Book of Abstracts – Project Management 2001 – 2005+
October 2005
Compiled by Mohamed N. Nazir, Ph.D. Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary
Preamble This “book of abstracts” contains all the abstracts, under the following categories, written by the faculty, staff and students of the Project Management Specialization at the University of Calgary between 2001 and 2005; 1. Published in the Refereed journals 2. Published in the Refereed conference proceedings presented at the various national and international conferences 3. Published Non-refereed conference proceedings presented at the various national and international conferences 4. Refereed journal papers accepted for publication 5. Refereed journal papers currently under review The abstracts of the papers published under above categories prior to 2001 have already been published in the “Project Management Specialization Selected Research Publications 1992-2001” in 2001 by the Project Management Specialization, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary.
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Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………
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AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS……………………………………
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YEAR 2005+……………………………………………………....
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YEAR 2005………………………………………………………..
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YEAR 2004 ……………………………………………………….
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YEAR 2003 ……………………………………………………….
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YEAR 2002 ……………………………………………………….
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YEAR 2001 ……………………………………………………….
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PAPERS UNDER REVIEW ………………………………………...
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Acknowledgements The Project Management Specialization at the University of Calgary wishes to acknowledge the work achieved by the authors herein and their permission to re-print abstracts of their work. The Project Management Specialization benefits from the hands-on direction of leaders in industry. It would not have been possible for the Specialization to attain its current level of research and teaching had it not been for the generous support of NSERC, SSHRC, OPAL, the industry and the academic community. This compilation of book of abstracts is a direct result of that generous support. The Project Management Specialization gratefully acknowledges the support of the following programme friends, sponsors and collaborators: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) University of Calgary Project Management Endowment Organization for Project Advancement and Leadership (OPAL) Agra Monenco Inc. Alberta Building Trades Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering, International (AACEI) Aristos Corp. ATCO Bantrel Inc. Bantrel Constructors Ltd. Bird Construction Ltd. Calgary Construction Association. Canadian Construction Research Board Canadian Occidental Petroleum Ltd. Canron Inc. Cargill Ltd. CH2M Hill Engineering Christian Labour Association City of Calgary City of Edmonton Colin Lawson Projects Ltd. Construction Labour Relations Construction Owner’s Association of Alberta Construction Research Institute of Canada. Con-Force Structures Ltd. Conrad Loban Consulting CS Resources Ltd. Delta Hudson Engineering Ltd. Earth Tech Ltd. (formerly Reid Crowther & Partners Ltd.) EllisDon Construction Services Ltd. Flint Engineering and Construction Ltd. Fluor Daniel Canada Ltd. General Dynamics Canada Ltd.
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Acknowledgements (Cont.) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
General Electric Canada Ltd. Graham Construction and Engineering Inc. Gulf Canada Resources Ltd. Harris Canada Inc. Imperial Oil Resources Canada International Colin Energy John M. Fisher & Associates KPMG Consulting Inc. Ledcor Construction Ltd. Ledcor Industrial Ltd. M.J. Lyzaniwski Majestic Pipelines Mitsubishi Oil America Ltd. Morrison Hershfield Ltd. Mr. J.R. Booker Mutual Life of Canada Natco Canada Ltd. Nortel Networks Nova Gas Transmission Optima Engineering and Constructors Ltd. PanCanadian Petroleum Ltd. Parkland Oilfield Ltd. PCL Constructors Management Inc. Petro-Canada Oil and Gas Praxair Canada Inc. Progas Ltd. Project Management Institute, Southern Alberta Chapter (PMI SAC) VECO Engineering Ltd. Read Jones Christoffersen Ltd. Reid Crowther & Partners Ltd. SC Resources Shaw Industries Ltd. Shell Canada Ltd. SNC Lavalin Inc. Spartan Controls Ltd. Suncor Energy Inc Syncrude Canada Ltd. T.F. Scott Consultants Ltd. The Cohos Evamy & Partners Tiger Resources Ltd. TransCanada Pipelines Ltd. Tri Ocean Engineering
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Authors and Affiliations Current PM Faculty, University of Calgary Francis Hartman, Ph.D., P.Eng. Professor, Project Management Specialization, Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary George Jergeas, Ph.D., P.Eng Associate Professor, Project Management Specialization, Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary Kam Jugdev, Ph.D., PMP Adjunct Professor, Project Management Specialization, Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary (and Assistant Professor, Project Management & Strategy, Centre for Innovative Management, Athabasca University) Janaka Y. Ruwanpura, Ph.D., PQS Director and Assistant Professor, Project Management Specialization, Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary
Faculty Members and Research Associates - University of Calgary Gopal Achari, Ph.D., P.Eng. Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary Jaydeep Balakrishnan, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary Thomas Brown, Ph.D, PEng. Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary Robert L. Day, Ph.D., P.Eng. Vice-Dean and Professor in Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary J. Patrick A. Hettiaratchi, Ph.D., P.Eng. Associate Professor, Engineering for the Environment Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary
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Andrew MacIver Ph.D., P.Eng. Former Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary Mohamed N. Nazir, Ph.D. Research Associate, Department of Civil Engineering Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary Janice Thomas, Ph.D. Former Adjunct Professor, Project Management Specialization, Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary (and Associate Professor, Centre for Innovative Management, Athabasca University) Binod K. Rajbhandari, D.Eng. Research Associate, Department of Civil Engineering Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary
Collaborating Faculty and Research Associates – Other Universities Simaan M. AbouRizk, Ph.D., P.Eng NSERC/Alberta Construction Industry Research Chair in Construction Engineering and Management, University of Alberta Samuel T. Ariaratnam, Ph.D., P.Eng. Associate Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Ira R Fulton School of Engineering, Arizona State University Michael Allouche, Ph.D. Research Associate, Construction Engineering and Management, University of Alberta Rafi Ashrafi, Ph.D., PMP Assistant Professor, College of Commerce, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman Patricia Carrillo, Ph.D., C.Eng. Postgraduate Programme Director/Professor of Strategic Management in Construction, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK R. Müller, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Umea University, Sweden Herbert Robinson, Ph.D., C.Eng. Post-Doctoral Fellow, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK.
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Heather Kanuka, Ph.D. Associate Professor and Canada Research Chair, Athabasca University, Alberta
Former Graduate Students – University of Calgary Mala Chandrakanthi (Ph.D. Graduate in 2005) Department of Civil Engineering Eldon Choy (M.Sc. Graduate in 2004) Project Management Specialization Martin Chu (M.Eng. Graduate in 2004) Department of Civil Engineering C. Delisle (Ph.D Graduate in 2002) Project Management Specialization Roch DeMaere (M.Sc. Graduate in 2004) Project Management Specialization Scott Dione (M.Eng. Graduate in 2003) Department of Civil Engineering Ebrahim Eghbal (M.Eng. Graduate in 2003) Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Sami Fahmy (Ph.D. Graduate in 2005) Project Management Specialization Jassim Hassan (Ph.D. Graduate in 2005) Project Management Specialization Adrian Ilincuta (M.Sc. Graduate in 1996) Department of Civil Engineering Jennifer Krahn (Ph.D. Graduate in 2005) Project Management Specialization Markus Liberda (Exchange Student Graduated in 2004) Project Management Specialization Bolívar Prado (M.Sc. Graduate in 2004) Department of Civil Engineering
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P. Buckle (Ph.D. Graduate in 2001) Haskayne School of Business Varoujan K. Minassian (M.Sc. Graduate in 2004) Project Management Specialization Klas Ohman (Ph.D. Graduate in 2005) Department of Civil Engineering Liwen Ren (M.Sc. Graduate in 2003) Project Management Specialization Mona Sennara (M.Sc. Graduate in 2003) Project Management Specialization Greg Skulmoski (Ph.D. Graduate in 2005) Project Management Specialization Ramy Zaghloul (Ph.D. Graduate in 2005) Project Management Specialization
Current Graduate Students – University of Calgary Asela Seneviratne, M.Sc. Student Department of Civil Engineering David Blakeney, M.Sc. Student Project Management Specialization Ed Condon, Ph.D. Candidate Project Management Specialization Tanveer Ahmed, M.Sc. Student Project Management Specialization Martin Gough, M.Sc. Student Project Management Specialization Thomas Howe, M.Sc. Student Project Management Specialization Kasun N. Hewage, Ph.D. Candidate Project Management Specialization
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Jim Lozon, Ph.D. Candidate Project Management Specialization Mohamed Moussa, Ph.D. Candidate Project Management Specialization Gary Powers, M.Eng. student Project Management Specialization Lloyd Rankin, Ph.D. Candidate Project Management Specialization
Industry Collaborators Ashraf El-Assaly, Ph.D., P.Eng. Infrastructure Management Specialist/Project Manager, Alberta Infrastructure, Edmonton, Alberta Ross Clark Manager – Project Controls, Bantrel Co., Calgary, Alberta Garry Dolhan Formerly at EVANS Consoles Inc., Calgary, Alberta K.C. Er, P.Eng. Director, Gold Bar Wastewater Treatment Plant, Drainage Services, Asset Management and Public Works, City of Edmonton, Edmonton, Alberta. Siri Fernando, P.Eng. Design and Construction and Drainage Services, Asset Management and Public Works, City of Edmonton, Edmonton, Alberta Don Greaves, P.Eng. Colt Engineering Ltd., Calgary, Alberta Jack Hamlin, P.Eng. Suncor Energy Inc., Calgary, Alberta G.A. Hirst, P.Eng. Consulting Ltd. Calgary, Alberta Charles Lendzion Former Director, Construction Research Institute of Canada, Alberta
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Jason Lueke, Ph.D., P.Eng. Associated Engineering Alberta Ltd, Edmonton, Alberta Dan Meek Suncor Energy, Calgary, Alberta Herman Ng, P.Eng. Senior Municipal Engineer, ISL Consultants, Edmonton, Alberta Tony Nutting, P.Eng. Colt Engineering Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta Z.G. Shlah Chief Operating Officer, WNS Emergent Inc. Robert McTague, P.Eng. Optima Engineers and Constructors Inc., Calgary, Alberta Mark Timler, P.Eng. Bantrel Co., Calgary, Alberta John Van der Put, P.Eng. General Manager, Chilean Pipeline Operations, TransCanada International, Calgary, Alberta
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Year 2005+
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Contents Journal Articles Accepted in 2005 Hirst, G. and Ruwanpura, J.Y. “Simulation Based Pipeline Route Selection Model”, Accepted for publication by Cost Engineering Journal in September 2005.
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Kanuka, H., & Jugdev, K. (2005). Distance education MBA students: An investigation into the use of an orientation course to address academic and social integration issues. Open Learning.
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Ruwanpura, J.Y., and Brown, T.B. "Innovative Final Year Undergraduate Design Project Course using an International Project" Accepted by Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, American Society of Civil Engineers on June 23-2005.
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Journal Articles Accepted in 2005 for future Publication
Simulation Based Pipeline Route Selection Model Gary Hirst and Janaka Ruwanpura Abstract: The decisions that are made during the process of selecting the route of a pipeline are very critical to a project. Unfortunately, the decision is often complicated by the numerous variables that must be considered and the uncertainty of estimated costs. When choosing a pipeline route, a project manager must balance the likely capital cost of the pipeline with the risks inherent in the chosen route. Ideally, a project manager would investigate numerous alternatives to fully explore the merits of various pipeline routes (including the level of risk) before making his or her final decision. This paper presents a simulation tool that a project manager can use to model the costs associated with various pipeline routes effectively and efficiently. The model is designed to be user friendly by replicating the usual decision-making process as much as possible. The model uses a graphical interface that promotes the rapid analysis of numerous alternatives and provides opportunities to investigate in detail the various aspects of a pipeline route. The model output includes a calculation of the costs of the alternative, a statistical analysis of the risks of the project, and information that the project manager can use with confidence to establish the pipeline target price.
Distance education MBA students: An investigation into the use of an orientation course to address academic and social integration issues 1 H. Kanuka and K. Jugdev Abstract: Distance education programs warrant the use of innovative intervention practices to enhance student learning experiences. Academic and social empathy by faculty has been shown to enhance student retention in programs along with their critical thinking abilities. Using Holmberg’s (2001) theory of teaching-learning conversations as the guiding theoretical framework, the purpose of this study was to assess whether an intervention activity (a week-long orientation course) increases academic and social empathy for students entering a distance-delivered MBA programme. Empathy was measured through seven academic and social integration indicators. Using pre and post surveys (n=102), the results reveal that an orientation intervention can be effective for facilitating social and academic empathy.
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Work undertaken at Athabasca University, Alberta.
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Innovative Final Year Undergraduate Design Project Course using an International Project Janaka Ruwanpura and Thomas Brown Abstract: The paper describes the organization and conduct of a 4th year capstone project for Civil Engineering students at the University of Calgary that embodied a very significant international component and the difficulties inherent to that component. The project design education process results in numerous contributions to university, industry, and society by permitting students to develop innovative design solutions that reflect multicultural influences, while also recognising that Civil Engineering design is universal. This paper explains the novel approach adopted for the final year civil engineering design course in 2002/3 using the largest urban renewal project currently underway in Europe, for which the students had the opportunity to develop designs. The concept, structure, challenges, and contributions as well as the successful outcome of the civil engineering design course are also explained in the paper. Overall, this design project provided the students with valuable experience in communication, design, professional practice, and organizational skills that will be useful in their future careers, in addition to the challenges dealing with a real and international client of a complex project.
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Year 2005
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Contents Journal Articles Dionne, S., Ruwanpura, J.Y., and Hettiaratchi, J.P.A. "Assessing and Managing the Potential Environmental Risks of Construction Projects." Journal of Practice Periodical of Structural Design and Construction, American Society of Civil Engineers, 10(4), 1-7.
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Ruwanpura, J.Y., MacIver, A., and Brown, T. (2005) "Innovative Final Year Design project-International Experience Makes a World of Difference", Journal of Engineering Design and Innovation (e-journal), Vol. 1E, 01E7.
