Blooms Taxonomy

http://officeport.com/edu/blooms.htm

Bloom identified six levels within the cognitive domain, from the simple recall or recognition of facts, as the lowest level, through increasingly more complex and abstract mental levels, to the highest order which is classified as evaluation.

Verb examples that represent intellectual activity on each level are listed here. 1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Knowledge: arrange, define, duplicate, label, list, memorize, name, order, recognize, relate, recall, repeat, reproduce state. Comprehension: classify, describe, discuss, explain, express, identify, indicate, locate, recognize, report, restate, review, select, translate, Application: apply, choose, demonstrate, dramatize, employ, illustrate, interpret, operate, practice, schedule, sketch, solve, use, write. Analysis: analyze, appraise, calculate, categorize, compare, contrast, criticize, differentiate, discriminate, distinguish, examine, experiment, question, test. Synthesis: arrange, assemble, collect, compose, construct, create, design, develop, formulate, manage, organize, plan, prepare, propose, set up, write. Evaluation: appraise, argue, assess, attach, choose compare, defend estimate, judge, predict, rate, core, select, support, value, evaluate.

http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/bloom.html

Learning Domains or Bloom's Taxonomy Bloom identified three domains of educational activities: •

Cognitive: mental skills (K n o w l e d g e )

•

Affective: growth in feelings or emotional areas (A t t i t u d e )

•

Psychomotor: manual or physical skills (S k i l l s ) Bloom divides the three domains into subdivisions, starting from

the simplest behavior to the most complex. The divisions outlined are not absolutes and there are other systems or hierarchies that have been devised in the educational and training world. However, Bloom's taxonomy is easily understood and is probably the most widely applied one in use today.

Cognitive The cognitive domain involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills. This includes the recall or recognition of specific facts, procedural patterns, and concepts that serve in the development of intellectual abilities and skills. There are six major categories, which are listed in order below, starting from the simplest behavior to the most complex. The categories can be thought of as degrees of difficulties. That is, the first one must be mastered before the next one can take place. Category

Example and Key Words

Knowledge: Recall data Examples: Recite a policy. Quote prices from or information.

memory to a customer. Knows the safety rules.

Key Words: defines, describes, identifies, knows, labels, lists, matches, names, outlines, recalls, recognizes, reproduces, selects, states.

Comprehension:

Examples: Rewrites the principles of test

Understand the meaning, translation, interpolation, and interpretation of instructions and problems. State a problem in one's own words.

writing. Explain in one ‫ي‬s own words the steps for performing a complex task. Translates an equation into a computer spreadsheet.

Application: Use a

Examples: Use a manual to calculate an

concept in a new situation or unprompted use of an abstraction. Applies what was learned in the classroom into novel situations in the work place.

employee ‫ي‬s vacation time. Apply laws of statistics to evaluate the reliability of a written test.

Analysis: Separates

Examples: Troubleshoot a piece of

material or concepts into component parts so that its organizational structure may be understood. Distinguishes between facts and inferences.

equipment by using logical deduction. Recognize logical fallacies in reasoning. Gathers information from a department and selects the required tasks for training.

Key Words: Comprehends converts, defends, distinguishes, estimates, explains, extends, generalizes, gives Examples, infers, interprets, paraphrases, predicts, rewrites, summarizes, translates.

Key Words: applies, changes, computes, constructs, demonstrates, discovers, manipulates, modifies, operates, predicts, prepares, produces, relates, shows, solves, uses.

Key Words: analyzes, breaks down, compares, contrasts, diagrams, deconstructs, differentiates, discriminates, distinguishes, identifies, illustrates, infers, outlines, relates, selects, separates.

Synthesis: Builds a

Examples: Write a company operations or

structure or pattern from process manual. Design a machine to perform a diverse elements. Put parts specific task. Integrates training from several together to form a whole, sources to solve a problem. Revises and with emphasis on creating

a new meaning or structure.

process to improve the outcome.

