Biofuels Intro And Production Outlines

Biodiesel - the new-age fuel

Kamaljot kaur Khushpreet singh

INTRODUCTION  

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Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines Biodiesel can be used easily because it can be mixed at any proportion with diesel oil, hence enabling us to apply it immediately for diesel engines without much modification easy biodegradability 10 times less poisonous compared to the ordinary diesel oil, the waste product is not black less sulphur and other aromatic contents, hence the combustion emission produced is safe for environment and perform less accumulation of carbon dioxide gas in atmosphere thus lessen further global heating effect (Chairil A. et al., 2004).

ADVANTAGES 

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Biodiesel is very important alternatives energy because the pollution of environment are increased, plus the depletion of conservatives petro-diesel. The biodiesel also contribute to greener environment where the emitted gases contained higher concentration of oxygen compared to petro-diesel.

The Fossil Fuels

12. The Renewable Fuels

CO2

Ethanol vs. Gasoline

Source: Prof. Dan Kammen (UC Berkley, Michael Chang (Argonne)

Soya bean Sunflower Linseed

•Jatropha •Pongamia

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Natural Oils

Biodiesel

Technology Progression Synthetic Biorefinery Gasification

Direct Synthesis? Corn Algae

Cellulosic Bioethanol

Jatropha curcas

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Found in Tanzania, Venezuela and India. Grown on marginal lands.

Jatropha Oil extraction

Jatropha Oil - Composition Fatty acid

weight %

Oleic acid

44.7

Linoleic acid

31.4

Palmitic acid

15.1

Stearic acid

7.1

COOMe Stearic acid methyl ester COOMe Palmitic acid methyl ester COOMe Linoleic acid methyl ester COOMe Oleic acid methyl ester

Transesterification of oils 

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Chemical methods – Acid or Base catalysed Biochemical methods – Enzyme catalysed

Acid Catalyzed Transesterification Commonly used acids: H2SO4/ HCl

Base catalyzed transesterification

Comparisons Base catalysis is preferred: 2) 4000 times as fast. 3) Use of KOH gives useful side product. 4) Acids are corrosive.

Limitations of chemical methods  

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Require more energy. Formation of soap inhibits transesterification. Disposal of waste water.

Enzyme catalysed methods

Lipases 

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Biocatalysts are biodegradable. Consume less energy. No soap formation. Further purification of biodiesel not required. Can be used for oils with high free fatty acid content.

Optimum Molar Ratio (Oil: Methanol)

Optimum temperature

Maximum % yield at 50°C Time taken : 92 hrs.

Summary of results Optimum molar ratio

1:3

Optimum temperature

50

Enzyme wt.

5% w.r.t wt of oil

Time

92h

Conversion

80%

PRODUCTION OUTLINE

Cellulosic Ethanol Production 1st Pretreatment

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Convert hemi-cellulose into pentoses (5 carbon sugars) and partial breakdown of cellulose Each type of cellulosic feedstock requires a unique combination of pretreatments.  Physical methods:  steam explosion  Chemical methods:  dilute acid, alkaline, organic solvent, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide  Biological methods: enzymatic breakdown

Cellulosic Ethanol Production 

2nd Pretreatment Convert cellulose into hexoses (6 carbon sugars) 

The cellulose fraction is hydrolyzed by acids or enzymes to produce glucose Enzymatic hydrolysis – biological conversion of cellulose to sugars  Acid hydrolysis – acid concentrations to convert cellulose to sugars 

Cellulosic Ethanol Production 

Lignin (By-product) The solids remaining after the hemicellulose and cellulose are converted to sugars are washed, dried and used as fuel source for power production.

Cellulosic Ethanol Production Hydrolysis 

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(saccharification) Hydrolysis breaks down the hydrogen bonds in the hemi-cellulose and cellulose fractions into their sugar components: pentoses and hexoses. The yeast contains an enzyme called invertase, which acts as a catalyst and helps to convert the sucrose sugars into glucose and fructose (both C6H12O6)

Cellulosic Ethanol Production Fermentation

The fructose and glucose sugars reacts with an enzyme called zymase, which is also contained in the yeast, to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.  The fermented mash, called beer, contains about 10% alcohol plus all the non-fermentable (After fermentation the cellulosic and solids from the corn and yeast cells. grain ethanol  production processesThe mash and solids are separated 

are based on similar methodology.)

Grain Ethanol Production Dry Milling Process Grain

Fermentation Beer

Grind

Distillation Whole

190 Proof

Liquify & Cook

Saccharify Enzymes

Dehydration

200 Proof

Ethanol

Stillage

Centrification Thin

CO2

Denaturing

Wet Grains

Stillage

Evaporation

Syrup

Distillers Solubles

Dryer

Dried Distillers Grains Distillers Grains w/Solubles

Grain Ethanol Production Grinding

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The grain passes through a hammer mill which grinds it into a fine powder called meal.