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Ruwanpura, J.Y., Abourizk, S., and Allouche. (2005) "An analytical method to predict soil types for underground construction operations", Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 22 (1), 49-69.
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Jugdev, K., & Müller, R. (2005). “A retrospective look at our evolving understanding of project success”. Project Management Journal, 36 (4).
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Refereed Conference Proceedings Seneviratne, A., Ruwanpura, J.Y., and Lueke, J. (2005). "Planning Horizontal Directional Drilling Projects using Simulation", Proceedings of the NO-DIG 2005 Conference, Orlando, FL, April 2005.
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Gough, M. and Jergeas, G., "Case Study: A Methodology for Improving Organizational and Project Team Effectiveness on an Infrastructure Development Program", Proceeding of the CEIS 2005, Beirut, Lebanon, June 6-8, 2005.
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Jergeas, G., "Measuring and Monitoring Project Performance and Success", Proceeding of the ISEC-03 3rd International Structural Engineering and Construction Conference, Japan, September 2005.
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Lozon, J.P., Rankin, L.K. and Jergeas, G.F., "Detailed Execution Planning for large Oil and Gas Construction Projects", Proceeding of CSCE 6th Construction Specialty Conference, Toronto, ON, June, 2005.
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Ahmed, T., Ruwanpura, J.Y. and Clark, R. (2005), "Predicting Schedule and Cost Elements' Variation for EPC Projects in Alberta", Proceedings of the Construction Research Congress 2005, American Society of Civil Engineers, San Diego, CA, March 2005.
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Choy, E. and Ruwanpura, J.Y., (2005) "Situation Based Modeling for Construction Productivity" Proceedings of the Construction Research Congress 2005, American Society of Civil Engineers, San Diego, CA, March 2005.
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Hewage, K.N., and Ruwanpura, J.Y. (2005). "Most important worker motivational factors that impact the productivity of Alberta Construction Projects," Proceedings Of CSCE 6th Construction Specialty Conference, Toronto, June, 2005.
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Moussa, M., Ruwanpura, J.Y., and Jergeas, G.F. (2005). "Multi Level Integrated Stochastic Networks for Cost and Time Risk Assessment," Proceedings Of CSCE 6th Construction Specialty Conference, Toronto, June, 2005.
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Nazir, M.N., Ruwanpura, J.Y., and Day, R.L. (2005). "Comprehensive and Robust Quality Assurance System for Concrete Construction" Proceedings. of CSCE 6th Construction Specialty Conference, Toronto, June, 2005.
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Jugdev, K. (2005). “The VRIO Framework of Competitive Advantage: Preliminary research implications for innovation management”. Proceedings of the Portland International Conference on Technology Management: A unifying discipline for melting the boundaries, Portland, Oregon, JulyAugust 2005.
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Jugdev, K. (2005). “Project Management as a Strategic Asset: An Empirical Investigation of the Relationships between Tangible and Intangible Assets in Project Management and the Project Management Process as a Source of Competitive Advantage”. Proceedings of the Western Academy of Management, Las Vegas, Nevada, March - April 2005.
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Non Refereed Conference Proceedings Jergeas, George and Fahmi, Sami, "Ten Critical Principles for Successful Design-Build Project", Proceeding of the 49th Annual Meeting of AACE International, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, June 26-29, 2005.
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Journal Articles
Assessing and Managing the Potential Environmental Risks of Construction Projects S. Dione, Janaka Y. Ruwanpura and J. P. A. Hettiaratchi Abstract: Policy makers make key decisions regarding economic development, but engineers are central to the implementation of these policies. With the realization that economic development and environment are interlinked, engineers are well advised to ensure avoidance of adverse impacts on society and environment by adopting better practices during the design and implementation of construction projects. The objective of this paper is to present a project’s proponents and construction contractors with a framework to identify the environmental risks early in a project’s life so that a proper plan could be developed to mitigate the impact of them. The paper also discusses options currently available in Canada for environmental-type insurance and contractual liability indemnity clauses. A survey conducted among construction companies to assess current risk-management practices in the construction industry show that although many companies are concerned about the possible implications of environmental risks to their project, there still needs to be more emphasis on identification and mitigation of these risks and the need to have a comprehensive framework to properly identify and develop an action plan for environmental related risk issues. The current research trends to achieve these objectives are also outlined in the paper.
Innovative Final-year Design Project-International Experience Makes a World of Difference Janaka Y. Ruwanpura, Andrew MacIver and Thomas Brown Abstract: The Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Calgary is proud to be a leader in multi-disciplinary design education in Canada by bringing many facets to design education including internationalization. This design education makes significant contributions to university, industry, and society by developing innovative design solutions. This paper explains the novel approach adopted for the final-year civil engineering design course in 2002/3 using the largest urban renewal project currently underway in Europe, for which the students had the opportunity to develop designs. The concept, structure, challenges, contributions, and the successful outcome of the civil engineering design course are also explained in the paper.
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An analytical method to predict soil types for underground construction operations 2 Janaka Y. Ruwanpura, Simaan M. AbouRizk and Michael Allouche Abstract: Modeling uncertainty is generally considered to be a challenging task due to the nature and occurrence of unforeseen events. The prediction of soil types between the boreholes of a tunnel construction project is very uncertain in the current practice. The successful implementation of a special purpose tunneling simulation template for project planning and decision making for tunnel construction projects identified that the modeling of uncertainties such as soil conditions could provide better results. The prediction of soil types along the tunnel trajectory is discussed in this paper using an analytical method for construction purposes. The prediction of soil types and the combinations of soils from the surficial soil layer to the bottommost soil layer along the tunnel path has been successfully validated by applying the modeling concepts during geological exploration of an actual tunnel construction project in Edmonton. The modeling concept also assists in reducing the uncertainty between boreholes, thereby allowing prediction of the transitions of soils in the tunnel trajectory that are then implemented within a special purpose simulation template for tunnel construction operations to improve construction productivity assessment accuracy.
A Retrospective Look at Our Evolving Understanding of Project Success 3 K. Jugdev and R. Müller Our views on project success have changed over the years from definitions that were limited to the implementation phase of the project lifecycle to definitions that reflect an appreciation of success over the entire project and product lifecycle. This paper assesses our evolving understanding of project success over the past forty years and discusses conditions for success, critical success factors and success frameworks. The paper concludes with a holistic view of project success and its implications for practice. This is an important topic because projects are an increasingly common way of work, and the lines between project and process work are harder to discern. Increasingly, more project managers work in companies using program and portfolio management as a means to organize project related work. The success of individual projects, therefore, impacts the wider organization in several dimensions and makes the concept of project and project management success that much more relevant. The topic is also important because it has a bearing on the future directions of project management in the strategic context.
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Work undertaken at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.
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Work undertaken at Athabasca University, Alberta.
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Refereed Conference Proceedings
Planning Horizontal Directional Drilling Projects Using Simulation Asela Seneviratne, Janaka Y. Ruwanpura and Jason Lueke Abstract: Use of trenchless construction methods to install underground utilities has become popular in the construction field. Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD), in particular, is a very practical method under constrained situations. Because there are many risks involved in the HDD process, proper project planning will help project managers successfully deliver projects without additional cost or unnecessary delays. Simulation modeling is an effective tool for planning repetitive construction projects that involve uncertainties. This paper describes a special purpose simulation tool that was developed based on the HDD processes. This tool, which is an ongoing development, considers the construction processes involved in pilot borehole, reaming, and product installation. A great feature of this prototype tool is its ability to model different soil compositions and up to 48” diameter pipes. Project duration, amount of drilling fluid required for the project, drilling rate (minutes/pipe), and reaming rate (minutes/pipe) are sample outputs of the tool. Future embellishments of the tool include modeling of various uncertainties or constraints, such as lack of fluids, unexpected soil conditions, unforeseen geological fractures, instrument failures, weather conditions, and mud-recycling.
Measuring and Monitoring Project Performance and Success George F. Jergeas Abstract: Project success parameters need to be set at the outset of a project. Success parameters, such as delivery on time, within budget, and at the highest quality, give some direction to the project team. But how do stakeholders’ expectations, communication, or issue resolution affect a project’s success? Even a project that has met its cost, schedule, and quality targets can still be considered a failure. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of on-site testing of tools for measuring project performance or success on construction and engineering projects. The paper presents a tool that divides success into objective and subjective measures. Objective success measures are common to all projects and are hard measurements. Subjective success measures can vary from project to project and from phase to phase within a project. The paper also presents a mechanism for issue resolution that helps project teams avoid an adversarial approach.
Detailed Execution Planning Model for Large Oil and Gas Construction Projects L.K. Rankin, J.P. Lozon and George F. Jergeas Abstract: Recent large capital oil and gas construction projects in Alberta have experienced cost overruns. There are a number of reasons for this problem including: scope creep, insufficient pre-planning,
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inadequate project controls and lack of detailed execution planning. While no single solution will address all of these issues, this study focuses on the impact of detailed execution planning. The current industry practice for planning for large oil and gas construction projects is to develop construction work packages based on areas that can include up to 20% of the total project. It is believed that more comprehensive planning will increase the probability these projects will be completed on budget. It is normal industry practice in maintenance shutdowns to plan up to 2 years in advance for a 3 week shutdown. These shutdowns are required for safety and regulatory reasons and involve operating production facilities being taken offline for inspection and repair. This type of detailed execution planning must be adapted if it is to be applied to large oil and gas construction projects. A practitioner’s model has been developed to assist in implementing detailed execution planning for large oil and gas construction projects to be released to members of the Construction Owners Association of Alberta (COAA) in May 2005.
Predicting Schedule and Cost Elements’ Variation for EPC Projects in Alberta Tanveer N. Ahmed, Janaka Y. Ruwanpura, and Ross Clark Abstract: Planning and making advance decisions for an Engineering Procurement Construction (EPC) project is very critical because of the complexity of the project and the equal importance of major areas within engineering, procurement and construction. However, EPC projects, particularly in Alberta, have suffered from variances (or overruns) in cost and schedule in the last decade. Therefore, predicting an EPC project’s outcome to a certain degree of accuracy in terms of cost and schedule, based on historic data, could add value to EPC business. The research presented in this paper has two objectives. First, it identifies areas of major influence to the final project cost by ranking the generic EPC schedule elements that have been developed by the Construction Industry Institute (CII). Second, it analyzes historical project information and shows the relationships between variances that may occur during the project’s life cycle to predict the cost outcome of an EPC project.
Situation Based Modeling for Construction Productivity Eldon Choy and Janaka Y. Ruwanpura Abstract: Both published and unpublished reports show that, in construction projects, site productivity losses range from 40% - 60%. Productivity is an important issue in construction because of the interaction among labor, capital, materials, and equipment. Construction site operations are also very complex, and they involve complicated relationships among numerous tasks. During construction, various factors, obstacles, uncertainties, and triggering situations affect a site’s productivity within these relationships or tasks. Understanding the impact of various triggering situations on productivity could definitely improve the performance of and create value for the construction industry. The tool explained in this paper directly investigates and models these triggering situations to predict productivity using a modeling technique called situation-based simulation modeling. This tool and methodology could also model the cause-andeffect relationships among various triggering situations that previous construction models have ignored. The simulation results not only are able to predict productivity very closely to the actual productivity observed at construction sites, but also provide recommendations to mitigate problematic situations to improve productivity.
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Most Important Worker Motivational Issues that Impact Productivity of Alberta Construction Project K.N. Hewage and J.Y. Ruwanpura Abstract: Productivity is a complex issue in construction because of the interaction among labor, capital, materials, and equipment. Construction productivity depends heavily on the construction labour force. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the current research directions at the University of Calgary to improve construction productivity by investigating worker motivation and other human related issues. The research has identified 23 motives for the construction workers and developed a theoretical framework by modifying expectancy motivational theory. These motivational factors were prioritized using questionnaires, interviews, and site observations. During the research investigation period, workers were allowed to write or express their views using questionnaires. Each research participant was interviewed and continuously observed to strengthen the findings. The research evolved to investigate construction site communication and the use of information technology to improve productivity.
Multilevel Integrated Stochastic Networks for Cost and Time Risk Assessment Mohamed Moussa, Janaka Y. Ruwanpura and George F. Jergeas Abstract: This paper presents the outcome of a recent study for developing a simulation tool that integrates time and cost for assessing project risks using multilevel stochastic networks. A Decision Support Simulation System (DSSS) tool was developed to achieve the time-cost integration using the Special Purpose Simulation platform. The DSSS consists of three modules: Trees Analysis Networks (TAN), shortest and longest path Dynamic Programming Analysis Networks (DPAN),and Cost and Time Analysis Networks (CTAN). This paper’s objective is to demonstrate the network modeling concept embedded in CTAN and to show the benefits of the tool characteristics in incorporating risks associated with cost and time. The CTAN uses the Activity-on-Node networks concept with uncertainties in the realization of nodes; in the values of the network parameters (e.g. cost, durations, and scope); in the network logic; and in the realization and magnitude of risk events affecting the network. The CTAN integrates with other two DSSS modules; it treats cost, time, and scope as equally important and provides complete integration among them. The tool has been tested and used in the teaching environment.
Comprehensive and Robust Quality Assurance System for Concrete Construction M. N. Nazir, J.Y. Ruwanpura and R. L. Day Abstract: The quality of infrastructure built with concrete depends not only on the materials used but also on the construction process. It is often observed that poor construction leads to durability problems in many types of concrete structures before the end of their service life. Continued problems in concrete durability indicate a need for an effective quality assurance system. Quality of concrete needs to be controlled as a whole, from selecting materials, mix proportioning, mixing, transporting, placing, to curing, as opposed to the current fragmented approach. The paper presents current research that attempts to minimise these quality related issues through the design of a comprehensive and robust quality assurance system
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implemented using modern information technologies. The system integrates disperse quality-related data for a project from engineers, contractors, ready-mix suppliers, delivery and quality control staff; and provides a unified information source for all its users. The system further provides data analysis for QC, documents concreting processes and assures compliance with applicable standards. It is expected that this system will minimise the potential for human error in concreting practices and reduce wastage of fresh concrete resulting from QC/QA concerns. Overall, the system is expected to improve the quality of construction by increasing efficiency of communication between the stakeholders.
