Biodiversity G Ludhiana

Submitted by Mr. Rajeev Kumar Adya Lecturer Biology

Under the Guidance of Mr. Jaswinder Singh Teacher Trainer

Index S.No

Contents

1

Acknowledgement

2

Subject Matter

3

References

Acknowledgement This Project has been completed under the able guidance of Mr. Jaswinder Singh ( Computer Faculty ) who has provided me with all the necessary support for completing this project. I am thankful to Mrs. Barjinder Kaur Principal of J.L.N.G.G.S.S.S Jawahar Nagar Ludhiana and DE trainees for their corporation. Thanks to Digital Equalizer Program for providing an opportunity to learn and to enable me to make such project which me help me a lot in my teaching. Rajeev Kumar Adya ( Lect.

BIODIVERSITY 



Biodiversity or Biological Diversity, sum of all the different species of animals, plants, fungi, and microbial organisms living on Earth and the variety of habitats in which they live. Scientists estimate that upwards of 10 million—and some suggest more than 100 million—different species inhabit the Earth Each species is adapted to its unique niche in the environment, from the peaks of mountains to the depths of deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and from polar ice caps to tropical rain forests.

THE GROWING THREAT OF INVASIVE SPECIES • Ships, planes, and other modes of travel often carry plants and animals to distant places. Most of these nonnative species die under the new, unfamiliar conditions, but as worldwide movement of people and goods increases, thousands of so-called invasive species make their way abroad and drive out or infest native species • Invasive species threaten global biodiversity and often damage commercial crops.

INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF BIODIVERSITY B.

ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

E.

EVOLUTIONARY DIVERSITY

Ecological Diversity Ecological diversity is the intricate network of different species present in local ecosystems and the dynamic interplay between them. An ecosystem consists of organisms from many different species living together in a region that are connected by the flow of energy, nutrients, and matter that occurs as the organisms of different species interact with one another. An ecosystem, then, is a collection of living components—microbes, plants, animals, and fungi—and nonliving components—climate and chemicals—that are connected by energy flow.

Evolutionary Diversity In evolutionary diversity, the connection is not energy flow, but rather genetic connections that unite species. The more closely related any two species are, the more genetic information they will share, and the more similar they will appear. An ever-widening circle of evolutionary relatedness embraces every species on Earth.

Animal Kingdom

Levels of Biodiversity 1. 2. 3.

Genetic Diversity Species Diversity Community and Ecosystem Diversity a) Alpha Diversity b) Beta Diversity c) Gamma Diversity

Biogeographic Regions of India Wildlife Institute of India has divided the country into ten biogeographical regions1.Trans-Himalays 2.Himalays 3.Desert 4.Semi-arid 5.Western Ghats 6.Deccan Peninsula-largest biogeographical region 7.Gangetic Plain 8.North East 9.Coasts 10.Islands 

Uses of Biodiversity 1.Source of Food 2.Source of Fats and Oils 3.Fibres 4.New Varieties 5.Drugs and Medicines 6.Aesthetic Value 7.Cultural Benefits 8.Ecosystem Services

Threats to Biodiversity 1.Habitat Loss and Fragmentation 2.Disturbance and Degradation 3.Pollution 4.Over –exploitation 5.Intensive Agriculture 6.Forestery 7.Introduction of Exotic Species

Extinction of Species: It is the elimination or dying out of species from the earth. Types of Extinction:Extinction is of three types1.Natural Extinction-due to changes in environmental conditions,predators,diseases. 2.Mass Extinction-by catastrophes. 3.Anthropogenic Exctinction-by human activities like settlements,hunting,overexploitation and habitat destruction.

Habitat Destruction

Over –Exploitation 

The blue whale, the largest animal ever to exist, may grow over 24 m (80 ft) in length. The loud moans of blue whales may carry through deep waters to distances more than 160 km (100 mi) away, allowing them to communicate across vast areas of water. Hunted nearly to extinction in the first half of the 20th century, blue whales are now protected, although they remain endangered.

Blue Whale

African Elephant Killed by Poachers • Elephant populations are on the brink of extinction due to poachers who kill elephants for their ivory tusks. An international ban on ivory trade, instituted in 1989 by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), has diminished the illicit ivory trade and reduced the killing. Over 120 countries support the ban.

Passenger Pigeon Once abundant in North America, the passenger pigeon became extinct in 1914 as a result of extensive hunting and loss of habitat. This specimen is from a museum in Saskatchewan, Canada .

Red Data Book and IUCN IUCN is the International Union of conservation of Nature and Natural Resources which is now called World Conservation Union(WCU).It maintains a red data book or red list which is a catalogue of taxa facing risk of extinction. Threatened species is the one which is liable to become extinct if not allowed to realise its full biotic potential by providing protection from exotic species / human exploitation / habitat destruction / habitat deterioration /depletion of food.

Red list has eight categories of species: 1.Extinct 2.Extinct in Wild 3.Critically Endangered 4.Endangered 5.Vulnerable(Depleted Species) 6.Lower risk 7.Data Deficiency 8.Not Evaluated

Spruce forest damaged by acid rain 

Forests, lakes, ponds, and other terrestrial and aquatic environments throughout the world are being severely damaged by the effects of acid rain. Acid rain is caused by the combination of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen compounds with water in the atmosphere to produce rain with a very low pH. Normally, rainwater has a pH of 6.5, making it slightly acidic. However, with the addition of sulfur and nitrogen compounds, the pH of rainwater may drop to as low as 2.0 or 3.0, making it dangerously acidic. In addition to chemically burning the leaves of plants, acid rain poisons lake water, which kills most if not all of the aquatic inhabitants.

CURRENT TYPES OF CONSERVATION ISSUES     

Biodiversity Conservation Forest Conservation Soil Conservation Water Conservation Energy Conservation

REFERENCES NCERT Biology for Senior Secondary Classes  Elementary Biology for 10+2  Pardeep’s Biology for 10+2  Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Deluxe 2005  Internet 