh _ qh\_dtl qb_lh
kts_kl\m\Zgb_ _ [blbcgh ih_lbqgh 'DVHLQ H kj_^ kts_kl\m\Zshlh
dZlh_^ghkts_kl\m\Zshkj_^kts_kl\m\Zsbl_Lh\Z_bnmg^bjZghkllZ
gZkZfby_dabkl_gpbZegh-bklhjbq_kdbih^oh^\t\nZdlbqghkllZqbclh
nmg^Zf_glZe_g kfbkte _ PHWDY agZqb kj_^ f_lZnbabqghlh agZqb kj_^ nbabqghlh
H[jZlghlh ^Z k_ l\tj^b q_ PHWDY _ ke_^ hl\t^ l_ ^Z k_
ijb^Z^_ ihablb\_g kfbktegZl\tj^_gb_lhq_PHWDY g__kj_^ghlZdZ
q_lhabkfbktebagZqZegh^Zg_fh`_^Z_kj_^hl]h\hjbl_ijhb]jZ\Zgb
\bklhjbylZgZ_\jhi_ckdZlZf_lZnbabdZagZqb^Zk_gZf_jbihablb\_g hl]h\hjgZ^\ZlZ\tijhkZ-_ohkdhblhaZ\tjr\Z;blb_b\j_f_
[blb_lh" Hldjb\Z eb k_ kZfhlh \j_f_ dZlh ohjbahgl gZ [blb_lh?" (Heidegger 1993: 437).
Bklhjbq_kdbyl bklhjbdh-_dabkl_gpbZegbyl kfbkte gZ
[blb_lh_ltdfhlZdt\hl]h\hjgZl_ab^\ZaZdexqbl_egb\tijhkZdhclh
g_ _ f_lZnbabdZ \ l_k_g b kh[kl\_g kfbkte b \ lq g_ _ b _^gZ
\tafh`gZh[h[sZ\ZsZf_lZnbabdZgZ\j_f_lh aZgZebqb_lhgZdZd\Zlh
hiZkghkl g_ij_dtkgZlh ij_^mij_`^Z\Z OZc^_]_j Ke_^h\Zl_egh
bklhjbq_kdbyl kfbkte gZ [blb_lh _ itlyl dhclh \h^b hl
bagZqZeghlh \j_f_ dtf kfbkteZ gZ [blb_lh ijb qb_lh ijhoh`^Zg_ kZfhlh\j_f_k_hldjb\ZdZlhohjbahglgZ[blb_lh.
< _^bg gZc-^te[hd kfbkte ^h]hg\Zg_lh _ hitgZlhkllZ
bagZqZeghlh ijbktkl\b_ gZ bklhjbq_kdhlh \ _dabkl_gpbZeghlh
ktijh\h`^Zg_lhgZ_dabkl_gpbZeghlhhlbklhjbq_kdhlh
_ ltjk_g_
ltjk_ghlh IblZg_lh _ ihagZ\Zsh ltjk_g_ gZ kts_kl\m\Zshlh \
g_]h\hlhq_-blZdZ-[blb_ +HLGHJJHU BagZqZeghlhijbktkl\b_
bklhjbqghkllZ gZ \tijhkZ b hl]h\hjZ hldjb\Zf_ \ ba[hjZ, dhylh
ktijh\h`^Z ba[hjZ-gZqZeh \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ hij_^_e_g ba[hj-djZc l_ \k__^ghgZ[h`_kl\_gdhj_eZlgZqh\_rdbyba[hjLhabgydZdt\ba[hjdjZcfh`_^Zk_h^_ckl\bl_eghklbdZlhgydZdt\\tafh`_gk\yl:
G_djt]\^hdZaZl_ekl\hlhe_`b\t\\tijhkZaZkfbkteZgZ
[blb_lhZfbltdfhhkh[_gZgZaZ^-bebgZij_^-hitgZlhkl>5ück– oder
)RUEH]RJHQKHLW@gZaZiblZghlh [blb_lh hliblZg_lhdZlh[blb_gfh^mk
gZ kts_kl\m\Zshlh Ktsghklghlh bamfe_gb_ gZ iblZg_lh hl g_]h\hlh
iblZgh ijbgZ^e_`b dtf gZc-kh[kl\_gby kfbkte gZ [blbcgby \tijhk
+HLGHJJHU >hdhedhlh iblZg_lh bf_ggh ^h]hg\Z iblZghlh lh ^h]hg\Zg_lh_bbamfe_gb_.