The VRIO Framework of Competitive Advantage: Preliminary research implications for innovation management 4 K. Jugdev Abstract: Inventions, innovations, and creativity are cornerstones of technology-based industries. Organizations working in technology-intensive industries must constantly balance creativity with order and innovation with efficiency. In this paper, I focus on organizational innovations as potential sources of competitive advantage. Strategic assets can be assessed with the VRIO framework. Strategic assets are “Valuable” (important), “Rare” (unique), “Inimitable” (hard to copy), and involve an “Organizational Focus” (VRIO). I am currently using the VRIO framework to assess project management as a source of competitive advantage. The approach I am using to assess project management can be applied to research on organizational innovations. The paper discusses the appropriate use of innovation dimensions, the use of innovation process performance as the dependent variable, and the selection of independent variables. The paper is relevant to innovation researchers interested in using the Resource Based View lens to study organizational innovations as a source of competitive advantage.
Project Management as a Strategic Asset: An Empirical Investigation of the Relationships between Tangible and Intangible Assets in Project Management and the Project Management Process as a Source of Competitive Advantage K. Jugdev Abstract: Increasingly, companies are turning to project management because successful project management practices contribute to improved performance. A firm’s strategic assets contribute to its competitive position when the resources are “Valuable” (important), “Rare” (unique), “Inimitable” (hard to copy), and “Organizational” (involve management support, processes, and systems) (VRIO). We know that strategic assets tend to be knowledge-based and that project management involves a mix of practices based on tangible and intangible assets. Examples of tangible assets in project management include methodologies, databases, and software; key examples of intangible assets are tacit knowledge sharing and social capital. The problem is that most of the literature has focused on tangible project management assets as a source of competitive advantage and the role of intangible assets in helping project management become a source of competitive advantage remains to be explored. Within the VRIO framework, an investment in tangible project management assets primarily enhances the “valuable” (V) and the “organizational” (O) dimensions. As tangible assets are not rare, competing firms can mimic them so such 4
Work undertaken at Athabasca University, Alberta.
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investments do not help firms improve their strategic positions. We propose that only the intangible assets of project management helps make project management “rare” (R) and “inimitable” (I). Intangible assets can be valuable, rare, inimitable, and have an organizational focus (VRIO). We propose that making project management a source of competitive advantage depends on the extent to which the company specifically develops and supports intangible assets. In this study, we test our theoretical framework to compare project management practices at companies that focus primarily on tangible project management assets in contrast to those companies that emphasize intangible assets. We posit that companies that support intangible assets will have a stronger VRIO profile than their counterparts. This is an important topic because successful project management contribute to improved business results.
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Year 2004
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Contents Journal Articles Hartman, F.T. and Ashrafi, R. (2004) "Development of the SMART Project Planning Framework", International Journal of Project Management, 22(6); 499-510.
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Ruwanpura, J.Y., AbouRizk, S.M. and Allouche, M. (2004). "Analytical Methods to Reduce Uncertainty in Tunnel Construction Projects", Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, NRC Canada, 31, 345-360.
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Ruwanpura, J.Y., Ariaratnam S. and El-Assaly, A. (2004) "Prediction Models for Sewer Infrastructure using Rule Based Simulation." Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, Taylor and Francis, 21 (3), 169-185.
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Jugdev, K. (2004). “Through the Looking Glass: Examining Theory Development in Project Management with the Resource-Based View Lens”. Project Management Journal, 35(3), 15-26.
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Refereed Conference Proceedings Ruwanpura, J.Y. and Ariaratnam, Samuel T. (2004). "Cost Forecast Models For Sewer Rehabilitation", Proceedings of the NO-DIG 2004 Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, March, 2004.
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Hewage, K.N. and Ruwanpura, J.Y. (2004) “Optimization of Traffic Signal Light Timing Using Simulation” Proceedings of the 2004 Winter Simulation Conference R. G. Ingalls, M. D. Rossetti, J. S. Smith, and B. A. Peters, eds., Washington DC, Dec. 2004., 1428-1433.
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Jugdev, K. (2004). “Research issues: A conceptual look at project management as a source of competitive advantage”. Proceedings of the Administrative Sciences Association of Canada, Quebec City, Quebec June 2004.
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Jugdev, K. (2004). “Project Management as a Strategic Asset: What does it look like and how do companies get there?” Proceedings of the 3rd Project Management Research Conference, London, England, July 2004.
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Condon, E. and Hartman, F. (2004) "The Project Game", Proc. of IRNOP VI Turku, Finland. August.
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Hirst, G. and Ruwanpura, J.Y. (2004) "Simulation Tool to Select the Most Optimum Route for Pipeline Projects", Proc. Of IPC 2004 International Pipeline Conference, Calgary, Oct. 2004
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Howe, T. and Ruwanpura, J.Y. (2004). "The Land Forces Equipment Support Model", In Proceeding of the Modeling and Simulation 2004 – 15th IASTED International Conference, Marina Del Rey, Feb/March 2004, 36-41
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Moussa, M., Ruwanpura, J.Y. and Jergeas, G.F. (2004) "Decision Tree Module within Decision Support Simulation System," Proceedings of the 2004 Winter Simulation Conference R. G. Ingalls, M. D. Rossetti, J. S. Smith, and B. A. Peters, eds., Washington DC, Dec. 2004., 1268-1276.
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Non Refereed Conference Proceedings Condon, E. and Hartman, F. (2004) "Playing the Game", Proc. of PMI Research Conference, PMI, London, UK. July 2004.
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Condon, E. and Hartman, F. (2004) "Playing Games", Proceedings of the AACE International 48th Annual Conference, June 2004.
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Hassan, J., Brown, T. and Jergeas, G. (2004) "Limit of Top Reinforcement Length for the Double-Intensity Hillerborg's Corner Supported Element", Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Saskatoon, June 2004.
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Jergeas, G. (2004) "Accelerating Change in Construction Project Delivery", Proceedings of the AACE International 48th Annual Conference, Washington, D.C., June 2004.
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Krahn, J. and Hartman, F.T. (2004) "Important Leadership Competencies for Project Managers: The fit between competencies and project characteristics", Proceedings of the PMI Research Conference 2004, London, England, July 2004.
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Ohman, K., Hettiaratchi, P., Achari, G., Ruwanpura, J., and Balakrishnan, J. (2004). "Applying the Analytical Hierarchy Process to Prioritize Landfill Design and Operation Parameters", In Proceeding of the CSCE Annual Conference, Saskatoon., June 2004.
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Prado, B., Hettiaratchi, P., Ruwanpura, J., Chandrakanthi, M., and Lendzion, C. (2004) "Waste Generation Predictions and Promotion of Sustainable Construction Practices", In Proceeding of the CSCE Annual Conference, Saskatoon, June 2004.
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Journal Articles
Development of the SMART™ Project Planning Framework Francis Hartman and Rafi Ashrafi Abstract: This paper presents work on development and testing of the SMART™ Project Planning framework. It is based on research into causes of both project failure and success. An empirical study of what industry practitioners think is important for effective project planning formed the basis of the study. Using this study, and other resources, a planning approach was developed that was designed to be holistic, integrated and risk sensitive. Field tests of the approach on live projects followed. The framework presents a unified approach to project planning, integrating both hard and soft aspects, enhancing current tools and techniques, and improving the project planning process by providing internal validation. Competence in project planning is reinforced as a cornerstone to effectively managing and leading projects.
Analytical methods to reduce uncertainty in tunnel construction projects 5 Janaka Y. Ruwanpura, Simaan M. AbouRizk and Michael Allouche Abstract: This paper presents a method to quantify uncertainty using simulation techniques and approximate geotechnical methods. Unknown soil conditions are major contributors to uncertainty in any underground construction project. Soil conditions are unknown because generally soil samples taken from vertical boreholes show only the soils present in the discrete borehole locations. The soil profiles between the boreholes therefore contribute to project uncertainty, and construction practitioners must make assumptions about these soil profiles for construction planning and scheduling purposes. Analytical and simulation methods are presented to accurately predict soil profiles between boreholes and reduce uncertainty in a “rough and ready” fashion. These methods use existing borehole data to create an analytical model for soil prediction, which is then incorporated with a process interaction simulation model of the construction project using special purpose simulation concepts and advanced geotechnical characterization techniques. The application of these methods to an Edmonton tunnel construction project is also detailed. Construction engineers or managers can use these simulation methods to strengthen the geological data obtained for the construction project.
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Work undertaken at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.
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Prediction Models for Sewer Infrastructure Utilizing Rule-Based Simulation Janaka Y. Ruwanpura, Samuel T. Ariaratnam and Ashraf El-Assaly Abstract: Management of infrastructure projects is becoming increasingly challenging due to inherent uncertainties. The most effective way to deal with uncertainty is to collect supplementary information and knowledge. When expensive or infeasible, quantification of uncertainty may be performed using analytical or simulation techniques. The City of Edmonton, Canada has approximately 4600 km of sewer pipes in the combined, sanitary, and storm sewer local systems with uncertainty issues related to deterioration. The City has taken a proactive approach with respect to sewer rehabilitation, as it is more cost-effective to repair a defective pipe prior to failure rather than after a collapse. This article demonstrates an approach for predicting the condition of a sewer pipe and the related cost of rehabilitation, given the limited data. Three models are described in this article that are developed to assist the City of Edmonton to effectively plan maintenance expenditure. Each model uses a combination of rule-based simulation and probability analysis to assist in the planning of future expenditures for sewer maintenance, thereby producing an invaluable planning tool.
Through the Looking Glass: Examining Theory Development in Project Management with the Resource-Based View Lens 6 K. Jugdev Project management is a young discipline and young disciplines tend to lack well-developed theories. This paper examines several topics that help with theory development – the use of a common terminology and holistic frameworks, the importance of avoiding tautologies, and the merits of analogies. To guide the process, the paper draws from a recent empirical study that used the Resource-Based View to study project management as a strategic asset. The paper discusses how these four topics that contribute to theory development were managed in the study. Applying theory construction practices enables us to be more aware of the challenges related to research and improves our understanding of variables as used in conceptual and empirical papers. By applying the Resource-Based View to project management, the paper also shows how we can improve our understanding of project management as a source of competitive advantage.
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Work undertaken at Athabasca University, Alberta.
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Refereed Conference Proceedings
Cost Forecast Models for Sewer Rehabilitation Janaka Y. Ruwanpura, and Samuel T. Ariaratnam Abstract: Predicting and evaluating the future condition of underground infrastructure systems has become a necessity for municipalities as they try to strategically plan for short-term and long-term budget allocation. Current practice is to first assess the condition of sewer lines and then translate these ratings into predictive models although there are too many uncertainties such as aging process of certain materials, surrounding soil conditions, etc. The most effective way to deal with uncertainty is to collect supplementary information and knowledge. When expensive or infeasible, quantification of uncertainty may be performed using analytical or simulation techniques. The City of Edmonton, Canada has approximately 4600 km of sewer pipes in the combined, sanitary and storm sewer local systems with uncertainty issues related to deterioration. The City has taken a proactive approach with respect to sewer rehabilitation, as it is more cost-effective to repair a defective pipe prior to failure rather than after a collapse. This paper demonstrates an approach to predicting the condition of a sewer pipe and the related cost of rehabilitation given limited data. The specific model explains in the paper deals with prediction of the condition rating of a pipe based on the current condition using rule based simulation.
Optimization of Traffic Signal Light Timing Using Simulation Kasun N. Hewage and Janaka Y. Ruwanpura Abstract: Traffic congestion is one of the worst problems in many countries. Traffic congestion wastes a huge portion of the national income for fuel and traffic-related environmental and socioeconomic problems. Computer simulation is a powerful tool for analyzing complex and dynamic scenarios. It provides an appealing approach to analyze repetitive processes. Simulation helps decision makers identify different possible options by analyzing enormous amounts of data. Hence, computer simulation can be used effectively to analyze traffic flow patterns and signal light timing. This paper discusses a special-purpose simulation (SPS) tool for optimize traffic signal light timing. The simulation model is capable of optimizing signal light timing at a single junction as well as an actual road network with multiple junctions. It also provides signal light timing for certain time periods according to traffic demand. Traffic engineers at the University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka are testing the developed tool for actual applications.
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Research issues: A conceptual look at project management as a source of competitive advantage 7 K. Jugdev Abstract: As a knowledge-based asset, project management contributes to firm performance. Since there is little research on project management as a strategic asset, this paper discusses conceptual issues within the Resource Based View. The paper proposes a research design to examine the relationships between codified and tacit knowledge in project management and its strategic asset profile.
Project Management as a Strategic Asset: What does it look like and how do companies get there? K. Jugdev Abstract: In the global marketplace, companies are increasingly turning to project management as a way of work and the discipline is gaining ground as an important organizational asset. Strategic assets are vital to a firm’s strategy and its competitive advantage position. Strategic assets are a firm’s heterogeneous resource bundles that are valuable, rare, inimitable, and have an organizational focus. Although the connection between strategy and project management is relatively new, it is germane to many organizations from a competitive advantage perspective. Within the strategy literature, the Resource-Based View (RBV) of the firm focuses on a company’s internal assets as sources of advantage. Project management is a knowledge-based organizational asset and most strategic assets are knowledge-based versus physical or financial. Drawing from the findings of a mixed-methods multiple-case study, this paper explores project management as a strategic asset. The paper examines the characteristics of a strategic asset in project management and the processes companies use to develop and sustain the advantage. The paper begins with a brief overview on the RBV. Then, the paper focuses on the research questions and outlines the methodology used. Following the case study approach, the paper presents key findings and discusses them with a particular focus on what a strategic asset in project management looks like and how companies achieve it. The paper concludes with some insights from theoretical, research, and practical viewpoints.
