Bharatiya Paitrkam _misinterpretations

`mc-Xob ss]Xr-I-¯n\v hnIrX hymJym\w

(a) injy-[o-hr-²nZw tUm. tKm]m-eI - r-jvW³ {]kn-²o-Ic - n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv C´y³ \mj-W kb³kv A¡m-Za - n-bpsS (INSA) ]IÀ¸-hI - m-is¯

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sI.N{µ-lcn

lnµp-Xz-hm-Z-¯n\v t]mj-IhÀ²-\hv e£y-am¡n {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ Xncp-h-\´]pcs¯ Hcp `mc-Xob imkv{X-ss]-XrI {]Nm-cW {]Øm-\-w {]kn-²o-Icn¨ GXm\pw IrXn-I-Ä kaq-l-¯n {]N-cn-¸n-¡p¶ A_-²-[m-c-WIfmWv Cu teJ-\-¯n\v t{]c-Iw. {]Øm-\-¯nsâ amÌÀ]o-sk¶v ]d-bm-hp¶ '`mcXob imkv{X ss]XrIw' F¶ \m\qdv ]pd-§-fpÅ tUm. F³. tKm]m-e-IrjvWsâ IrXn C´y³ \mj-W kb³kv A¡m-Z-an-bpsS A²y-£-\m-bncp¶ amsjÂI-dpsS Bap-J-t¯m-sS-bmWv {]kn-²o-I-cn¡s¸«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. DÅS-¡-sa-s´-¶-dn-bmsX amsj¡À sNbvX A_-²-amWv Cu IrXn¡v \ÂInbn-cn-¡p¶ A`n-\-µ-\-§Ä. Kth-j-W-w, imkv{Xw {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-I, `mc-Xob ss]XrIw apX-emb kZp-t±-i-§sf ap³\nÀ¯n lnµp-Xz-hm-Zn-I-fpsS Øm]nX XmÂ]-cy-§sf hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb CSp-§nb tZio-bXbpw tZ-iobXbpsS apJ-¸-Wnª {_mÒ-W-hm-Z-hp-w {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv Cu kwL-S-\-bp-sS e£yw. F{X hnNn-{Xhpw hnI-e-hp-amb ]cn-`m-j-bmWv Cu kwL-S\ `mc-Xob imkv{X ss]Xr-I-¯n\v \ÂIp-¶-sX¶v t_m²y-s¸-Sp-hm³ Xmsg-¸-d-bp¶ ss]Xr-I-þ-hmZ-§Ä {i²n-¡p-I. 1. ZoÀL-hr-¯m-Im-c-amb `q{`-a-W-]-Y-¯nsâ Hc-ä¯v kqcy³ \n¡p¶p. Cu ho£Ww Xs¶ eÃm-Nm-cy³ AD 748 Fgp-Xn- sh-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.1,2

tkzm¨mXv jUv`mKm`y-[ntIm bYm XYm `hXn kz\o-Nky (sic) eÃm-Nm-cysâ Cu tÇmImÀ[-¯n\v tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³ \ÂIp¶ hymJym-\amWv apI-fn ASn-h-c-bn«v \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. sI¹-dpsS ZoÀL-hr-¯m-Imc-`q{`-a-W-]Y kn²m´w (Elliptical Orbits) GXm−v Bbncw hÀjw ap¼v eÃm-Nm-cy³ injy-[o-hr-²nZw F¶ {KÙ-¯n \ÂIn-bn-cp¶p AYhm At±-l-¯n\v `qan-bpsS Elliptical Orbits s\¸än Xn«-ap-−m-bn-cp¶p F¶mWv CSIR (Concil of Scientific and Industrial Research) F¶ tI{µ-kÀ¡mÀ Øm]\-¯n D¶X imkv{X-Ú-\mb tUm. tKm]m-e-IrjvW³ {]kn-²o-I-c-W§-fo-eq-sSbpw CXc am²y-a-§-fn-eq-sSbpw {]N-cn-¸n¨p hcp-¶-Xv.

AXn-ew-Ln¨v _n\m NmäÀPn-bpsS {KÙw Xsâbpw Xsâ kwL-S\ - b - psSbpw t]cn ]IÀ¯n-bm-Wv. F¶n«pw _n\m NmäÀPn \ÂIp¶ icnbmb hymJym-\s¯ ad-¨p-sh¨v hnZymÀ°n-Is - fbpw kaq-ls - ¯bpw sXän-²c - n-¸n¨v `mc-Xob ss]Xr-I¯ - nsâ amäp Iq«n lnµp-Xz-þ{- _m-ÒW - hm-Z§ - Ä¡v A\p-Iq-ea - mb kml-Ncyw kaq-l¯ - n krjvSn¡phm\m Wv tUm. tKm]m-eI - r-jvWsâ {iaw.

(b) _n\m NmäÀPn-bpsS ]pkvXI - ¯ - n ]pdw 228  hyà-ambn ]d-bp¶Xv {i²n-¡p-I þ tÇmI-§Ä 7 apX 18 hsc A\p-_Ô - ¯ - n hni-

Z-am-¡p-¶X - p-t]mse \otNm-¨h - r-¯w, {]Xn-hr¯w Ch kw_-Ôn-¨h - bm-Wv. XpSÀ¶v ]pdw 310 þ 317 hsc C§s\ c−p-hn-[a - mb Pyman-Xob amXr-II - f - psS NÀ¨ hni-Za - mbn \ÂI-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. eÃm-Nm-cy-cpsS tÇmI-¯n ZoÀL-hr-¯k - q-NI - a - mb bmsXm¶pw Xs¶ CÃm-Xn-cn-s¡bmWv sI¹-dpsS kn²m-´s¯ `mc-Xob ss]Xr-Ia - m¡n Ah-Xc - n-¸n-¡p¶-Xv.