[blb_lh_\hkgh\ZlZkb_^gZljhcgZlZ\lheh]bqghkl I_gq_\
l_\tijhktlbkfbktetl hl]h\hjtl kZbihklZkbgZ[blb_lhKe_^dZlh
]h ktihklZ\bf k OZc^_]_jh\hlh h[kt`^Zg_ \ L_abktl gZ DZgl aZ [blb_lh \`]eZ\ZiZjZ]jZn \ktsghkllh\ZgbdZa\Zbaj_q_gb_lh
+HLGHJJHU G_]h\ZlZ hlebqèghkl ljy[\Z ^Z k_ fbkeb b dZlh nmg^Zf_glZeghkl lhlZeghkl bdZlhlZ\lheh]bqghkl :dh
lhc
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beb
^hjb
nmg^Zf_glZegbyl \tijhk lh lZdh\Z iblZg_ k_ gm`^Z_ hl kthl\_lgZ
ijhajZqghkl AZlh\Z ljy[\Z gZdjZldh ^Z k_ h[kt^b dZd\h bah[sh
ijbgZ^e_`b gZ \k_db\tijhkaZ^Zk_gZijZ\bhllmd\b^bf[blbcgbyl \tijhkdZlhhlebqèg" (Heidegger 1993: 5).
Lh\Zq_ – kfbktetlgZ\j_f_lh_-\kts_kl\m\Zshlh
– bklhjbq_kdbyl kfbkte gZ [blb_lh _ hl]h\hjtl gZ
kfbkteZgZ\j_f_lh
– >hdhedhlhaZiblZghlhij_^klZ\ey\Z[blb_lhZ[blb_lh
hagZqZ\Z [blb_lh gZ kts_kl\m\Zshlh aZiblZghlh gZ[blbcgby\tijhk
k_hdZa\ZkZfhlhkts_kl\m\ZshLhkydZrk_baibl\ZaZg_]h\hlh[blb_ (Heidegger 1993: 6);
– \a_lb aZ_^gh hagZqZ\Zl \ djZcgZ kf_ldZ kZfh _^gZ
jZa]tjgZlZlZ\lheh]byGb_g_^h]hg\Zf_gb_kf_
Hl lZab ij_^_egZ b gZ\yjgh [_akfbke_gZ ]e_^gZ lhqdZ
kt^[ZlZ bklhjbq_kdbyl itl ^Z^_gZ dZlh ]jb`Z \ ^h]hg\Zg_lh, _
_^gZ]jZgbqgZlZ\lheh]byZgZeh]bqgZgZ\tijhkZaZkfbkteZgZ[blb_lh
G_cgZlZ ktsghkl h[Zq_ _ ^Z ktaj_ kthl\_lgZlZ aZ kemqZy \bgZ]b
ijb^jm`Z\ZsZ hiZkghkl gZ g_-kiZk_gb_lh gZ f_lZnbabdZlZ \ l_k_g
kfbkte dZlh g_-nbabdZ b ^Z gb ij_^iZab hl h^_ckl\bl_eghkly\Zg_ gZ
\k_\tafh`ghkllZ H^_ckl\bl_eghkl_gZlZ \k_\tafh`ghkl _ ij_^_egZ
imklhlZ ij_^klZ\bfZ dZlh [_akt^tj`Zl_eghkllZ gZ _^gZ ij_^_egZ lZ\lheh]by \k_-lZ\lheh]by
Ih ktsZlZ ijbqbgZ kt^[Z bklhjbq_kdb itl ]jb`Z
^h]hg\Zg_g_fh]Zl^Z[t^Zlihgylbyhk\_g\dZq_kl\hlhgZ[_aihe_agb
b [_akt^tj`Zl_egb lZ\lheh]bb ih kbeZlZ gZ k\hylZ \k_h[o\Zlghkl l_
fh]Zl ^Z [t^Zl kZfh_dabkl_gpbZeb \tafh`ghklbbabkd\ZsbaZk\h_lh ltedm\Zg_ ba[hj gZ'DVHLQ
Ba[hjtl gZ 'DVHLQ H dhclh fh`_ ^Z bf ijb^Z^_ ihablb\_g
kfbkte^Z]bhdjZcghklb ihkhdZ^h]hg\Zg_ft^jhklnbehkhnby
\gZk
bklhjbylZdZlhijhn_kbhgZeghaZgylb_ihke_^gbygZqbg
AZbklhjbdZ\kbqdhaihq\Z\kbqdhk\tjr\Zk\j_f_lh_^gh
\j_f_ fZl_fZlbq_kdh b l\hjq_kdh dh_lh e_kgh ba\bd\Zmkfb\dZ\j_f_
kydZr\tgrghaZqh\_dZ _dah]_gghdZdlh[boZdZaZebbdhghfbklbl_
dh_lhgbleZkdZaZklZ\ygbbhlgZkygZrbl_hkh[_gb\j_f_gZkjZaebqgb hll_gtpb ^Z\eZklghlh\j_f_gZk\_lZ Braudel 1969: 76-77).