Simulation Tool to Select the Most Optimum Route for Pipeline Projects Gary Hirst and Janaka Y. Ruwanpura The decisions made during the process of selecting the route of pipeline are very critical to the project. Unfortunately, the decision is often complicated by the numerous variables that must be considered and the uncertainty of estimated costs. When choosing the pipeline route a project manager must balance the likely capital cost of the pipeline with the risks inherent in the chosen route. Ideally, a project manager would investigate numerous alternatives to fully explore the merits of various pipeline routes (including the level of risk) prior to making his final decision. This paper presents a project manager with a simulation tool to effectively and efficiently model the costs associated with various pipeline routes. The model is designed to 7
Work undertaken at Athabasca University, Alberta.
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be user friendly by replicating the usual decision-making process as much as possible. The model uses a graphical interface that promotes the rapid analysis of numerous alternatives and provides opportunities to investigate in detail the various aspects of a pipeline route. The model output includes a calculation of the costs of the alternative, a statistical analysis of the risks of the project and information that can be used to establish the confidence level of a pipeline target price.
The Land Forces Equipment Support Model Thomas Howe and Janaka Y. Ruwanpura Abstract: Modeling real life is challenging, as the model is an abstraction of the real system. In the battlefield, operational availability has a direct bearing on the combat effectiveness of the deployed forces, and its equipment. The Land Forces Equipment Support Model provides a recent development of a Special Purpose Simulation tool that allows military logisticians without any knowledge of simulation to model a deployment in order to optimize operations and equipment availability. This paper focuses on the support of electronic equipment used by the Army in the field. The tool also allows users to vary the number and location of spares, the types of maintenance activities performed at the various support levels, re-supply scenarios, and transportation times between support organizations. The future enhancements are outlined in the paper to demonstrate the future directions of the development of this tool. SPS has been defined as "a computer-based environment built to enable a practitioner who is knowledgeable in a given domain, but not necessarily in simulation, to model a project within that domain in a manner where symbolic representations, navigation schemes within the environment, creation of model specifications, and reporting are completed in a format native to the domain itself" (Hajjar and AbouRizk, 1999). The LFESM Template is an SPS tool developed using Simphony that utilizes the hierarchical structure, general purpose modeling elements, and directly programmed modeling element features of Simphony to extend the application of this powerful simulation tool into a completely new domain. The LFESM exemplifies the inherent flexibility of Simphony as a simulation tool that can be applied in a number of application domains. It is a powerful tool that can be used to support military logistics decision-making.
Decision Tree Module within Decision Support Simulation System Mohamed Moussa, Janaka Y. Ruwanpura and George F. Jergeas Abstract: Decision trees are one of the most easy to use tools in decision analysis. Problems where decision tree branches are based on random variables have not received much attention. This paper introduces a successful application of a Special Purpose Simulation (SPS) program in developing a Decision Tree module that is part of a unified Decision Support System (DSS) template. The DSS template consists of three modules: Decision Tree (DT), shortest and longest path Dynamic Programming (DP) Network, and Cost / Time (CT) Estimate network. The DT module integrates with other modules and allows users to model decision trees with variables that are based on probabilistic random numbers. This paper introduces the DSS-DT module and shows its advantages.
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Non-Refereed Conference Proceedings
Playing the Game E. Condon, and F. Hartman Abstract: Projects are recognized as key building blocks in the growth of organizations. Research into the connection between projects, project strategy, and corporate strategy is growing as a field of study. But corporate strategy will only be successful if it is supported by successful projects. The challenge for many organizations is achieving such success, given that the historical performance of many projects, especially major projects, has not been good. In fact, the failure rate on major projects, especially large engineering projects (LEPs), threatens to bring the whole concept of major projects, and project management, into disrepute at a time when more major projects than ever are being conceived and built. While research on project performance has focused extensively on improving project management practices, perhaps there are other factors at play that contribute to the failure of major projects. It may be that the seeds for project failure are sown when projects are initially estimated and approved. Initial underestimation, through the use of optimistic estimates, and continued delay in acknowledging true costs until projects reach a point of no return, likely contribute in a significant manner to project cost overruns, and thereby real or perceived project failure. This paper will look at the players involved in estimate development, describe potential drivers for the use of optimistic estimates, and examine the interaction between project sponsors and other players involved in project development. It will investigate the role senior management plays, review the relationship between optimistic estimates and cost overruns, outline a series of actions which support the continued underestimation of costs as projects are executed, and explore the perception of project success based on adherence to estimated budgets. The paper will also provide details on the planned research work that the author intends to pursue in the coming years through participation in a PhD program.
Playing Games E. Condon and F. Hartman Abstract: Various factors related to the underestimation of projects are discussed. Underestimation can occur on a project due to several reasons such as liars contest, that occurs during early contract negotiations. It is suggested that underestimation may be deliberately used to secure approval of major projects that might not be economically justified otherwise. It is also suggested that to understand why underestimation occur, it is necessary to look at the participants involved and their possible motivations for creating, abetting or accepting optimistic estimates.
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Limit of Top Reinforcement Length for the Double-Intensity Hillerborg’s Corner-Supported Element J. Hassan, T. Brown and G. Jergeas Abstract: Hillerborg’s Advanced Strip Method is intended for use for the design of slabs supported as a whole, or in part, by columns. The corner-supported element is the heart of the Advanced Strip Method. The double-intensity corner-supported element is the most practical and economical configuration for application to interior columns supported slabs than others. This paper provides an overview of the application of the method to determine the theoretical curtailment length of top reinforcement in flat plates. The approach requires the assessment of the ? values used to weight five different distribution options. This paper presents an example that establishes the ? values behind the corner supported element and, determines the theoretical location of bar curtailment in the double-intensity corner-supported element. The negative bending moment diagram for the element can be drawn, based on ? values. The paper concludes that the use of the bending moment diagram is more rigorous than Hillerborg’s general recommendation of 0.6 times the span length of the element. The paper also shows that the ? values are not unique and that different sets of ? values can result in different interior behavior for the corner-supported element, in spite of having same edge moments. The overall conclusion of this paper is that the closer the behavior of the element is to the elastic behavior, the better the design.
Accelerating Change in Construction Project Delivery G. Jergeas Abstract: The implementation of project alignment frameworks to achieve the objective of delivering projects successfully within agreed cost and schedule parameters through more effective and structured management of projects is discussed. The process of aligning project players entails a considerable up-front investment in time and resources to forge a common team identity among participants from different organizations. It also involves the creation of mechanisms designed to sustain and expand collaboration over the course of the project. The process can take many different shapes and forms, depending on the nature of the project and contract, the number of organizations involved, and their prior experience working together.
Important Leadership Competencies for Project Managers: The fit between competencies and project characteristics J. Krahn, and F.T. Hartman Abstract: Would it not be wonderful if we always had confidence in our ability to deliver a project with resounding success – AND have that confidence was fully justified? Beyond the tools and techniques for planning and managing the project, this level of confidence would require knowing that the project – with its team, in its context, and with its characteristics – was a good match with the skills and experience of its project manager. To be in such a strong position requires a greater understanding of what it takes by way of leadership competencies to achieve success. This is what the research in this paper is about. The paper presents selected results from the first round of study and explains what the expected outcome will be of subsequent work.
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Applying the Analytical Hierarchy Process to Prioritize Landfill Design and Operation Parameters K. Ohman, P. Hettiaratchi, J. Ruwanpura, J. Balakrishnan, and G. Achari Abstract: The application of scientifically based decision making tools to help address environmental problems has been in place since the 1960's. Opportunities exist to use these management science tools to further address difficult and challenging engineering design and operational concerns. Recently, simulation modelling was used in waste management applications for construction and demolition debris recycling. As well, research is being conducted in some areas to use operations research tools to help optimize landfill design and operating parameters. This paper discusses the application of another type of decision making tool, the analytical hierarchy process, to address priority ranking for various landfill engineering design and operating parameters. In this application, the analytical hierarchy process is conceptually designed to rank and prioritize economic and environmental parameters for landfill design and operations. The result is a form of sensitivity analysis that can be site specific and sensitive to climate, geography, and in developing or developed countries. It can also be potentially utilized as a risk management tool by engineers and practitioners working in the landfill area.
Waste Generation Predictions and Promotion of Sustainable Construction Practices Bolivar Prado, Patrick Hettiaratchi, Janaka Ruwanpura, Mala Chandrakanthi and Charles Lendzion
Abstract: A continuous increase in the generation of construction waste and limited landfill capacity is a growing concern for planners, municipalities, governments and environmental institutions. Construction waste constitutes of material with high potential for reuse or recycling such as wood, metal, drywall, rubble, concrete, cardboard, plastics, etc. These materials are traditionally disposed at landfills. Waste that goes to landfills from construction sites can be reduced if on-site construction waste is minimized and best practices are applied. This paper discusses the implementation of a waste management strategy during the construction of a new building. The aim of this work is to present a critical analysis on the importance of assessing the potential for construction waste minimization and recycling. The data obtained during the construction of a four-story research facility with a floor area of 6,420 m2 were analyzed based on activities performed according to the construction schedule. The methodology used to identify and quantify the daily and weekly waste generation from different activities is explained. A statistical analysis was carried out to generate a probabilistic model to predict the waste generation based on the construction activity schedule. The purpose of this model is to help in the decision making process when dealing with the waste generated at construction sites.
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Year 2003
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Contents Published in Refereed Journals Zaghloul, R. and Hartman, F.T. (2003) "Construction contracts: the cost of mistrust", International Journal of Project Management, 2003 (21): 419-424.
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Refereed Conference Proceedings Carrillo, P., Robinson, H. and Hartman, F.T. (2003) "Knowledge Management Strategies: Learning from other Sectors", Proceedings of Construction Research Congress, Winds of Change: Integration and Innovation in Construction, Honolulu, HI., United States, March 2003.
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Fernando, S, Er, K.C., Mohamed, Y., AbouRizk, S, and Ruwanpura, J.Y. (2003). "A Review of Simulation Applications for Varying Demands in Tunneling." Proceedings of Construction Research Congress, Winds of Change: Integration and Innovation in Construction, Honolulu, HI., United States, March 2003.
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Ruwanpura, J.Y., Ariaratnam, S. and El-Assaly, A. (2003) "Rule Based Simulation Models for Sewer Infrastructure." Proceedings of Construction Research Congress, Winds of Change: Integration and Innovation in Construction, Honolulu, HI., United States, March 2003.
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Liberda, M., Ruwanpura, J.Y., Jergeas, G. (2003) “Construction Productivity Improvement: A Study of Human, Management and External Issues”, Proceedings of Construction Research Congress, Winds of Change: Integration and Innovation in Construction, Honolulu, HI., United States, March 2003.
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Non Refereed Conference Proceedings Condon, E. (2003) "The Project Game", Proceedings of the PM Days '03 Practice Conference: Projects and Emotions, Vienna, Austria, Oct. Eghbal, E., Ruwanpura, J.Y. (2003) “Gorgan Method: A Framework To Manage Small Oil And Gas Projects” 5th Construction Specialty Conference of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Moncton, NouveauBrunswick, June 2003. Ruwanpura, J.Y., Meek, D., Nutting, T., Hamlin, J., Timler, M. and Greaves D. (2003) “Most Significant Causes of Rework Due to Engineering Deliverables” 5th Construction Specialty Conference of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Moncton, Nouveau-Brunswick, June 2003.
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Ruwanpura, J.Y., Prado, B., and Hettiarachchi, J.P. (2003). "A Computer Simulation Model to Predict Waste Generation and Promote Sustainable Construction Practices at Construction Sites" Proceedings of CSCE Environmental Specialty Conference, Moncton, N.B., June 2003.
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Hartman, F.T., "Business Emotions on Renegade Projects", Proceedings of the PM Days '03 Practice Conference: Projects and Emotions, Vienna, Austria, October 2003.
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Illincuta, A and Jergeas, G., "A Practical Approach to Managing Multiple Small projects", Proceedings of the AACEI Annual Conference, Orlando, Florida, June 2003.
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Jergeas, G., "Project Partnering: A Case Study", Proceedings of the IPMA 2003 Conference, Moscow, Russia, June 2003.
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Minassian, V. and Jergeas, G., "Exploration Risk Management and Business Development in the Petroleum Industry", Proceedings of the AACEI Annual Conference, Orlando, Florida, June 2003.
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Ohman, K., Hettiaratchi, P, Balakrishnan, J. and Ruwanpura, J. (2003). "Current Status of Operations Research Modeling in Landfill Design and Operation." Proceedings of the 45th annual conference of the Canadian Operational Research Society, Vancouver, BC, May 2003.
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Ruwanpura, J.Y. (2003)."A structured and logical framework for risk analysis and simulation for project management" Proceedings of the PMISAC Symposium 2003, Calgary.
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Ruwanpura, J.Y., Liberda, M., and Jergeas, G. (2003)."Most critical human factors that affect the productivity of Alberta construction projects" Proceedings of the PMI-SAC Symposium 2003, Calgary.
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Shlah, Z., and Jergeas, G. (2003) "Integration Projects - A Unique Project Breed", Proceedings of the PMI-SAC Symposium, May 2003, Calgary.
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Published in Refereed Journals
Construction contracts: The cost of mistrust Ramy Zaghloul and Francis Hartman Abstract: Current contractual relationships are mainly based on confrontational situations that reflect the level of trust (or mistrust) in the contract documents. This can be the driver to increase the total cost of a specific project and affect the overall relationship between the contracting parties. This has been tested in the construction industry in Canada, and appears to be generalizable across North America. Based on two independent surveys (including the one presented in this paper) of Owners, Consultants and Contractors across Canada, the assessed premium associated with the five most commonly used exculpatory clauses in construction is between 8 and 20% in a seller's market. It should be obvious that trust and contracting methods are related and that this relationship is of vital importance to effective project management and contract administration. To date, little work has been done to explore the advantages of this relationship. This paper presents some of the results of a survey conducted across the Canadian construction industry that identifies some opportunities for better risk allocation mechanism and contracting strategies that are based on a trust relationship between the contracting parties. These opportunities are based on a trust relationship that can be the root cause for a significant saving in the annual bill for construction.