Grain Ethanol Production Liquify and Cooking

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The meal is mixed with water and cooked to liquify the starch. Heat is applied to enhance liquefaction resulting in a mash. 

Enzymes are added to facilitate starch breakdown

Grain Ethanol Production Saccharify

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An enzyme is added to the mash to convert the liquefied starch to fermentable sugars

Grain Ethanol Production Fermentation

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Yeast is added to the mash to ferment the sugars to ethanol and carbon dioxide. In a batch process, the mash stays in one fermenter for about 48 hours before the distillation process is started.

Ethanol Production

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Distillation (Cellulosic or Grain) The distillation involves boiling the water and ethanol mixture. Since ethanol has a lower boiling point (78.3C) than water (100C), ethanol vaporizes before water and can be condensed and separated The distilled alcohol is about 96% strength.

Ethanol Production Drying & Denaturing (Cellulosic or Grain) 

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Most ethanol plants use a molecular sieve to water from the distilled ethanol. Fuel ethanol must be denatured, or made unfit for human consumption, with a small amount of gasoline (2-5%)

Grain Ethanol Production Dried Distillers Grains (DDG)

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DDG is a by-product of grain ethanol production. Drying the distillers grain increases its shelf life and reduces transportation costs A bushel of corn (56 lbs) yields about 2.8 gallons of ethanol and 17 pounds of distillers grain

Grain Ethanol Production

Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) 

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DDGS is a by-product of grain ethanol production. The liquid that is separated from the mash during the distilling process is partially dehydrated into a syrup, then added back onto the dried distillers grain to create DDGS

Ethanol Production

(Cellulosic 

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or Grain) Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

CO2 is given off during fermentation Ethanol production plants collect, compress, and sell it for use in other industries

Companies & Technologies        

BCI Clearfuels Full Circle Edenspace Agrivada Mascoma Synthetic Genomics Unannounced….

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Novazyme

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Genencor

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Diversa

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Iogen

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Ceres

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Corn Ethanol Cos.

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Coal to Liquids

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MSW to Ethanol

CASE STUDY: Ceres: What one company is doing…

Ceres’s Traits Address all Parts of Equation Parts of the Equation

Ceres Traits & Technologies  

Acres

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Tons per acre

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Dollars per acre

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Gallons per ton

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Capital & Vari. cost

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Co-products Source: Company Presentations

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Tolerance to chronic and acute drought Drought recovery High salt tolerance Tolerance to heat shock 50% improvement in seedling growth under cold conditions 500% increase in biomass in arabidopsis in the greenhouse 300% increase in rice in the field 30% increase in CO2 uptake (a measure of photosynthetic effic.) Significant reduction in required nitrogen 20% improvement in photosynthetic efficiency on low nitrogen 5% increase in root biomass Decreased lignin Increased cellulose Proprietary gene expression system Strong constitutive promoters Tissue specific and inducible promoters Up to 80-fold increase in desired plant metabolites Ability to express entire metabolic pathways in plants

Expanding Usable Acreage…

Drought tolerance

Heat tolerance

Cold germination

Drought recovery

Source: Company Presentations

Drought Inducible Promoters

Salt tolerance

CO2 uptake

Increasing Tons per Acre…

Light density

Photosynthetic Efficiency Increased biomass

Shade tolerance

Source: Company Presentations

Flowering time

Stature control

Herbicide tolerance

Reducing Dollars per Acre… 4

N (ng/ mg DW)

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

1

2

Time Point

Nitrogen partitioning Nitrogen uptake

Photosynthetic efficiency under low nitrogen

Source: Company Presentations

Increased root biomass

p < 0.001

Reducing Cost Through Enzyme Production… Activation Line

Target Line UASn

Trait

UASx

Sterility

UAS Marker

X

P1

T

Promoter Protein Sterility Factor

Transcription factor

Fluorescent marker

Ceres’ proprietary gene expression system

Flower

Seed Stem Leaf Root Ceres promoter

Industry standard promoter

Source: Company Presentations

Tissue-specific promoters

Ceres : Developing Commercial Energy Crops Generating Plant Material for DNA Libraries to be Used in Molecular Assisted Breeding

Transformation with Ceres’ Traits

Embryogenic callus

1 day after trimming Shoot regenerated from callus

Plant regeneration Re-growth after 15 days

Ceres expects to have proprietary commercial varieties ready for market in 2-3 years and transgenic varieties in 5-7 Source: Company Presentations

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