Ke_^\ZsZlZ]eZ\Zs_[t^_ihk\_l_gZltdfhgZbklhjbq_kdhlh
\j_f_ Lh bfZ ^\Z Zki_dlZ \j_f_ \tlj_ \ gZk b \j_f_ \tg hl gZk
kthl\_lgh _g^h]_ggh b _dah]_ggh \j_f_ S_ ij_^eh`bf \_q_
gZ[_eyaZgZlZ obihl_aZ q_ _dah]_gghlh \j_f_ _ \j_f_lh gZ kt[blbylZ
khpbZegh-bdhghfbq_kdhlh \j_f_ \b^bfhlh bklhjbq_kdh \j_f_ gZ khpbZegh-bdhghfbq_kdZlZbiheblbq_kdZlZbklhjby^hdZlh_g^h]_gghlh
\j_f_ kdjblh aZ^ hktagZ\Zghlh ijb\Zlgh \j_f_ k g_]h\bl_ jZaebqgb
hll_gtpb _ [Z\ghlh \j_f_ gZ bklhjbq_kdbl_ kljmdlmjb g_\b^bfhlh bklhjbq_kdh\j_f_gZ_abdZdmelmjZlZj_eb]bylZbg_ktagZ\Zghlh
Bklhjbq_kdh\j_f_\kh[kl\_gkfbktedZcjhkbfZf_lh]Z\Z
dh]Zlh gb_ kf_ l_ dh]Zlh _g^h]_gghlh \j_f_ k_ \lmjg_ gh b
]fmjg_ \_dah]_gghlhl\hj_cdb]hqj_agZrbl_bklhjbq_kdbba[hjb
\tij_db q_ \tgrgbl_ gb k_lb\Z k\b^_l_ekl\m\Zl aZ g_ij_h^hebfhlh
\ta^_ckl\b_gZkydZrh[_dlb\ghlh\tgbg_aZ\bkbfhhlgZk_dah]_ggh khpbZegh-bdhghfbq_kdh\j_f_\tjomkZfbl_gZk
<lZab\jtadZkbklhjbq_kdby_dabkl_gpbZegZ^h]hg\Zg_lhk_
h[hagZqZ\Zklj_f_`ZbgZkhq_ghkllZgZ_dah]_gghlh\j_f_^Zhkts_kl\b
aZeh`_ghlh hl _g^h]_gghlh \ j_^dbl_ b k\_lh\ghbklhjbq_kdb agZqbfb fhf_glbgZ_^bg_gb_gZ^\_l_\j_f_gZdZlhgZr_ hkts_kl\y\Zg_
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dtf iheblbq_kdb beb klhiZgkdb dtf j_eb]bhagb beb l_ogbq_kdb
fhjZegb beb h[s_kl\_gb nZdlb G_fkdhlh ihgylb_ dmelmjZ \
ktsghkllZ kb k_ hlgZky dtf ^moh\gb l\hjq_kdb j_eb]bhagb nZdlb b
ihdZa\Z kbegZ l_g^_gpby ^Z ihklZ\b a^jZ\Z ij_]jZ^Z f_`^m nZdlb hl
lhab\b^hl_^gZkljZgZbiheblbq_kdbl_klhiZgkdbl_bh[s_kl\_gbl_
nZdlbhl^jm]ZNj_gkdhlhbZg]ebckdhlhihgylb_pb\bebaZpbyfh`_
^Z k_ hlgZky dtf ihklb`_gby gh \ ktsZlZ kl_i_g b dtf ih\_^_gb_lh
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p_gghklbl_ dhblh qh\_d ijbl_`Z\Z [_a dZd\blh b ^Z _ ihklb`_gby
ijhklh qj_a k\h_lh kts_kl\m\Zg_ b ih\_^_gb_ ^hklZ gZfZey\Z Z
ki_pbnbqgh g_fkdbyl kfbkte gZ ihgylb_lh dmelmjZ gZc-^h[j_ k_
bajZay\Z\g_]h\ZlZijhba\h^gZ^mfZijbeZ]Zl_eghlhdmelmj_gdh_lh
g_h[hagZqZ\Zp_gghklbl_gZkts_kl\m\Zg_lhgZqh\_dZZp_gghklbl_b oZjZdl_jZgZhij_^_e_gbqh\_rdbijh^mdlb ?ebZk -67).