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Refereed Conference Proceedings
Knowledge Management Strategies: Learning from Other Sectors Patricia Carrillo, H. Robinson and F.T. Hartman Abstract: Knowledge Management is of strategic importance to organisations wishing to remain competitive. Construction organizations rely extensively on their knowledge assets, expertise and human capital to undertake construction projects. This paper adopts a case study methodology in order to provide comparisons between the KM strategies adopted by UK construction companies and Canadian oil and gas companies. Detailed interviews were held with senior officials in both the UK construction organisations and the Canadian oil and gas organizations. The paper focuses on how KM strategies are developed, the processes and resources utilized. The paper finds that there is little difference between the UK and Canadian approaches. Some organizations are very much aware of the different interpretations of knowledge management whilst some do not use the terminology “knowledge management.” The paper also finds a strong reliance on IT-centred solutions with less regard given to the dissemination of tacit knowledge through non-IT mechanisms.
A Review of Simulation Applications for Varying Demands in Tunneling 8 S. Fernando, K.C. Er, Y. Mohamed, S. AbouRizk, and J. Ruwanpura Abstract: Simphony is a simulation-modeling environment that may be applied to many aspects and fields within construction engineering and management. Simphony has the ability to provide decision support services for a variety of problems arising during the project life cycle. The focus of this paper will be given to tunnel construction by detailing the application of Simphony on three separate projects. These examples address the special purpose simulation templates within Simphony, and their use in addressing real life concerns regarding estimation, planning, risk analysis, and refining of the construction process. Discussion includes details of these example projects and the cost benefits identified.
Rule Based Simulation Models for Sewer Infrastructure Janaka Ruwanpura and Samuel T. Ariaratnam Abstract: Predicting and evaluating the future condition of underground infrastructure systems has become a necessity for municipalities as they try to strategically plan for short-term and long-term budget allocation. Current practice is to first assess the condition of sewer lines and then translate these ratings into predictive models. Numerous predictive analytical modeling techniques have been utilized including the use of straight-line extrapolation, regression models, Markovian models, non-linear regression, artificial 8
Work undertaken at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
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neural networks, and simulation. This paper presents the methodology of a model concluded very recently using rule based simulation to predict the condition rating of the local sewer network maintained by the City of Edmonton, Alberta.
Construction Productivity Improvement: A Study of Human, Management and External Issues Markus Liberda, Janaka Ruwanpura and George Jergeas Abstract: Advancements in construction are concentrated largely on producing innovative practices to perform construction projects in an efficient and timely manner. Understanding the relationship between performance on the job site and level of productivity is important to develop best and innovative practices to improve construction productivity. This paper explains the ongoing research project within Alberta construction industry to identify the most critical aspects in terms of human, external and management issues that affect construction productivity. The pilot study interviewed very experienced personnel from the construction sector not only to prioritize the factors but also to identify the measurement criteria to improve future construction projects. The second phase of the research and the deliverables are also outlined in the paper.
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Non-Refereed Conference Proceedings
The Project Game E. Condon Abstract: Due to the interdependence of the owner, consultant and contractor parties involved in the development, approval and execution of projects, many projects are knowingly approved based on unrealistic and unachievable cost and schedule targets, and they are predestined to fail. This is the “Project Game.” This paper describes the Project Game concept, and uses game theory to understand why this phenomenon occurs. It will look at the roles of the game players, their strategies, and what constitutes a game win or loss. It will also look
Gorgan Method: A Framework to Manage Small Oil and Gas Projects E. Eghbal and J.Y. Ruwanpura Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to identify the best applicable method that contributes the effective management of small projects in the oil and gas industry. The projects in this huge industry are of different sizes and can be completed within a few months to a couple of years, and they have various kinds of implementation and execution. The scope, duration and cost of the project can vary based on the location of the project, nature of the project and the time required for execution and construction. To manage the small projects in the oil and gas industry, a new method termed the "Gorgan Method" is developed with its related monitoring and reviewing tool called the “Diamond concept.” The "Gorgan Method" focuses on the small projects and introduces a framework for implementation of the projects during the project life cycle in order to complete them within a predetermined time frame and budget. This model can then be used for managing and monitoring the different levels and stages of a small project from the preliminary design to final start up and commissioning. The “Gorgan Method” includes these sections and deliverables: Gates, Levels (phases) and, Category Cost Estimates. The “Diamond Method” of the “Gorgan Method”, reviews and monitors the executed project in the four main concepts including Scope, Time, Cost, and Quality.
Most Significant Causes of Rework Due to Engineering Deliverables J.Y. Ruwanpura, D. Meek, T. Nutting, J. Hamlin, M. Timler, and D. Greaves Abstract: Construction Owners Association of Alberta (COAA) Field Rework Committee is developing industry Best Practices for reducing and preventing construction field rework. As part of this mandate, a sub-committee of rework is assigned to identify the most significant causes for rework due to engineering deliverables and to develop best practices. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the prioritization of the most critical rework issues related to engineering deliverables assessed by experienced construction project management experts in the industrial construction sector of Alberta. The root cause analysis and influence diagrams developed by the rework sub-committee of Construction Owners Association of Alberta under major sub-headings of Errors and Omissions in Engineering Work Packages, Late Design Changes,
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Project Document Controls and Scope Changes are explained in the paper. The sub-committee’s goals to develop best practices are also outlined in the paper.
A Computer Simulation Model to Predict Waste Generation and Promote Sustainable Construction Practices at Construction Sites J. Ruwanpura, B. Prado and P. Hettiaratchi Abstract: Serious direct and indirect environmental adverse impacts are envisaged from the production of solid waste at construction sites. Whilst there is some interest among construction engineers to apply Sustainable Development (SD) principles during planning and implementation of construction projects, there is little existing protocols or methods to help them in this regard. This paper provides information on the development of a simulation model to determine solid waste generation at a construction site. The paper also provides a protocol to use the simulation model results in the development of practices and protocols to allow construction activity to contribute towards sustainable development.
Business Emotions on Renegade Projects F.T. Hartman Abstract: This paper presents the nature of a Renegade Project and describes how the Project Game is played on these Renegade Projects. Where the Project Game is played we see more emotional rather than just rational behaviour. This makes the process of understanding what is happening harder, and the tools for traditional project management (based entirely on rational thinking) fall apart on us. Using empirical evidence from project management cases, tests using the Ultimatum Game and MRI imaging of the brain during the game-playing as well as other evidence, the builds a case to explain what is happening and how to use fourth level Project Management skills to deliver success under these conditions. First level skills are based on experience. Second level skills require, in addition, competence. Third level skills add integrity and fourth level skills add intuition.
A Practical Approach to Managing Multiple Small Projects Adrian Ilincuta and George F. Jergeas Abstract: A practical approach for managing multiple small projects is presented. The approach has two main components: time management and process flow management. The project manager is considered as the single point contact for the whole process. The use of basic project management tools such as scheduling and cost estimates is made. The approach resulted in the reduction of life cycle of the projects and improved team work and communication.
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Exploration Risk Management and Business Development in the Petroleum Industry Varoujan K. Minassian and George F. Jergeas Abstract: A report on exploration of risk management and business development in the petroleum industry is presented. Risk in petroleum projects are generated from two main levels of environment: immediate level of risk environment such as large and complex projects risks, risks associated with conceptual difficulty, risks of managing projects by an external agency and risks of failure by contractors. Within the oil and gas sector there is continual and detailed management of risks conducted at all stages of a project life cycle from feasibility to decommissioning.
Current Status of Operations Research Modeling in Landfill Design and Operation K. Ohman, P. Hettiaratchi, J. Balakrishnan and J. Ruwanpura Abstract: The application of operational research tools to optimize landfill design and operational components is in its infancy. Although, these tools have been used to help address environmental situations for some time, applying them to the landfill area is quite a new application for these techniques. Some work has been done in the life cycle analysis of landfills, some on the optimal scheduling of solid waste collection systems, and more recent work has focused on simulating recycling efforts from construction sites. This paper will briefly discuss the application of operational research tools as optimization techniques in general, and focus on an associated literature review regarding landfill design and operation. A general explanation of landfill design and operations from a performance based approach will be provided to help provide some background to the paper and presentation.
A Structured and Logical Framework for Risk Analysis and Simulation for Project Management Janaka Ruwanpura Abstract: Project risks are possibilities of occurring losses to a project that could have many negative impacts. Risks prevail throughout the life cycle of a project in many different categories such as political, social, environmental, construction, etc. Uncertainty is considered to be “the gap between the information required to estimate an outcome and the information already possessed by the decision maker.” Risk and uncertainty, therefore, go hand in hand and must be assessed together. A proper risk and uncertainty analysis will definitely bring positive outcomes to successfully manage and complete projects. However, developing systematic and logical tools to assess risks and uncertainty and analyzing impacts due to risks is a challenging task. This paper shows the four step risk analysis and simulation framework presently being developed and implemented by the researcher. The first step of this framework is the identification of the risk factors along the life cycle of a project at the right time through proper brainstorming. This step will reduce the uncertainty in assessing the identified risk factors before unsuccessful quantification in terms of likelihood of occurrence and the impact to the project. The second step deals with the logical quantification of the risks using a structured quantitative approach. Developing a risk management plan to deal with the most
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severe risk factors that have negative impact to cost, schedule, performance, safety, and viability is the third step. The final step is to use simulation modeling to justify the real impact to the project and to develop possible alternatives to execute the same project. Three types of simulation models are used in this regard. One is a simple Monte Carlo simulation analysis to tie the risk factors and their impact to project selection, project schedule and estimating. The second type is a special purpose simulation models to analyze the processes and operations to remove non-value added items, and to assess and validate possible alternatives to avoid the risk factors. The third type is tackling the triggering situations that cause the risks. This risk analysis framework and simulation modeling will provide many practical benefits to successfully manage and complete projects of any nature.
Most Critical Human Factors That Affect the Productivity of Alberta Construction Projects Janaka Ruwanpura, Markus Liberda, and George Jergeas Abstract: There are many human factors that affect performance on the job site and to develop best practices to improve construction productivity. This paper explains the ongoing research project within Alberta construction industry to identify the most critical aspects in terms of human, external and management issues that affect construction productivity. The pilot study results emphasized the need to concentrate on human issues to develop some standard guidelines to properly monitor and measure productivity. Current methods of monitoring, barriers to monitoring, and the mitigation strategies to improve productivity for the top rated human issues are also explained in the paper.
Integration Projects - A Unique Project Breed Z. Shlah and G. Jergeas Abstract: Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have become a prominent business trend in almost all industries and disciplines. This phenomenon has been widely visible in the Oil & Gas sector. This paper provides an introduction to M&A projects and outlines the scope of the tasks involved in its application in the oil and gas sector. M&A projects are unique and the paper outlines the key characteristics of such projects with a detailed case study based on an actual M&A project between two oil and gas companies. A summary of the project approach with a detailed plan for completing the integration of the administration integration component is provided. The paper concludes with a set of practical recommendations and a summary of lessons learned based on events encountered during the project.
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Contents Published in Refereed Journals Zaghloul, R.M. and Hartman, F.T. (2002), "Construction Contracts: A Framework of Mistrust", Project Management, 8(1):56-59.
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Hartman, F.T., and Ashrafi, R.A. (2002), "Project Management in the Information Systems and Information Technologies Industries", Project Management Journal, 33(3):5-15, Sept. 2002.
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Jugdev, K., & Thomas, J. (2002). “Project management maturity models: The silver bullets of competitive advantage”. Project Management Journal, 33(4): 4-14.
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Refereed Conference Proceedings Powers, G., Ruwanpura, J.Y. Dolhan G., and Chu M. (2002), “Simulation Based Project Selection Decision Analysis Tool” Proceedings of the 2002 Winter Simulation Conference E. Yücesan, C.-H. Chen, J. L. Snowdon, and J. M. Charnes, eds. San Diego. 1778-1785.
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Chandrakanthi, M., Hettiaratchi, P., Prado, B, and Ruwanpura J.Y. (2002). “Optimization of the Waste Management for Construction Projects Using Simulation” Proceedings of the 2002 Winter Simulation Conference E. Yücesan, C.-H. Chen, J. L. Snowdon, and J. M. Charnes, eds. San Diego. 1711-1777.
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Jugdev, K., and Thomas, J. (2002). “Blueprint for value creation: Developing and sustaining a project management competitive advantage through the Resource Based View”. Proceedings of the 2nd Project Management Institute Conference: Frontiers of Project Management Research and Application, Seattle, Washington. July 2002.
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Jugdev, K., and Thomas, J. L. (2002). “From operational process to strategic asset - the evolution of project management's value in organizations”. Proceedings of the 33rd Project Management Institute Symposium and Conference, San Antonio, Texas October 2002.
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Non Refereed Conference Proceedings Hartman, F.T. and Zaghloul, R. (2002) "Construction Contracts and Risk Allocation: The Cost of Mistrust", Proceedings of the PMI 2002 Symposium, San Antonio, Texas, October 2002.
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Hartman, F.T. (2002) "Project Management Maturity - The Trust Impact", Proceedings of the International Research Network on Organization by Projects, IRNOP V Conference, Renesse, Zeeland, the Netherlands. Hosted by Erasmus University Rotterdam, May 2002.
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Hartman, F.T. (2002) "From Strategy to Program and Program to Project: the Critical Links", Proceedings of the IPMA 16TH World Congress 2002, Berlin, Germany. June 2002.
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Hartman, F.T. (2002) "The Biggest Discontinuity of All: Projects and Enterprise Strategy", Proceedings of the PM Days '02 Research Conference: Discontinuities in Project-oriented Societies, Vienna, Austria, November 2002.
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Hartman, F.T. (2002) "Update on Trust: A collection of trust based research findings", Proceedings of the PMI Research Conference 2002, Seattle, Washington, July 2002.
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Jergeas, G.F. (2002) "Project Partnering - A Case Study", Proceedings of the International Research Network on Organization by Projects, IRNOP V Conference, Renesse, Zeeland, the Netherlands. Hosted by Erasmus University Rotterdam, May 2002.