Key Words: categorizes, combines, compiles, composes, creates, devises, designs, explains, generates, modifies, organizes, plans, rearranges, reconstructs, relates, reorganizes, revises, rewrites, summarizes, tells, writes.

Evaluation: Make

Examples: Select the most effective solution.

judgments about the value of ideas or materials.

Hire the most qualified candidate. Explain and justify a new budget.

Key Words: Appraises compares, concludes, contrasts, criticizes, critiques, defends, describes, discriminates, evaluates, explains, interprets, justifies, relates, summarizes, supports.

Affective This domain includes the manner in which we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasms, motivations, and attitudes. The five major categories are listed from the simplest behavior to the most complex: Category Receiving Phenomena: Awareness, willingness to hear, selected attention.

Example and Key Words Examples: Listen to others with respect. Listen for and remember the name of newly introduced people.

Key Words: asks, chooses, describes, follows, gives, holds, identifies, locates, names, points to, selects, sits, erects, replies, uses.

Responding to Phenomena: Active

Examples: Participates in class discussions.

Gives a presentation. Questions new ideals, participation on the part of concepts, models, etc. in order to fully understand them. Know the safety rules and the learners. Attends and practices them. reacts to a particular phenomenon. Learning outcomes may emphasize Key Words: answers, assists, aids, complies, compliance in responding, conforms, discusses, greets, helps, labels,

willingness to respond, or satisfaction in responding (motivation).

performs, practices, presents, reads, recites, reports, selects, tells, writes.

Valuing: The worth or

Examples: Demonstrates belief in the

value a person attaches to a particular object, phenomenon, or behavior. This ranges from simple acceptance to the more complex state of commitment. Valuing is based on the internalization of a set of specified values, while clues to these values are expressed in the learner ‫ي‬s overt behavior and are often identifiable.

democratic process. Is sensitive towards individual and cultural differences (value diversity). Shows the ability to solve problems. Proposes a plan to social improvement and follows through with commitment. Informs management on matters that one feels strongly about.

Organization:

Examples: Recognizes the need for balance

Organizes values into priorities by contrasting different values, resolving conflicts between them, and creating an unique value system. The emphasis is on comparing, relating, and synthesizing values.

between freedom and responsible behavior. Accepts responsibility for one ‫ي‬s behavior. Explains the role of systematic planning in solving problems. Accepts professional ethical standards. Creates a life plan in harmony with abilities, interests, and beliefs. Prioritizes time effectively to meet the needs of the organization, family, and self.

Key Words: completes, demonstrates, differentiates, explains, follows, forms, initiates, invites, joins, justifies, proposes, reads, reports, selects, shares, studies, works.

Key Words: adheres, alters, arranges, combines, compares, completes, defends, explains, formulates, generalizes, identifies, integrates, modifies, orders, organizes, prepares, relates, synthesizes.

Internalizing values (characterization): Has a value system that controls their behavior. The behavior is pervasive, consistent, predictable, and most importantly, characteristic of the learner. Instructional objectives are concerned with the student's general

Examples: Shows self-reliance when working independently. Cooperates in group activities (displays teamwork). Uses an objective approach in problem solving. Displays a professional commitment to ethical practice on a daily basis. Revises judgments and changes behavior in light of new evidence. Values people for what they are, not how they look.

Key Words: acts, discriminates, displays, influences, listens, modifies, performs,

patterns of adjustment (personal, social, emotional).

practices, proposes, qualifies, questions, revises, serves, solves, verifies.

Psychomotor The psychomotor domain includes physical movement, coordination, and use of the motor-skill areas. Development of these skills requires practice and is measured in terms of speed, precision, distance, procedures, or techniques in execution. The seven major categories are listed from the simplest behavior to the most complex: Category

Example and Key Words

Perception: The ability

Examples: Detects non-verbal

to use sensory cues to guide motor activity. This ranges from sensory stimulation, through cue selection, to translation.

communication cues. Estimate where a ball will land after it is thrown and then moving to the correct location to catch the ball. Adjusts heat of stove to correct temperature by smell and taste of food. Adjusts the height of the forks on a forklift by comparing where the forks are in relation to the pallet.

