Bible Lexical 2

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LEXICAL AIDS TO THE OLD TESTAMENT 1708 other syn. in the Heb. CT., the most notable of which The Berkeley Version translates Hos. 8:9 as iskã bad (3513). which see. ‘,4daressentially connotes gifts.” For more information see 157. that which is superior to something elsa 159. ‘Ohab; a mas. pl. noun parallel to “sharre 148. ‘Adargazr; this word occurs only in Dan. 3:2,3, an “Baal.” Ithas illicitovertonesin Prov. 7:18.The Aramaic seclion of Scripture. It is a loanword from lem Bible uses Ihe word “delight” in Prov. 7’E Persian meaning “officers of the court at Babylon.” its root in 157. The nalure of thsir office is unknown. 160. ‘Ahabah; love, beloved. Heb. abstract ncr:• 157. ‘Ahab; love, desire, delight, like, be lond of. covet, typically fem. in gender. Proverbs uses ‘aba:, ‘pjq,(be beloved, amiable, be a passicnate lover or par- its most abstract form: ‘Love covers all trarr• amour, It implies an ardent and vehement inclination stone” (Prov. 10:12: cf. Js 5:20). See also Eec 4IVIO of lhsrnind and atendarness of affecton atthe same It is a key word in Song of Sol. (2:4,5; 5:8. i time. ‘Ahab has the extensive sense of the English The Prophets were fond of Ihe word (Jer. 31: -r word ‘love.” Ahab is often used to describe the 11:4; Mic. 6:8). This noun appears filly-five times unspeakable love and tender mercies of God in the 168. ‘Ohel; the K.J.V. translates this word with the cde’enant”retblionship with His people. This word ap- ing words: “tent,” “tabernacle,” “covdring pears in all periods of Heb., about 250 times in the “dwelling place.” it is also the name ol amen Heb. Bible. It denotes a strong emotional attsohment 3:20). It can also be a hut, habitaticn, or fern for and a desire to posaeae or be in the presence mae. noun occurs 340 times and is used for theeof the object of love. It can be sexual within Bed’s skin or hair of a goat (Song of Sot. 1:5), a c’ laws of marriage (Gen. 24:67), orilliciterolicism (Gen. of nomadic people (Gen. 4:20; 13:5; 18:6: 34:3), and pure lust (II Sam. 13:1). Jacob truly loved shepherds (Jer. 6:3), women (Sen. 31:33; Juog Rachel before they were sexually One in marriage ct Isa. 54:2). warriors (I Sam. 17:54; Jer. 37:lc (Sen. 29:30). Rarely does ‘ahab refer to lovemaking cattle (It Chr. 14:14). It is also used for the

(I Kgs. 11:1;Jer, 2:25; f-tos.3:l). tJsuellyyade’(3045). tent (II Sam, 16:22). It means aprivate homer “to know (sexually)” or shakab (7901). “to lie down 19:9:1 Kgs. 8:66; 12:16; Ps. 91:10. including:”e with (for copulation),” pertorm this function. ‘Ahab is ace of David (lea. 16:5), long afterthe Israelites Er used to describe the close attachment between par- ped using tents. The word is used figuratively’: ents and children (Sen. 22:2;37:3; Ex, 21:5), even people of Edom, Cedar, Judah, Cushan end relationships by maflflluth 4:15), also repre- It is a figure for Jerusalem in Lam. 2:4. Sod’s ‘as sente by the word rScham (7355). One special use ole was basically a tent, comprised of two let of ‘ahab is the close ties of friendship (Lev. 19:18,34; cloth end two layers of animal skins whicr Deut, IQ:19; I Sam. 18:1). “Hiram had always been stretched over a wooden framework (Ex. 26:7.’: a friend of David’ in a political sense of loyalty (I The expression ohelmo’ed is often translated as Kgs. 5:1) Nowhere in the 0.1. are children to ‘love’ of meeting” (Ex. 33:7-11); it refers to the tab.”—-—’ their parents. Instead, they are instructed to honor, This phrase occurs 139 times, mostly in Exodus revere. and obeytheml Things were loved in the O.T.: cue, and Numbers, It was the appointed place savory meat (Sen. 27:4), oit (Prov. 21:17), silver (Ecc. God’s presence was felt most. God’s peop a 5:9), gifts (Isa. 1:23). God’s Law (Ps. 119). evil (Ps. reassured that He was among them-Another c• 52:3).good(Amosb:15),truthandpeace(Zech.8:19), “tent of the testimony” (‘OheI’ëdOwth) is used salvation (Ps. 40:16), wisdom (Prov. 29:3), vanity (Ps. eral places (e.g.. Num. 9:15; 17:7,8) to denc:e — 4:2), cursing (Ps. 109:17), a false oath (Zech. 8:17) tabernacle also. Mishkan (4908) isevidentlyther an even death (Prov. 8:36), But, above all else, Jesus necle structure as a whole, and it is regarce: instructed us to, ‘ahab (love) God more t,han anything the shekinab. the dwelling-place of God, Ohs or anyone else (Deut6:5). whicj,Jesu indicäfed,,. the awning of goat’s hair. Both ‘o(te/ and nra was one of the two mairtpillars upon shich thé’”htire, (4908) occur together in Ex, 26:7. ‘Qhe/ derives —r CT. rested (Mt. 22:33-40). God certainly loved His.r,:. the verb ‘Ohs! (167) which means ‘to pitch a people4ut. 4:37’ a 43’4’ MaE Lg Th r ount.’.,,; (Gen