[2] >bZe_dlbqgZlZ bgl_jij_lZpby k_ jZajZ[hl\Z \ ljb nhjfb
l_heh]bqgZ eh]bq_kdZ b khpbheh]bqgZ \kydZ hl dhblh \ fgh]h
hlghr_gby aZ\bkb hl ^jm]bl_ L_heh]bqgZlZ nhjfZ _ ij_^m]Z^_gZ k
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nbehkhnbylZ b dZlh `bl_ckdZ dZl_]hjby – _^gZ hl l_ab \tafh`gb
dhgkl_eZpbb hldjb\Zf_ \ dhgp_ipbylZ aZ fgh]hieZklh\hlh b k jZaebqZ
kdhjhkl ijhlbqZsh bklhjbq_kdh \j_f_ gZ kt[blbylZ b kljmdlmjbl_ gZ
djZldhkjhqgZlZ kj_^ghkjhqgZlZ b ^te]hkjhqgZlZ i_jki_dlb\Z gZ
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bklhjbylZ pb\bebaZpbbl_ hl ^jm]Z AZ \ta]e_^bl_ gZ N ;jh^_e b J
Dha_e_d \_q_ klZgZ ^mfZ \ ]eZ\Z iZjZ]jZn \ ]eZ\Z iZjZ]jZn b iZjZ]jZn
;jh^_e Braudel 1969: 56-61 baeZ]Z ij_ibjgylZ k djZldhlh
\j_f_ g_ ljy[\Z ^Z fbkebf kZfh k djZldhlh \j_f_ ljy[\Z ^Z
ijhy\y\Zf_ [^bl_eghkl ih hlghr_gb_ gZ kt[blbylZ ltc dZlh ih
^mfbl_ gZ Exkb_g N_\j BklhjbylZ _ gZmdZ aZ fbgZehlh gZmdZ aZ
gZklhys_lh Braudel 1969: 61 ;_adhgklZglbl_kjZaebqgZljZcghkl\
gZ[hjZ hl nZdlhjb hij_^_eysb [t^_sbl_ kt[blby g_ [b [beh \tafh`gh^Zk_ij_^kdZ`_dZd\hlhb^Z[beh Dha_e_d
;jh^_e lbibabjZ ^\Z lbiZ hlghr_gb_ dtf \j_f_lh –lh\ZgZ
bklhjbdZ b gZ lh\Z gZ khpbheh]Z [15]. ³H]jZgbq_gb_lh´ gZ ³bklhjbq_kdhlh\j_f_´³bklhjbdtlg_fh`_^Zba[_]g_gbdh]Z Braudel
1969: 79 AZ g_]h – aZ jZaebdZ hl khpbheh]Z – lh _ g_ihkj_^kl\_gZ
j_Zeghkl k dhylh _ g_^himklbfh ^Z k_ fZgbimebjZ aZ p_ebl_ gZ
bake_^\Zg_lh KhpbZeghlh \j_f_ _ ijhklh _^gh hkh[_gh baf_j_gb_ gZ
khpbZegZ j_Zeghkl dhylh k_ gZ[ex^Z\Z Braudel 1969: 77) [16] ?lh aZsh
Khpbheh]tl g_ k_ kl_kgy\Z hl lh\Z ex[_agh \j_f_ dh_lh
fh`_ ^Z gZjya\Z ^Z ij_]jZ`^Z b ^Z \taklZgh\y\Z \ ^\b`_gb_ ih
`_eZgb_ <j_f_lh gZ bklhjbylZ ih\lZjyf ih-fZedh k_ ih^^Z\Z gZ ijbdjblZlZ eh\dZ b]jZ ktk kbgojhgbafb b ^bZojhgbafb Braudel 1969: 77).