Key Words: chooses, describes, detects, differentiates, distinguishes, identifies, isolates, relates, selects.

Set: Readiness to act. It

Examples: Knows and acts upon a sequence

includes mental, physical, and emotional sets. These three sets are dispositions that predetermine a person ‫ي‬s response to different situations (sometimes called mindsets).

of steps in a manufacturing process. Recognize one ‫ي‬s abilities and limitations. Shows desire to learn a new process (motivation). NOTE: This subdivision of Psychomotor is closely related with the "Responding to phenomena" subdivision of the Affective domain.

Key Words: begins, displays, explains, moves, proceeds, reacts, shows, states, volunteers.

Guided Response:

Examples: Performs a mathematical

The early stages in

equation as demonstrated. Follows instructions

learning a complex skill that includes imitation and trial and error. Adequacy of performance is achieved by practicing.

to build a model. Responds hand-signals of instructor while learning to operate a forklift.

Key Words: copies, traces, follows, react, reproduce, responds

Mechanism: This is the Examples: Use a personal computer. Repair intermediate stage in learning a complex skill. Learned responses have become habitual and the movements can be performed with some confidence and proficiency.

a leaking faucet. Drive a car.

Complex Overt Response: The skillful

Examples: Maneuvers a car into a tight

performance of motor acts that involve complex movement patterns. Proficiency is indicated by a quick, accurate, and highly coordinated performance, requiring a minimum of energy. This category includes performing without hesitation, and automatic performance. For example, players are often utter sounds of satisfaction or expletives as soon as they hit a tennis ball or throw a football, because they can tell by the feel of the act what the

Key Words: assembles, calibrates, constructs, dismantles, displays, fastens, fixes, grinds, heats, manipulates, measures, mends, mixes, organizes, sketches.

parallel parking spot. Operates a computer quickly and accurately. Displays competence while playing the piano.

Key Words: assembles, builds, calibrates, constructs, dismantles, displays, fastens, fixes, grinds, heats, manipulates, measures, mends, mixes, organizes, sketches. NOTE: The Key Words are the same as Mechanism, but will have adverbs or adjectives that indicate that the performance is quicker, better, more accurate, etc.

result will produce.

Adaptation: Skills are

Examples: Responds effectively to

well developed and the individual can modify movement patterns to fit special requirements.

unexpected experiences. Modifies instruction to meet the needs of the learners. Perform a task with a machine that it was not originally intended to do (machine is not damaged and there is no danger in performing the new task).

Key Words: adapts, alters, changes, rearranges, reorganizes, revises, varies.

Origination: Creating

Examples: Constructs a new theory.

new movement patterns to fit a particular situation or specific problem. Learning outcomes emphasize creativity based upon highly developed skills.

Develops a new and comprehensive training programming. Creates a new gymnastic routine. Key Words: arranges, builds, combines, composes, constructs, creates, designs, initiate, makes, originates.

http://www.teachers.ash.org.au/researchskills/dalton.htm Dalton, J. & Smith, D. (1986) “Extending Children’s Special Abilities – Strategies for primary classrooms” pp36-7

Applying Bloom's taxonomy Knowledge Useful Sample Potential activities and Verbs Question Stems products tell - What happened list after...? describe - How many...? relate - Who was it locate that...? write - Can you name

- Make a list of the main events.. - Make a timeline of events. - Make a facts chart. - Write a list of any pieces of information you can

find the...? state - Describe what name happened at...? - Who spoke to...? - Can you tell why...? - Find the meaning of...? - What is...? - Which is true or false...?

remember. - List all the.... in the story. - Make a chart showing... - Make an acrostic. - Recite a poem.