13:12,18; Isa. 13:20). A similarword isc—’ terpart is agape an’”egdpao (25)’ foun in Jo, (2583), ‘to bend or stoop.’ as in pitching a ten: 3’ 3:16. See the comments in the NEC, Feiddal sédfion 26:17; 33:18; Num, 1:52; 9:17; Deut. 1:33) It When this root is used as a pad. it is often translated root for camp or encampment (Num, 13:19: Er as”friend.”Abrahamwasthe “friend” of God (II Chr. 17:53:11 Kgs. 7:16:11 Chr. 31:2; Zech, 14:15) - 20:7; see Js, 2:23) The Piel (intenj part. carries the passage, II Sam, 11:11, the Heb. word gukkOh SE. unfortunate connotation of prostitution (Jer. 22:20,22; was used by David to describe the tents in 30:14; Lam, 1:19; Ezek 16:33.3Q37 j’tp,s. ?:7&.12). Israel, Judah, end the ark resided. Normally :— Dlbar Heb syn. are: dowd (1730), used onIS’ in the the word for “booths,” as the “Feast of Booths i’Thr p1. from a root meaning “to boil,” alover, friend, uncle: nacies).’ Finally, qubbOh (6898) is a pavilion chaOs?, (2245), cherish (as in the bosom), protect domed cavity). It was probably a vaulted plea— (Deut 33:3); machmOd (4261), what is the object of tent, devoted to the impure worship of Baai desire, lovely, a pleasant thing: oheçed (2617), kind- 25:8) ness. mercy, iovingkindness; chOshaq (2836), to con- 178. ‘Owb; there are sixteen occurrences of this ‘ neot or join together a clinging love towb (2896) f4sJwJstn the K J V it is translated as tami)&asari5I —goqd, loving; y°diyd (3039), beloved; Sgab (5689), is necrozaany, a spirit of divinafion, and ‘a oor’r to love (sensually), usually of impurç rove; rdcham ghost. A necromancer, or sorcerer, is one whc :r (7355), to be tender, to have compassion; and réa up spirits from the abyss to foretell future ever-s (7453), friend, companion, lover. The Septuagint al- practice the art of necromancy. It has a secc’ ways uses agapaô (25) instead of phifeC (5368) where maaning of animal skins used to contain wine, God’s love is mentioned. See Ihe note on phileo in bottles, leather baga. Ventriloquists were thot’ the NT, lexical section. In fact, agape made its first speak trom the hollow in their bellies. Modern Pr appearance in the Septuagint and was generally un- tions have: ‘medium,””gbost,’”spirit. ““spirit r known to early Classical Greek authors. Ills used in dead” and “wizard.” The N.E.B. has “bellows’ a-.:: the NT to designate the essential nature of God, 32:19. The Israelites were commanded by Go: t His regard for mankind, and also the most marked stay away from the occull (Lev. 19:31; 20:27: :e: characteristicof the Divineliteas manifested inObrist 18:10,11; Ezak, 21:21). The famous “witch” and in Christiana The Gr, word eros is only used in dor was an ‘Owb (I Sam. 28). This event coulo 3e the Septuagint in Prey. 7:18 and 30:16. It is not used come from God without involving any actual tranas-: in the N.T. at all, • fation of Samuel from the dead. Note that the i’or 158. ‘Ahab; this mae. p1. noun occurs only twice in the herself was amazed. There may be no relatinrr: Heb, 0.1. at Prbv, 5:19 and Hos, 8:9. The passage whatever belween the two meanings of ‘Owb: —e in Proverbs carries a good flavor, “lovely doe,” but

may merely be homonymous. Other Hab.-wor:s r the one in Hosea is used pejoritively, “hired lovers.” divinars and divination are: ‘jUt (from ‘ate,,,, I.E The Jerusalem Bible translates Prov. 5:19 as “fair.” ‘anan (6049): ‘ashshaph (825): chartOn, (2748):. rE