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dhgkljmbjZ Z^_d\Zlgh \j_f_ lh aZ bklhjbdZ lh\Z [b [beh j_e_\Zglgh
kZfh Zdh _ aZiZa_g oZjZdl_jtl fm gZ fyjdZ b _ ihdZaZgh
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bklhjbpb \t\ nZdlbl_ fh`_ ^Z k_ ba\tjrb qj_a ^\Z ijhlb\hiheh`gb
mfkl\_gb ijhp_kZ < _^bgby hl lyo lhc h]jZgbqZ\Z k\hy ZgZeba ^h
kt[blbylZ\gZc-kljh]bykfbktegZlZab^mfZ
]e_^gZlZ lhqdZ gZ d\Zab\_qghlh \j_f_ AZdhggh eb _ \kbqdh lh\Z"
Bf_gghlhab\tijhkbij_^klZ\ey\Zbklbgkdbylij_^f_lgZkihjZf_`^m
bklhjbpbbkhpbhehabbeb^Z`_f_`^mbklhjbpbkjZaebqgbm[_`^_gby (Braudel 1969: 79).
Bklhjbq_kdhlh \j_f_ iha\hey\Z ^Z k_ ij_h^he__ hgh\Z
et`h\gh ijhlb\hihklZ\yg_ f_`^m h[sh b mgbdZegh gZ dh_lh h[jtsZ
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gZmdZaZijbjh^ZlZnbabdZbgZiteghjZaebqgZlZhlg_ybihh[_dlb
ihij_^f_lbihf_lh^bbhkgh\hiheZ]Zshihdhgp_ipbylZaZ\j_f_lh
gZmdZ bklhjby KZfh ihkj_^kl\hf nhjfZlZ gZ bklhjbq_kdhlh
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hl agZpbl_ – kj_^ ^jm]bl_ - qj_a dhblh ly ijb_fZ nhjfZ _^gh hl k\hckl\ZlZdh_lhyfZjdbjZdZlhhkh[_gZ_^bgbpZ Braudel 1969: 77).
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dhblh x^_bl_ b ojbklbygbl_ [beb jZa\beb ebg_Zjgby fh^_e Dha_e_d 2002: 21).
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57 F_gkdbc F Dhgp_ipby khagZgby \ dhgl_dkl_ d\Zglh\hc f_oZgbdb– Mki_obnbabq_kdbodZmdL-435.
58 F_j^`Zgh\Z B ?koZlheh]bqgZlZ Zgljhih^bp_y Qh\_dtl b bklhjbylZ\kt\j_f_gghlhIjZ\hkeZ\b_<Ltjgh\h IjZdkbk
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76 I_gq_\ < Hibl aZ e_l_g_ ]jZ\blZpby b \talhj`_ghkl – NbehkhnkdbZel_jgZlb\b, 3, 80-96.
77 I_gq_\ < Z )XYVL \ jZ[hlbl_ gZ OZc^_]_j aZ Ovhe^_jebg – Nbehkhnby, 3, 14-18.
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SUMMARY
The text content is distributed into seven chapters. Chapter 1, Destiny, Historicity, and Historical Path of the Bulgarian People after the Liberation from the Ottoman Empire, is devoted to the definition of destiny in the philosophical literature, especially in philosophy of history. The central place is occupied by Heidegger’s consideration of destiny in Chapter 5 of Division II of “Being and Time”; also of
the connected existencials of choice and historical path (Geschick).