Comprehension Useful Verbs

Sample Question Stems

Potential activities and products

explain - Can you write - Cut out or draw pictures to interpret in your own show a particular event. outline words...? - Illustrate what you think the discuss - Can you write a main idea was. distinguish brief outline...? - Make a cartoon strip predict - What do you showing the sequence of restate think could of events. translate happened next...? - Write and perform a play compare - Who do you based on the story. describe think...? - Retell the story in your - What was the words. main idea...? - Paint a picture of some - Who was the aspect you like. key character...? - Write a summary report of - Can you an event. distinguish - Prepare a flow chart to between...? illustrate the sequence of - What events. differences exist - Make a colouring book. between...? - Can you provide an example of what you mean...?

- Can you provide a definition for...?

Application Useful Sample Verbs Question Stems

Potential activities and products

solve - Do you know - Construct a model to show another instance demonstrate how it will work. use where...? - Make a diorama to illustrate illustrate - Could this have an important event. construct happened in...? - Make a scrapbook about the complete - Can you group areas of study. examine by characteristics - Make a paper-mache map to classify such as...? include relevant information - What factors about an event. would you change - Take a collection of if...? photographs to demonstrate a - Can you apply particular point. the method used - Make up a puzzle game suing to some the ideas from the study area. experience of - Make a clay model of an item your own...? in the material. - What questions - Design a market strategy for would you ask your product using a known of...? strategy as a model. - From the - Dress a doll in national information costume. given, can you - Paint a mural using the same develop a set of materials. instructions - Write a textbook about... for about...? others. - Would this information be useful if you had a...?

Analysis Useful

Sample Question

Potential activities

Verbs

Stems

and products

analyze - Which events could - Design a questionnaire distinguish have happened...? to gather information. examine - I ... happened, what - Write a commercial to compare might the ending have sell a new product. contrast been? - Conduct an investigate - How was this similar investigation to produce categorize to...? information to support a identify - What was the view. explain underlying theme - Make a flow chart to separate of...? show the critical stages. advertise - What do you see as - Construct a graph to other possible illustrate selected outcomes? information. - Why did ... changes - Make a jigsaw puzzle. occur? - Make a family tree - Can you compare showing relationships. your .... with that - Put on a play about the presented in...? study area. - Can you explain - Write a biography of what must have the study person. happened when...? - Prepare a report about - How is ... similar the area of study. to...? - Arrange a party. Make - What are some of the all the arrangements and problems of...? record the steps needed. - Can you distinguish - Review a work of art in between...? terms of form, colour - What were some of and texture. the motives behind...? - What was the turning point in the game? - What was the problem with...?

Synthesis Useful Sample Verbs Question Stems

Potential activities and products

create - Can you design - Invent a machine to do a invent a ... to...? specific task.

compose - Why not predict compose a song plan about...? construct - Can you see a design possible solution imagine to...? propose - If you had devise access to all formulate resources how would you deal with...? - Why don't you devise your own way to deal with...? - What would happen if...? - How many ways can you...? - Can you create new and unusual uses for...? - Can you write a new recipe for a tasty dish? - Can you develop a proposal which would...?

- Design a building to house your study. - Create a new product. Give it a name and plan a marketing campaign. - Write about your feelings in relation to... - Write a TV show, play, puppet show, role play, song or pantomime about...? - Design a record, book, or magazine cover for...? - Make up a new language code and write material suing it. - Sell an idea. - Devise a way to... - Compose a rhythm or put new words to a known melody.

Evaluation Useful Verbs

Sample Question Stems

Potential activities and products

judge - Is there a better - Prepare a list of criteria to select solution to... judge a ... show. Indicate choose - Judge the value priority and ratings. decide of... - Conduct a debate about an justify - Can you defend issue of special interest. debate your position - Make a booklet about 5 verify about...? rules you see as important. argue - Do you think ... - Convince others. recommend is a good or a - Form a panel to discuss assess bad thing? views, eg "Learning at discuss - How would School." rate you have - Write a letter to ... advising prioritize handled...? on changes needed at... determine - What changes - Write a half yearly report. to ... would you - Prepare a case to present recommend? your view about... - Do you believe? - Are you a ... person? - How would you feel if...? - How effective are...? - What do you think about...?