1709 L shshaph (3786); nachasft (5172) and 4 baa/Oh (1172) is a mistress of a Sam. 28:7).  rat desire for food, eager desire, to longinaly. wish, sigh, crave, want,  er, lust after, The subject noun of this ephesh (5315), ‘soul.””self,””aPPe notable  reterence is one of the Ten its (Deut. 5:21). Chamad (2530) is the 20:17, There are at  least sixteen syn meaning of “desire.” -,jsa, f+{LK’: 4 a major Heb word for sin: vaniJy.  breath, ingnese,falsenessfalset1& idoi.ldoisdness. sorrow, distress, hardship, toil. slates  the word with: iniquity, wicked, wickedness, mourning. mourners. afunjust. There are  two aspects to the ing of the word: (a) emphasis upon lrouyes onward to wickedness;  (b) emptisuIts in idolatry. The word is used eightyefortune” comes close to  encompassing meanings above, II is the hard way of ho are living without God (lea.  32:6). enjoy making a difficult life harder (Job 4). The word focuseg upcn the planning  on of deception, pointing more to the es of sin­ It is the Heb­ word which is ntly rendered  “iniquity,” though there are tb. words, The connection of ‘Oven with ttiently obvious; an  idol is a vacuous thing­  name in Ezak, 30:17; Hos, 10:8; and he most prominent syn. br sin are: chafa’ iss the  mark; sftagah (7686). to err; pesha’ tEa tranff,g(haOJoflLava’1 (5753), to be T’.ed;  ‘ama? (5999), travail, the burdenme aspect of sin; ‘Oval (5765), to distort. ‘Sr (5674), to  cross over, transgress; re  ­, wickedness, ruin, bad, harm; rasfta’  ­ked. wrong, bad, condemned, guilty; mOfat achery. wrongdoing as a breach of ­truer,.  cling covertly, transgression; pagad (88)i. itfully. as under a cloak; Osham (817)t­a  espass, fault, guilt.  wheat­ The early wheels were made from lanks joined togelher by pegs­ The Egyp n  using much lighter wheels about B­C. a horses could pull them much faster to, ivantage.  Prov. 25:11 says. ‘A word spoken ircumstances.” Literally. it says. “spoken  els.” Potters used two stones in the shape Oben (70). A rolling thing, swell apparatus.  wheel of a chariot is ga/gal (1534), from which ‘as derived. The regular beat 0f the  revoluwheel is pa’em (6471), as in Judg. 5:28.  xcept for one instance in Job 36:32, thi  ““aning light, brightneS5,Jj9t1P9J m’ sunlight, illumination.’ enlighfenrn’W  cheertulnees. Light is an important con, ‘tire Bible, whether literal or metaphorical 

osely associated with it; He created it (Ben4 of is often used as an indicator of time.  particu:  .wn (Ben. 44:3; Judg. 162, Nah. 8:3), thoiaQj a distinction between daybreak and  daylighi 9:26; lea. 60:1­3). Light was distinct trom the es in space (Ben. 1:3). The sun is  the “greater ...lg,.mpQ.nIe the_’)es.ser lighti (Gen. 1:16:  1). Then there are the “stars of light’ (Ps. Ike a clock they regulate the seasons (Ge.  s. 104:19; Jer. 31:35,36). God’s pillar of ­ ‘ad God’s glory when the sons of Israel  in the wilderness (Ex. 13:21; Job 36:32; P 97:4; 105:39). The sacred lampstand w  ernacle (Num. 4:9,16; 8:2). The opp. is ‘wa eec” (tsa 9:2). ‘Owr signifies life in contrasi  ith (Ps. 56:13; 89:15; Prov 16:15; Mic. 7:8) Ic closely related to life and happiness, not  walk i the valley of the shadow of death (Ps. 23:4) the famous priestly blessing of Num.  6:24. “Tbt  a His face shine upon you.” Seethe formu” 31:16; 67:1; 60:3.7,19; 119:135, Light can at  Size prosperity (Job 29:3; Ps. 36:9; Isa, 58:1