Hegel’s conception about world-historical peoples and Vasil Prodanov’s about overtaking development are considered. At last, the historical path of the Bulgarian people after the Liberation from the Ottoman Empire is cited as an example. Chapter 2, Truth and Destiny after Heidegger, considers the connection between the existentials of truth and destiny after Heidegger on the base of four texts: two early (paragraphs from “Being and Time”) and two later (from the forties and fifties). “Truth” after Heidegger touches essentially “destiny”: truth is_un-hidden-ness, DMOKYTHLD, destiny is openness, resolution to be accepted Being-at-fault (Schuldsein) by choice, which repeats, modifies or can even refuse historical continuity. Destiny is not anything existing: there is it (Es gibt, literally, it is given, presented). It happens as events, Being-with, i.e. as sometimes happening Being-with-being, Ereignis, meeting. Chapter 3, Destiny of Being, extends the existential of destiny from the latter chapter in relation to being itself, which still Heidegger considers historically: being itself has a history, even whether there is God is determined by constitution of being; by this token, also truth is fundamentally historized. Again, four texts are considered (two early, both the concluding paragraphs of “Being and Time” and of “Kant and the problem of metaphysics” and two later, “Kant’s thesis of being” and “Time and Being”).
Accepting history of being, also time in its ground is confirmed. A transition from fundamental ontology to fundamental history is suggested. Chapter 4, Destiny as Cognition and Cognition of Destiny,
is
directed – after considering of ontological problems connected to destiny - to questions of its cognition, by which also destiny itself is a kind of cognition. Thereupon, “internal sense” after Kant is discussed. Equilibrium of mind and recovered its philosophical importance “heart” allows for destiny to be cognized. An idea of fundamental history for ontology is suggested. It goes behind the ground “being” characterizing ontology. Metaphor is a form, which generalizes proposition. It represents a variable ontological direction, and
proposition is only a particular case when this direction is fixed.
Metaphor required an interpretator: an interpretator of proposition is necessary only for choice of the initial principles (axioms). Metaphor is sometimes true: proposition is constantly related to some “external”, “objective” truth. Analogically, poetical thought predicted by Heidegger generalizes logical thinking. Destiny is given, it issues from symbol hidden in the collective unconscious. A. Ignatov’s, P. Tillich’s, A. Lossev’s viewpoints are discussed, too. Chapter 5, Historical Path and Counterfactual Analysis, debates the path, by which history may be considered as rather a science for historical choices than for facts. Using such an approach, counterfactual analysis is brought to the forefront weighing alternative unrealized courses of history – choices and paths. We consider as reasons as premises of counterfactual analysis. It allows for any historical path to be rationalized in its proper essence of a become reality, chosen option. The actual, chosen and possible alternatives are compared and equalized. Chapter 6, Overtaking Development as a Historical Path, is concentrated over P. Tillich’s critique of “progressivism”, over those of R. Kosellek about “time’s shortening”, and of A. Ignatov about “time’s acceleration”. A conception of “reflexive secularization” is introduced.
Thereupon, the collective viewpoint of a number of Bulgarian philosophers about “overtaking development” is debated. In depth of the latter notion, we may gain a fundamentally historical category of overtaking on basis of an analysis of Heidegger’s existentials of Care, Historical path (Geschick) and Destiny (Schicksal). Equilibrium between the fundamental-ontological and fundamental-historical is explicated as duality of Care and Historical path (Destiny), of endogeneous and exogeneous time using Braudel’s terms. Chapter 7, Historical Time, is the concluding last chapter. In it, “historical existential” comparing with Heidegger’s “existential” is introduced as a new form of philosophical reflexion directed to balancing of the existential and the historical. Substantializing of choice leads to ushering historical existential of information as the ground of the world in its unity of a (human) history and nature – a looming, inconstant, and variable substance of being. It is defined as the measure of quantity and quality of choices ant their existential experience. As the philosophical ground of the world, information is correlative or relative to time. “Historical time” – inhomogeneous, irregular, and structured – generalizes the conception of physical time in the corresponding theories. The doctrine of Braudel about long run (“longue durée”), and that of Kosellek about “time’s strata”, the “kairos” of Paul Tillich, the interpretation of Assen Ignatov about time after Heidegger in connexion with Berdiaev’s view about
existential time, the idea about
embedding of cosmic time in historical and existential time, “non-finity” (or “un-finity”, but not “infinity” of historical time), Jaspers axial time – all of those is considered. Historical continuity is a basic regularity for the course of history, which may be rationalized by the historical existentials of Destiny and Historical path. The fast changes are not stable: they are almost always cancelled by the course of history. They are chaotic. They represent fluctuations, deviations from an average, statistic, slow change for a long
period: long run by term of Peirce, or longue durée by that of the Annales School.