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Jergeas, G.F. (2002) "A Proactive Auditing Tool for Project Success", Proceedings of the PM Days '02 Research Conference: Discontinuities in Project-oriented Societies, Vienna, Austria, November 2002.
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Jergeas, George and McTague, Robert (2002) "Construction Productivity: An Auditing and Measuring Tool", Proceedings of AACEI, Portland, Oregon, 2002.
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Jergeas, George F. (2002) "Monitoring Project Performance", Proceedings of AACEI, Portland, Oregon, 2002.
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Sennara, M. and Hartman, F.T. (2002) "Managing Cultural Risks in International Projects", Proceedings of the PMI 2002 Symposium, San Antonio, Texas, October 2002.
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Skulmoski, G. and Hartman, F.T. (2002) "The Delphi Method: Researching What Does Not Exist (Yet)", Proceedings of the International Research Network on Organization by Projects, IRNOP V Conference, Renesse, Zeeland, the Netherlands. Hosted by Erasmus University Rotterdam, May 2002.
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Published in Refereed Journals
Construction Contracts: A Framework of Mistrust R.M. Zaghloul and F.T. Hartman Abstract: Based on two independent surveys of Owners, Consultants and Contractors across Canada, the assessed premium associated with the five most commonly used exculpatory clauses in construction contracts (work conditions, delays, indemnification, liquidated damages, and sufficiency of contracts) is between 8% and 20% in a seller’s market. It would appear that inappropriate risk allocation through the use of exculpatory clauses in contracts creates a framework of mistrust between the contracting parties. To overcome this problem, a new approach to contractual relationships should be adapted. This approach is based on a trust relationship between the contracting parties in such a way that we can promote creative solutions for specific problems or, even better, to prevent the problem itself from the outset. This paper presents the Colours of Trust Model (Blue trust—competence, Yellow trust—integrity, and Red trust— intuitive) and some results regarding its applications and its relationship to cost reduction in construction contracts. These results are based on a research study that includes a survey conducted across the Canadian construction industry including owners, contractors, consultants, and contract specialists. The results identify opportunities for significant cost reduction in the annual North American bill for construction of about trillion dollars.
Project Management in the Information Systems and Information Technologies Industries F.T. Hartman and R.A. Ashrafi Abstract: For many enterprises, sustainable success is closely linked to information systems (IS) and information technologies (IT). Despite significant efforts to improve software project success, many still fail. Current literature indicates that most of the software project problems are related to management, organizational, human, and cultural issues - not technical problems. This paper presents results of a survey of 36 software owners/sponsors, contractors/suppliers, and consultants on 12 projects. The empirical results address answers to questions related to success, performance metrics, and project business drivers. A lack of alignment on these critical issues emerge consistently by phase as well as across the entire project. The results of this study also are compared with others that span seven additional industry sectors. As a result, an approach has been developed that links project critical success factors (CSFs) to corporate strategy, and project metrics to the CSFs. An important finding of this study is the critical need to identify and manage realistic expectations of the stakeholders to achieve perceived project success.
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Project management maturity models: The silver bullets of competitive advantage K. Jugdev and J. Thomas Project management maturity models are important assessment tools for the profession. Maturity models identify organizational strengths and weaknesses as well as provide benchmarking information. They capture explicit, codified practice (know-what), but do not include the intangible assets of project management (know-how). Some have made the claim that project management maturity models (MMs) can lead to a competitive advantage for firms. This paper uses four resource-based frameworks to assess whether or not maturity models lead to a sustained competitive advantage. In the context of the strategy domain, the authors conclude that MMs can result in a temporary competitive advantage but not a sustained competitive advantage. Clearly, a sustained competitive advantage is rooted in a combination of know-what and know-how.
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Refereed Conference Proceedings
Simulation Based Project Selection Decision Analysis Tool Gary Powers, Janaka Y. Ruwanpura, Garry Dolhan, and Martin Chu Abstract: Project Selection is the process of evaluating individual projects, to choose the right project based on an analysis so that the objectives of the company will be achieved. It involves a thorough analysis including the most important financial aspect to determine the most optimum project among all the alternatives. Some projects have high uncertainty, and therefore simulation based project selection decision analysis could evaluate the projects with a greater confidence. The model presented in the paper shows a special purpose simulation tool for project selection based on influences that govern the project selection process. A graphical and hierarchical approach is adopted for the non-simulation experts to use the model to derive the expected results for project selection process and decision making under uncertain conditions.
Optimization of the waste management for Construction projects using simulation Mala Chandrakanthi, Patrick Hettiaratchi, Bolívar Prado and Janaka Y. Ruwanpura Abstract: Growth in construction activities increases the amount of construction waste generated. Recycling of construction waste is an important component of environmentally responsible construction, as it reduces the amount of waste directed to landfills. In addition, it enhances the resource recovery for future construction work. A model is presented in this paper to predict waste generation rates, as well as to determine the economic advantages of recycling at construction sites. A future advanced version of the model can be applied to any construction site to: determine the amount of daily waste generation, resource and time requirement for sorting and transporting of recyclables. The model, therefore, is a valuable tool for construction managers interested in asserting the viability of recycling projects.
Blueprint for value creation: Developing and sustaining a project management competitive advantage through the Resource Based View K. Jugdev and J. Thomas Abstract: Just as scientists are working to crack the biochemical code for each of the 100,000 genes that determine human characteristics, business executives and researchers are trying to unlock the code for value creation within firms (O'Connell, 2000). The code for business value creation involves tangible assets such as financial, physical, and technological ones and less tangible ones such as organizational, social, and human assets (Brush, Greene, Hart, & Haller, 2001). In the global race to unlock the code, firms interlock assets in unique ways to create value to achieve or sustain a competitive advantage in the marketplace. In the process of creating economic value, some firms may destroy it if they do not fully understand the value of the assets. This is especially true for less tangible assets.
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Although research in project management predominantly emphasizes applied studies, there is a growing trend towards exploring strategic and organizational issues (Ulri & Ulri, 2000). Economic and strategic management studies on competitive advantage focus on the question “Why do firms exist?” The short answer is that firms exist to make profits. Although economic and strategic theories agree on this aim, they differ in how firms achieve this important goal. The question on why firms exist has relevance to project management as it is increasingly used as part of companies’ competitive advantage strategies. A relatively new area of strategy research is the Resource Based View (RBV). It examines the firm’s unique mix of resources as the source of competitive advantage. The RBV blends the external view of strategy involving industry and environment assessments as popularized by Porter with the internal assessment of the firm’s strengths and weaknesses (Porter, 1996). The RBV explores how organizations develop certain resources necessary to support corporate strategy. The premise is that in order to do strategy a firm must have the capability to do. This paper begins by exploring key themes from strategy research such as competitive convergence and competitive advantage. It discusses the importance of tangible and intangible firm assets and anchors these discussions in a project management context by assessing the potential for project management maturity models (PMM) to develop project management as a strategic advantage for firms. We then use the human genome as an analogy for the business genome to depict how project management could be a strategic asset in the RBV context.
From operational process to strategic asset - the evolution of project management's value in organizations K. Jugdev and J. L. Thomas Abstract: Executives believe that project management is important to their firms. They simply do not believe that it is important at the strategic level where they focus their energies. Ergo project management is not important to them. At a time when projects are increasingly important to strategic organizational success, how did project management come to be considered an operational activity? This paper examines the evolutionary trends in project management and their implications for the future of project management. In particular, it posits an alternative future where project management is a strategic alternative and explores what it would take to get there.
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Non-Refereed Conference Proceedings
Construction Contracts and Risk Allocation: The Cost of Mistrust F.T. Hartman and R. Zaghloul Abstract: The construction industry in both Canada and the United States is the single largest nongovernmental employer. In 1997, the industrywas estimated in Canada to have a value of about $90 billion, representing 15% of the gross domestic product. However, within the last 20 years considerable cost wastage has been identified by the Construction Industry Institute (CII, 1986). A significant portion of this cost wastage may be attributed to inappropriate risk allocation in contracts, as cited in various examples analyzing risk allocation in the construction industry and the underlying causes of disputes conducted in Canada and the U.S. (American Consulting Engineers Council (ACE) and Associated General Contractors of America (AGC), 1991; Enger, 1997; CII, 1988). Risk is a major element in the construction industry and actually it is one of the main elements that can significantly affects the final cost of any project. The risk inherent in the construction process has grown substantially over the past 50 years due to a myriad of factors. Despite this, the process of allocating risk has not changed in the same proportion (Hartman, 2000). Risk allocation always occurs in any situation where more than one party (owner, contractor, consultant, etc.) is responsible for the execution of a project. Making sure that every risk is recognized and managed is good practice in any project. This activity is an important step in that this allocation can significantly influence the behavior of the project participants and hence impact both project performance and final cost.
Project Management Maturity – The Trust Impact F.T. Hartman Abstract: This paper presents a fresh view of project management and its maturity as a result of integrating the findings from a series of research projects that have Trust in Project Management as a common theme. These research projects span a number of topics from communication to inter-cultural projects and from leadership to negotiation. This series of projects has led to a degree of validation of the Colour Trust Model. This model, together with some scholarship, has led to development of a fascinating matrix that links a number of concepts related to maturity, competence, use of tools, processes and competencies and more. The matrix is presented in this paper and a number of observations are made. The paper is presented as much for discussion as it is for information, as the ideas are still embryonic. Some of the observations are potentially controversial. Some are intuitively obvious, but provide insights because of their context in the matrix. The matrix itself is founded on a medieval model for maturity in a trade or craft: growth from an apprentice to a journeyman then to a master. The modern professional equivalent is arguably more complex and suggests that most professionals in the project management business are at all three levels in different aspects of their career at any one time. Membership of project management associations probably represents only a small percentage of the population of practitioners of modern project management. The paper poses some interesting questions. Is project management really a profession in its own right? Or is it just a part of the growing portfolio of skills in general management? Is it a part of the natural career path of the upwardly mobile or is it a barrier based on type-casting? Can we isolate a unique set of skills and competencies for project managers? Not all of these questions have definitive answers. The matrix presented in the paper does, however shed new light from a fresh perspective on the picture of project management maturity. Perhaps it will challenge some of the more conventional thinking.
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From Strategy to Program and Program to Project: Critical Links Francis Hartman Abstract: No amount of exploration will discover something that is not there in the first place. Medical research tries new drugs, new processes and other innovations based on knowledge to develop new cures and to help people in need. Using a similar approach, SMART Management was developed and has now been tested on over 800 projects. This paper presents work on the development of more effective project management based on linking projects to corporate strategy, and maintaining that link as a lever for success. The success of the projects is defined in terms that make more sense to executives. The value of the project, its team and the project manager are all increased and the delivery of the projects is made both simpler and easier. The "SM" in SMART stands for Strategically Managed. This, simply put, is all about identifying the link between the project and how it supports the strategy of the client enterprise. The "A" in SMART refers to Alignment - one item to align is the strategies of the enterprises and individuals that are needed for the success of the project with the direction of the project itself. This paper presents some of the techniques used in achieving this alignment and presents the approach used in the context of some of the test cases. Initial testing of new medical products is done on volunteers in carefully controlled clinical trials. The trials for the SMART methodology were undertaken with volunteer projects in volunteer organisations. They were generally successful. Only two projects died, but they were terminal cases anyhow. The others survived and in most cased thrived. The discoveries about what helps projects do well - even under difficult circumstances - touches on some interesting opportunities for the project and program managers, both for their projects and for their personal career development. The paper recognises some of the main project killers, from the poor morale germ to the unhappy stakeholder virus, and offers some potential cures. The cures proposed here relate to repair of the link between the project and the sponsor's corporate strategic objectives. Early identification of the root cause of a symptom of project failure helps with the diagnosis and leads to a better prognosis. The link between corporate strategy and the real drivers for success of a project fundamentally changes the way we look at projects and assess their success. This, in turn, modifies what we focus on managing. The result is healthier projects with less surgery and more non-intrusive cures for the most common ills that we see in today's challenging programs and projects. The paper will address the link between projects and corporate strategy first. It will then briefly discuss the critical differences between projects that are so linked and ones that are not. The mechanisms for creating such a link are outlined in general terms.
The Biggest Discontinuity of All: Projects and Enterprise Strategy Francis Hartman Abstract: Today's projects are increasingly being managed better, delivered faster and cheaper and the results are often better. The new problem is that the world is changing faster and so it overtakes the project, making it the wrong one despite all of the excellent work of the team. This paper presents some of the issues project managers face more often than ever because of the discontinuity between project teams and their corporate executive. Some of the specific issues discussed include understanding the relationship between corporate strategy and projects, aligning stakeholders and
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objectives, supply chains and other project or portfolio issues. The underlying instrument to understand these issues is a new framework: EDNA. EDNA is the DNA of an Enterprise. This concept and its derivation is outlined in this paper.
Update on Trust: A collection of trust based research findings Francis Hartman, David Blakeney, Roch DeMaere, Jennifer Krahn, Greg Skulmoski, Liwen Ren, Mona Sennara and Ramy Zaghloul Abstract: Over the past few years, the issue of trust in project management has grown in importance and the level of activity in both research and practice has grown significantly. Since 1999, the Project Management Specialisation at the University of Calgary, under the direction of the Chair in Management of Technological Change, has been undertaking research into the role of trust in project management effectiveness. This paper presents some of the findings of the underlying primary research and some of the closely related projects that have extended the reach of the primary study. The primary study was to understand how trust can be developed faster and how it may be used to benefit all participants in the temporary teams that are used in delivery of projects. The Colour Trust Model was developed, has since been enhanced and further tested and validated. In parallel with this a number of other studies related to trust and its specific impact on aspects of project management have been investigated. These additional studies are part of the work of the Chair and are projects undertaken by some of the approximately twenty doctoral and masters students supervised by the Chair. The work cited in this paper includes the principal study as well as selected relevant findings of some of the students' projects. The paper concludes with some of the interesting observations and links that have emerged from the work of this research team.
Construction Productivity: An Auditing and Measuring Tool George Jergeas and Robert McTague Abstract: This paper presents a monitoring tool that will enable Project Managers to audit/evaluate performance of construction projects and to determine where improvements can be made. The tool is comprised of 14 key components that contribute towards doing a good construction job. These components were assigned weights and further divided into a number of sub-components with their own weight. This toll will enable contractors and owners to evaluate project performance against a defined baseline. By applying this tool to a particular project, Project Managers can predict the expected success or failure. For the tool to be used by construction firms and individuals, a specific customization is needed for proper application.
Managing Cultural Risks on International Projects Mona Sennara and Francis Hartman Abstract: Globalization has made it increasingly important, even for businesses which have considered themselves purely “domestic”, to be able to understand and assess the impact of events occurring in the
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international business environment. Hence it is critical that firms involved in international projects take into consideration “cultural risks” which, if not consciously recognized, can lead to ineffectiveness and in many cases has proven to be very costly. This paper addresses the awareness issue of “cultural risks” that Canadian firms encounter on international projects and points to the concepts that we need to understand in order to mitigate their impact. There is an Indian fable about the blind men who approached an elephant; the one who gets hold of a leg thinks it is a tree, the one who gets the tail thinks it is a rope, but none of them understands what the whole animal is like. Many studies have researched Organization Culture, a few looked at the influence of culture on leadership, communication, and negotiations. However none have studied the effect of cultural diversity on international projects as a whole entity. This paper discusses the relationship between different dimensions of national cultures and the possible cultural risks associated with the five main phases of an international project which are: Market Opportunities, Project Selection, Tendering & Contract signing, Implementation, and Commissioning. The research study explored the intercultural business, social, and personal dimensions that may create challenges on international projects, and derived lessons for future planning and delivery of international projects. The study sample investigated current practices from a survey conducted in the Oil & Gas, construction, and development industries, from the different cultural perspectives of both the owner and client involved on the same project. The difference in the managerial approach between domestic and international projects is the need for proactive measures in the initial stages between project selection and the pre-contractual stage of a project where most of the risk (challenges) associated with international projects can be both foreseen and mitigated. The research study found that the major cultural risks on international projects are superficially similar to risks on local projects, but the root cause of the cultural risks and their impact on the projects effectiveness and success are very much different. The results show six main issues that need to be taken under serious consideration before approaching an international project. This paper will discuss each of these six issues which are: Organizational Culture, Networking, Project Selection, Contracts and Negotiation, Project Leadership, and Foreign Agent selection. This paper will also touch on the importance of Trust on each of the six categories.
The Delphi Method: Researching What Does Not Exist (Yet) G. Skulmoski and F.T. Hartman Abstract: The Delphi method is a flexible research technique that has been successfully used in the Project Management Specialization Programme at the University of Calgary to explore new concepts that do not quite exist in the Project Management Body of Knowledge. The Delphi method is an iterative process to collect and distill the anonymous judgments of experts using a series of data collection and analysis techniques interspersed with feedback. The Delphi method is well suited as a research instrument when there is incomplete knowledge about a problem or phenomenon. In this paper, we provide a brief background of the Classical Delphi followed by a presentation of how it has evolved into a flexible research method. To illustrate the method’s flexibility, we summarize the Delphi research projects used in the Project Management Specialization Programme. We end by discussing what we have learned about some key Delphi method design factors: i) methodological choices. ii) initial question degree of focus, iii) number of participants, iv) number of rounds, v) mode of interaction, and vi) methodological rigor. The Delphi method is a flexible, effective and efficient researchmethod that can help to answer research questions in new areas like project management.
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Year 2001
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Contents Published in Refereed Journals DeMaere, R., Skulmoski, G., Zaghloul, R.M., Hartman, F.T. (2001) "Contracting and the Flying Trapeze: The Trust Factor", Project Management, 7(1):32-35.
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Jergeas, G.F., Van der Put, J. (2001) "Analysis of the Benefits of Constructability on Construction Projects", Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 127 (4), 281-290 (July/August 2001)
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Ruwanpura, J.Y., AbouRizk, S.M., Er, K.C. and Fernando, S. (2001)."Special Purpose Simulation Templates for Tunnel Construction Operations." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, CSCE, 28(2), 222-237.
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Ruwanpura, J.Y., AbouRizk, S.M., and Fernando, S. (2001) "Implementation of Computer Based Planning and Estimating Tools for a Public Utility", Cost Engineering Journal, Association of the Advancement of Cost Engineering, 43(10), 39-46.
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Skulmoski, G., DeMaere, R., Paiaro, J., Hartman, F.T. (2001) "Don't be Creative with Project Management, Be Creative with Solutions", Project Management, 2001.
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Ruwanpura, J.Y., AbouRizk, S.M., Er, K.C., and Fernando, S. (2001) "Experiences in Implementing Simulation for Utility Tunnel Construction Operations", Canadian Tunneling Journal, Tunneling Association of Canada, 181-191.
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Refereed Conference Proceedings Ruwanpura J.Y., AbouRizk S.M. (2001) “Design, Development and Application of Soil Transition Algorithms for Tunneling Using Special Purpose Simulation” Proceedings of the 2001 Winter Simulation Conference B. A. Peters, J. S. Smith, D. J. Medeiros, and M. W. Rohrer, eds.
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Skulmoski, G., DeMaere, R., Paiaro, J., Hartman, F.T. (2001) "Don't be Creative with Project Management, Be Creative with Solutions", Proceedings of IPMA 16th World Congress on Project Management Creativity, Stockholm, Sweden. 2001.
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Non Refereed Conference Proceedings Delisle, C., Thomas, J., Jugdev, K. and Buckle, P. (2001) "Virtual Project Teaming to Bridge the Distance: A Case Study", Proceedings of the PMI 2001 Symposium, Nashville, Tennessee, November 2001.
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Hartman, F.T., "The Key to Enterprise Evolution - Future PM", Proceedings of the PMI 2001 Symposium, Nashville, Tennessee, November 2001.
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Hartman, F.T. (2001) "Project Management Evolution Framework" Proceedings of the Vienna Project Management PM Days Research Conference, Vienna, Austria, November 2001.
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Hartman, F.T. (2001) "The Role of Trust in Project Management for Ebusiness", Proceedings of the Vienna Project Management PM Days Practice Conference, Vienna, Austria, November 2001.
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Jergeas, G.F. (2001) "Claims and Disputes in the Construction Industry", Proceedings of the AACEI Annual Cost Engineering Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, September 2001.
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Krahn, J., Jergeas, G.F., Fahmy, S. (2001) "Key Partnering Success Factors", Proceedings of the AACEI Annual Cost Engineering Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, September 2001.
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Ruwanpura, J.Y. and AbouRizk, S.M. and Allouche, M. (2001). "Prediction of Soil Transitions for Tunnel Construction Operations using Special Purpose Simulation". 4th Construction Specialty Conference of CSCE, Victoria, BC.
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Thomas, J., Delisle, C., Jugdev, K., and Buckle, P. (2001) "Selling Project Management to Senior Executives: Preliminary Phase II Findings", Proceedings of the PMI 2001 Symposium, Nashville, Tennessee, November 2001.
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Published in Refereed Journals
Contracting and the Flying Trapeze: The Trust Factor R. DeMaere, G. Skulmoski, R.M. Zaghloul, and F.T. Hartman Abstract: In this paper we focus on the important role trust plays in contractual relationships. A conceptual model of trust is outlined. We present practical suggestions as to how trust can he built— or at least not destroyed—through contracting activities. The suggestions include identifying and choosing trustworthy partners, ‘‘practicing’ or gaining experience with potential partners, and effectively allocating risks. Results from research exploring the relationship between trust and use of exculpatory clauses in the Canadian construction industry are presented. The results suggest that the use of exculpatory clauses can decrease trust between contracting partners and increase overall project costs. We present a strategy based on trust to overcome some of the problems associated with risk allocation and the use of exculpatory clauses. To aid in the analysis we compare the relationship between contracting parties to that of individuals performing on the flying trapeze.
Analysis of the Benefits of Constructability on Construction Projects George Jergeas and John Van der Put Abstract: This study was undertaken to identify the most significant gaps between the potential benefits of applying constructability principles to Alberta, Canada, industrial projects and the benefits typically realized in industry practice. This study also aims to gain an understanding of the barriers that commonly restrict constructability benefits. The data for this survey was obtained by administering a survey based on the Construction Industry Institute's 17 constructability principles. The results of this study indicate collaborative industry effort should be focused in the areas where the largest gaps currently exist between potential and realized benefits. These include among other things, involvement of construction in the design phase, building mutual trust, respect, and credibility between project planners, designers, and constructors. As the examples cited in this study illustrate, significant gains in project cost, schedule, performance, and safety can be achieved when the above prescription is followed. For example, savings of 30–40% in the total installed cost for facilities are quite readily achievable.
Special purpose simulation templates for tunnel construction operations 9 Janaka Y. Ruwanpura, Simaan M. AbouRizk, K. C. Er, and Siri Fernando Abstract: Simulation is a powerful tool for decision making. It provides an appealing approach to analyze and improve repetitive processes such as tunnelling. Notwithstanding this appeal, application of simulation 9
Work undertaken at the University of Alberta, Edmonton
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to real-life construction projects has been minimal. This paper describes the design, development, and application of a special purpose simulation tool for actual tunnel construction operations performed by the City of Edmonton Public Works Department. The implementation of this tool in industry was successful and serves as a model for others to follow. The decision-making process adopted by the model developers and the construction industry personnel during the design, development, and implementation of the simulation are described. The cost-planning tool in the tunnel template is very useful in making decisions and evaluating the feasibility of tunnel construction projects. The real-life application of various alternatives compared to the conceptual estimates prepared for a proposed tunnel project to be constructed in Edmonton is presented in three stages. The basic costs, operational costs, support costs, productivity, duration, and resources utilization data are presented for different alternatives for the proposed tunnel project. Future modifications required by the engineering staff of the City of Edmonton, and the proposed research for modelling uncertainties in tunnel construction are identified. The successful application of the simulation for actual construction project highlights the interactive collaborative research work between academia and industry.
Implementation of Computer Based Planning and Estimating Tools for a Public Utility 10 Janaka. Y. Ruwanpura, Simaan M. AbouRizk and Siri Fernando Abstract: Implementation of computer-based tools for construction planning and estimating for a public organization, which has not relied heavily on computers, is a challenging task. This paper explains the design, development and implementation of two computer tools for the design and construction branch of the City of Edmonton (CE) Asset Management and Public Works Department. SmartEST is user-friendly estimating software customized and implemented to suit the construction work performed by the CE. A Simphony tunnel simulation template is a decision making tool used to evaluate different tunnel construction proposals. The features of SmartEST are described before explaining the major steps of implementation. The applications of tunnel simulation template are then explained after reviewing their modeling elements and features. CE uses both SmartEST and the tunnel simulation template for their current estimating, planning and construction work. The successful implementation of both tools is due to interactive collaborative research work between academia and industry, joint team effort, customization to suit the industry requirement, and the flexibility of the computer technology used to develop the tools. The future enhancements of both tools are also briefly explained.
Don’t Be Creative with Project Management; Be Creative with Solutions G. Skulmoski, J. Paiaro, R. DeMaere and F.T. Hartman Abstract: Increasingly businesses are interested in improving the project management maturity of their organization. One effective way to realize this goal is to formalize project management tools, techniques and processes in the organization. Described in this paper is how an information systems integration services company has achieved this formalization of project management resulting in delivering successful projects for its clients. A three step approach is described: i) project assessment, ii) project classification, and iii) selecting a tool kit of project management tools, techniques and processes individually matched to 10
Work undertaken at the University of Alberta, Edmonton
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the type of project under assessment. The benefits of this approach are that the technical project team is guided by a structured and comprehensive approach to managing their projects yielding improved project performance and project success. “It is best to do things systematically, since we are only human and disorder is our worst enemy.” (Hesiod, 8th century B.C.)
Experiences in Implementing Special Purpose Simulation Tool for Utility Tunnel Construction Operations Janaka Y. Ruwanpura, Simaan M. AbouRizk, K. C. Er, and Siri Fernando Abstract: Simulation is a powerful tool for decision-making and a very useful tool for repetitive construction operations such as tunneling. This paper describes the implementation of a special purpose tunneling simulation template based on the tunneling operations performed by the City of Edmonton (CE) Public Works Department using shielded tunnel boring machines. The decision making process adopted by the model developers and the construction industry personnel during the design, development, and implementation of the simulation are described. The progression of use of simulation by CE is briefly explained before describing the design and development of the Tunnel Template in Simphony. The real life applications of tunnel simulation in evaluating several alternatives for the construction and bidding of a tunneling project are described. The challenges faced by the model developers are highlighted to show how the cooperation of industry and academia could provide productive results through collaborative research. The paper also highlights the ongoing research that is being conducted to model the uncertainties in tunnel construction.
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Refereed Conference Proceedings
Design, Development and Application of Soil Transition Algorithms for Tunneling Using Special Purpose Simulation 11 Janaka Y. Ruwanpura, and Simaan M. AbouRizk Abstract: In tunnel construction, the vertical boreholes only show the soil types that are available in the borehole locations. The soil profiles between the boreholes are uncertain and assumed by practitioners for construction purposes. The productivity of the tunnel construction work is therefore affected by adverse soil conditions. The successful implementation of a special purpose tunneling simulation tool identified that the modeling of uncertainties such as soil conditions could provide better results. This paper presents new modeling algorithms to predict the transition of soils between the boreholes along the tunnel path. The use of transitional probabilities enables to predict the transition points. The various scenarios of the mixed phases of soils are considered for modeling within the special purpose tunnel simulation template. Application of the simulation for modeling algorithms to a past construction project proved that this modeling algorithms provide a logical and an accurate prediction of the tunnel advance rate.
Don’t Be Creative with Project Management; Be Creative with Solutions G. Skulmoski, J. Paiaro, R. DeMaere and F.T. Hartman Abstract: Increasingly businesses are interested in improving the project management maturity of their organization. One effective way to realize this goal is to formalize project management tools, techniques and processes in the organization. Described in this paper is how an information systems integration services company has achieved this formalization of project management resulting in delivering successful projects for its clients. A three step approach is described: i) project assessment, ii) project classification, and iii) selecting a tool kit of project management tools, techniques and processes individually matched to the type of project under assessment. The benefits of this approach are that the technical project team is guided by a structured and comprehensive approach to managing their projects yielding improved project performance and project success. “It is best to do things systematically, since we are only human and disorder is our worst enemy.” (Hesiod, 8th century B.C.)
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Work undertaken at the University of Alberta, Edmonton
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Non-Refereed Conference Proceedings
The Key to Enterprise Evolution – Future PM Francis Hartman Abstract: The future of project management is closely intertwined with the future of how business and government will operate. The drivers for change in enterprises will affect how we drive change through the projects that implement or respond to these changes. This paper presents the relationship between trends in business and the way in which we manage projects. We use this understanding to work out where project management will need to be in five years’ time. Based on this knowledge, we look for tomorrow’s solutions based on today’s best practices and some inspiration. The forecasting process described in this paper has been in place, looking ahead 5 years at a time, for a decade. This means we have five years of results. These results are presented and discussed as a foundation for the next guess at the future. The impact of this new assessment of the future is then presented both from the point of view of tomorrow’s successful enterprises and for how these changes will affect Project Management as we know it. The profound changes for early adopters and high performers are presented in summary form.
Project Management Evolution Framework F.T. Hartman Abstract: There are many aspects to project management. One that is starting to yield some interesting links is the role of trust and how this links to different stages in the development of project management (and possibly other) skills. As part of the research into the role of trust in other aspects of project management some possibly interesting links are starting to emerge. This paper presents these possible links for discussion and reaction at the Vienna pm research conference. This "working paper" presents a matrix of possibly linked ideas that may help us in understanding the phenomenon of "maturity" in project management a bit better.
Claims and Disputes in the Construction Industry G.F. Jergeas Abstract: The primary causes of claims within the construction industry are identified. A guideline for the avoidance and protection of these issues is presented to help owners and contractors steer clear of costly claims and disputes.
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Key Partnering Success Factors J. Krahn, G. Jergeas and S. Fahmy Abstract: Partnering relationships change the way in which organizations work together. This paper considers the key success factors of a partnering relationship and its characteristics and the significance of the partnering relationship. The paper, including a literature review and industry input, examines the view of partnering relationships held by project managers. Conclusions are drawn about what the literature says about partnering and the view of project managers.
Prediction of Soil Transitions for Tunnel Construction Operations Using Special Purpose Simulation 12 Janaka Y. Ruwanpura, Michael Allouche and Simaan M. AbouRizk Abstract: Modeling uncertainty is generally considered to be a difficult task due to the nature and occurrence of unforeseen events. The prediction of geological conditions for tunnel construction simulation is a new area of research, which is very beneficial due to various applications in utility tunnel construction. The successful implementation of a special purpose simulation template for project planning and decision making of tunnel construction projects was recently completed to assist in modeling uncertainty. Two areas of research related to the tunnel simulation template are discussed in the paper. The first is the prediction of soil types using the and their elevations using an analytical approach, which provides the background information for the second part of the research: the prediction of soil transitions along a tunnel path using transition probabilities implemented within the SPS tunneling template. The application of the geological prediction for Edmonton is discussed in the paper to illustrate the modeling concepts.
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Work undertaken at the University of Alberta, Edmonton
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Papers under Review
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Contents Choy, E. and Ruwanpura, J.Y., “Predicting Construction Productivity using Situation-based Simulation Model” Submitted to Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering – Special Edition in Construction. (January 2005).
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Zhou,Y., George, J.F., and Ruwanpura, J.Y., “Motivation, Performance, and Job Satisfaction of Construction Management Professionals—An Expectancy Theory Research Approach” Submitted to Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering – Special Edition in Construction. (January 2005).
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Moussa, M., Ruwanpura, J.Y., and Jergeas, G., “Cost and Time Analysis Network (CTAN) for Risk assessments using Multi-Level Stochastic networks” Submitted to Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. (July 2004).
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Moussa M., Ruwanpura,, J.Y., and Jergeas, G., “Decision Tree modeling using integrated Multi Level Stochastic networks” Submitted to Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. (June 2005).
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El-Assaly, A., Ariaratnam, S.T., Ruwanpura, J.Y., and Ng, H., “Cost Forecast Model for Sewer Infrastructure” Submitted to the Journal of Municipal Engineer, Institute of Civil Engineers, UK. (November 2005).
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Ruwanpura, J.Y. and Ariaratnam, S.T., “Simulation Modeling Techniques for Underground Infrastructure Construction Processes” Submitted to Journal of Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. (April 2005).
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Hewage, K.N., and Ruwanpura, J.Y., “Workers Issues and Efficiencies related to Construction Productivity in Alberta’s Commercial Construction Projects” Submitted to Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. (October 2005).
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Predicting Construction Productivity using Situation-based Simulation Model Eldon Choy and Janaka Y. Ruwanpura Abstract: Both published and unpublished reports show that site productivity losses in construction projects range from 40% to 60%. Construction site operations are very complex, and they involve complicated relationships among numerous tasks, factors, obstacles, uncertainties, or triggering situations that affect the productivity. To improve the performance of construction operations, understanding the impact of these triggering situations on productivity is necessary. The paper discusses a recently developed modeling technique called situation-based simulation modeling to model the triggering situations in construction to predict productivity. This tool can model the cause-and-effect relationships among various triggering situations, which previous construction models have ignored. More than 1700 working hours of construction operations were directly observed and recorded as the data source for the development of the model. The simulation results are not only able to predict productivity very closely to the actual productivity observed at the site, but also provide recommendations to mitigate problematic situations to improve productivity.
Motivation, Performance, and Job Satisfaction of Construction Management Professionals—An Expectancy Theory Research Approach Yangbo Zhou, George Jergeas and Janaka Y. Ruwanpura Abstract: Human potential is boundless, but humans require motivation to excel. Motivation is intangible: it is a hypothetical construct that is used to help explain human behavior. Various researchers have conducted comprehensive studies investigating construction labourers’ motivation patterns, which have focused on the importance attached to various job related factors and their satisfaction with each factor. The motivational issues of the construction management professionals who play a major rule have been ignored, however. Using the Expectancy theory mode, this paper presents an investigation of how motivation, work experience, and education affect Construction Management Professionals’ (CMPs) performance. Using a statistical analysis based on an industry survey, this paper also examines the relationship between CMPs’ job satisfaction and their degree of satisfaction with their jobs’ outcomes. This study’s main finding is that motivation, work experience, and education cumulatively improve CMPs’ performance, effective performance, and efficient performance. Additionally, the study found that, to increase CMPs’ job satisfaction, construction companies should increase their CMPs’ degree of satisfaction with job outcomes. These findings may assist construction companies to establish an efficient motivation environment for better project outcomes.
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Cost and Time Analysis Network (CTAN) for Risk assessments using Multi-Level Stochastic networks Mohamed Moussa, Janaka Ruwanpura and George Jergeas Abstract: Despite the apparent relationship among cost, time and scope, project risk-assessment modeling concepts are unable to respond to the integration needs. Measuring cost and schedule risks in an integrated framework has several modeling challenges. This paper presents a multilevel network modeling approach that integrates project cost and schedule risks in one framework. The multilevel networks are a combination of network modeling techniques integrated into one framework. This paper discusses only the cost and time analysis network (CTAN). The CTAN uses the Activity-on-Node concept based on the critical path method algorithm and merges in an integrated risk modeling to include uncertainties in the realization of the schedule logic, in activities durations, in project scope, and in cost. The concept of the multilevel networks is a computer simulation based notion that is supported by a simulation application presented in the paper to demonstrate the advantages and characteristics of the modeling concept. The computer application is a Decision Support Simulation System (DSSS) that consists of three modules: CTAN, tree analysis networks, and shortest and longest path optimization analysis networks based on the dynamic programming algorithm. The CTAN may be used in cost or schedule risk assessment or a combination of the two. The CTAN-DSSS integrates with other DSSS modules and deals with cost, time and scope at equal importance, and provides complete integration among them. The CTAN-DSSS was verified by conducting several tests and validated by its extensive use for both undergraduate and graduate courses in Civil Engineering at the University of Calgary over the last two years.
Decision Tree modeling using integrated Multi-Level Stochastic networks Mohamed Moussa, Janaka Y. Ruwanpura, and George Jergeas Abstract: Decision trees (DT’s) have proven to be valuable tools for decision making. The common approach for using DT’s is calculating the Expected Value (EV) based on single number estimates. However, the single number EV method has limited the DT’s real-life applications to a narrow scope of decision problems. This paper introduces the stochastic multilevel decision tree (MLDT) modeling approach that is useful for analyzing decision problems that are characterized by uncertainty and complexity. The MLDT’s advantages are shown through a computer simulation program: the Decision Support Simulation System (DSSS). The DSSS allows the users to model probabilistic linear graph networks and provides a hierarchical modeling method for modeling decision trees to present uncertainties more accurately. DSSS consists of three modules: Tree Analysis Networks (TAN), shortest and longest path Dynamic Programming Analysis Network, and Cost/Time Analysis Networks. The paper only discuss the Tree Analysis Network module (TAN module) by presenting the multilevel decision trees (MLDT) concept and a MLDT application under the TAN using the DSSS computer application. The content of the paper includes the modeling approach, its advantages, and examples that can be used in modeling stochastic trees. The DT-DSSS was verified by conducting several tests and validated by using it extensively for undergraduate courses in Civil Engineering at the University of Calgary for the last two academic years.
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Cost Forecast Model for Sewer Infrastructure Ashraf El-Assaly, Samuel T. Ariaratnam, Janaka Y. Ruwanpura and Herman Ng Abstract: Sewer authorities are facing the onerous task of planning strategies for allocating funding levels to rehabilitate aging sewer infrastructure. Numerous modeling approaches have been developed by previous researchers that predict future condition based on various physical criteria. This paper develops a cost forecast model the employs a deterioration prediction. The deterioration model uses condition assessment data from inspections and incorporates these into a Logit regression model that includes five independent parameters: 1) age; 2) waste type; 3) material type; 4) diameter; and 5) depth. The deficiency probability generated from the Logit regression model provide the catalyst for a cost forecasting model of sewer infrastructure presented in this paper.
Simulation Modeling Techniques for Underground Infrastructure Construction Processes Janaka Y. Ruwanpura and Samuel T. Ariaratnam Abstract: Simulation is an efficient and cost-effective tool for decision making and analyzing real-world systems and repetitive construction processes. Tunneling and trenchless construction processes are excellent candidates for the utilization of computer simulation due to their repetitive nature. This paper presents examples of simulation and analytical tools that have been developed over the last five years and implemented to plan and manage a range of applications in underground infrastructure. Examples for tunneling, soil type prediction, sewer condition forecasting, pipeline routing, horizontal directional drilling, and trenchless pipe replacement are presented. The successful development and implementation of the methods presented in this paper further illustrate the usefulness of employing simulation for pre-planning and decision-making to reduce uncertainty inherent in construction projects involving underground infrastructure systems.
Workers Issues and Efficiencies related to Construction Productivity in Alberta’s Commercial Construction Projects Kasun N. Hewage, and Janaka Y. Ruwanpura Abstract: For many decades, many researchers have reported the declination of construction productivity in North America. There have been many studies related to productivity conducted in North America. However, it is impossible to apply the same conclusions and recommendations of these studies to Alberta’s commercial construction because of the geographical differences, weather changes, skill level differences in labour force, and so on. Further, most of these previous researches are lagging in data validation, samples, innovativeness in research methods, and data analysis. At present, in Alberta alone, there are approximately 160,000 construction workers on construction projects with a planned projects over 200 billion dollars. Because of the high demand and necessity for a comprehensive research study in the area of construction productivity, the University of Calgary has initiated a research project with the collaboration of four eminent contractors and two construction organizations. The research focused on three areas: human issues, management issues, and external issues. Under human issues, 101 construction workers were observed, interviewed, and questionnaire surveyed. Interviews and questionnaire surveys were conducted to identify worker motivation based on an innovative motivational model using expectancy theory and
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other motivational theories. In addition to motivation, the factors that lead to workers’ skills, team spirit, and team-related concerns were also investigated. Additionally, twenty-three workers’ motives were identified and prioritized by the questionnaire surveys. “Working time” distribution of each individual construction worker was noted through observations that highlight both tool and non-tool times. This paper discusses the research method, theoretical background, results, and recommendations of the productivity research specific to the human issues mentioned above. The paper also suggests recommendations that were communicated to the four major contractors for improving the human issues by developing and analyzing a new expectancy model considering construction workers’ effort and performance, and the tool times observed to mitigate the reasons for non-tool time.
Prediction of Waste Generation Rates at Construction Sites: A Statistical Approach B. Prado, J.P.A. Hittiaratchi, B.K. Rajbhandari and Janaka Y. Ruwanpura Abstract: The generation of construction waste and shrinking landfill capacity is a growing concern for all stakeholders dealing with solid waste. Construction wastes constitute of material with high potential for onsite reuse and off-site recycle, but still a significant fraction of this waste is directed to landfills. Inability to accurately predict the time-dependent and activity-specific waste generation rates is one of the barriers to successful implementation of a construction waste minimization program. This paper discusses the generation of activity-specific waste generation data and the development of statistical models for prediction of waste generation rates at construction sites. The probabilistic statistical models were developed by annualizing data collected from a four-storey research facility with a floor area of 6,420 m2. Waste generation rates were related to construction activities that are defined by the construction schedule. Although the predictive models presented here may not be directly used in predicting waste generation rates at generic construction sites, the methodology presented here could be adopted in developing models that may have universal applications. Potential application of the developed models and limitations are discussed.
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