(c) kqcy³ `qan-tbmSv \otNm-¨h - r-¯¯ - n (Epicycle) Gähpw AI¶ Øm\s¯ atµm¨w (equivalent term is apogee) F¶pw Gähpw ASp¯ FXnÀ_n-µp-hns\ \oNw (Perigee) F¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. `mc-Xob tPymXnx-

im-kv{X-¯nse Cu hkvXpX ad¨p sh¨v atµm-¨s¯ ZoÀLhr-¯mIm-ca - mb `qan-bpsS {`a-W] - Y - ¯ - nse kqcy-t\m-tSä-hp-a-I¶ _nµphmbn (Aphelion) BÄam-dm«w \S¯n I]-Sh - ym-Jym\w \ÂIp-Ib - mWv Cu imkv{X-Ú³.

(d) \nkvXp-ea - mb _n\m-Nm-äÀPn-bpsS {KÙ-¯n\v A]-am-\I - c - a - mWv {KÙ-

¯nsâ A\-[n-Ir-Xa - mb tIm¸n-bS- nbpw kXyw ad¨p sh¡p¶ hnIe hymJym-\h - pw.

(e) `mc-Xob imkv{X ss]Xr-I¯ - nse hni-Za - mb NÀ¨bpw A_-²§ - Ä

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[email protected]

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tUm. F³.-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW³, '`uXn-I-hn-Úm\w kwkvIr-X-¯nÂ' sldntäPv ]»n-t¡-j³ kocokv þ20, ]pdw 15. `mc-Xob imkv{X ss]Xr-Iw, Indian Scientific Heritage ]pdw 242-243  _Ôs¸« hnI-e-hym-Jym\w hni-Z-ambn \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. atµm¨w kw_-Ôn¨ {KÙ-Im-csâ D]-\ym-k¯ - n\pw ]pcm-X\ `mc-Xob aqeyw B[p-\nI \nÀ®-bt- ¯mSv InS-]n-Sn-¡p-¶psh¶ hmZ-¯n\pw bmsXmcp Ig-¼p-an-à (]pdw 242). {InkvXp-hn\v ap¼v c−mw \qäm-−n Pohn¨ ln¸mÀ¡kv apX-epÅ \nc-h[n tPymXnx-imkv{X-Ú· - mÀ Cuhn[ aqey-\nÀ®-b§ - Ä \S-¯n-bn-«p-−v. atµm-¨w, \oNw apX-emb ]pcm-X\ aqey-§Ä B[p-\nI imkv{Xw sI¹-dpsS ZoÀL-hr¯kn²m-´¯ - nsâ ASn-Øm-\¯ - n \ÂIp¶ Øm\-§tfmSv Xmc-Xayw sN¿-s¸-SpI F¶Xp Xs¶ icn-bà - . Imc-Ww, atµm¨w apX-emb aqey-§Ä JtKm-f¯ - n hr¯m-Im-ca - mbn k¦Â]n¡p¶ {Im´n-hr-¯¯ - n KWn-Xa - m-XrI \ÂIp¶ Pyman-Xob aqey§Ä am{X-am-Wv. {Kl-§f - psS ZoÀL-hr-¯m-Im-ca - mb {`a-W] - Y - h - p-amtbm, kqcy\v `qan-bn \n¶pÅ icn-bmb Zqchpamtbm Sn aqey-¯n\v _Ô-an-Ã. G{]n 14  \n¶pw 79 Znh-k§ - Ä Iq«n Pqsse 3 apogee

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Cu hymJym\w hnI-ehpw hnIr-Xhpw Ak-Xy-hp-am-sW¶v Xmsg-¸-d-bp¶ hkvXpXIÄ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.

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F¶v tUm. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³ \ÂIp¶ KWnXw `mc-Xob tPymXnx-imkv{X-¯nse A]m-I-X-I-fpsS BsI-¯p-I-bmb bmZr-ÑnI kam-\-X-bmWv (accidental agreement out of cumulating errors). (f) \nc-h[n imkv{X-k-Xy-§sf a\x-]qÀÆw ad-¨p-sh-¨mWv Cu imkv{X-

Úsâ `mc-Xob ss]XrI {]Nm-cWw F¶Xv, Cu {ia-¯nsâ \nKqV-e-£y-§-fn-te¡v hnc Nq−p-¶p. imkv{Xw {]N-cn-¸n-¡p¶p F¶ apJw-aq-Sn-tbmsS amsjÂI-dp-sSbpw cmjv{S]-Xn-bmb tUm. A_vZpÄIem-an-sâbpw A`n-\-µ-\-§Ä FgpXn hm§n XnI¨pw Aim-kv{Xo-b-amb {]Nm-cWw BWv tPymXnx-imkv{Xw kw_-Ôn¨v tUm.-tKm-]m-e-IrjvW³ \S-¯p-¶-Xv. (g) apI-fn ]dª DZm-l-cWw t]mse Xs¶ hkvXp-X-IÄ¡v hncp-²ambn {Ko¡vþ_m-_n-tem-Wn-b³ imkv{X-ss]-Xr-I-kw-_-Ôn-bmb Kthj-W-^-e-§sf a\x-]qÀÆw Hgn-hm¡n `mc-Xob imkv{X ss]Xr-I-¯n\v CÃm¯ btim-[-h-fna Ds−¶v hcp-¯n-¯oÀ¯v lnµp-Xz-¯n\v amäpIq«p-I-sb¶-XmWv kwL-S-\-bpsS e£yw. imkv{X-Nn-´-bpsS A´x-k-¯¡pw {]Xn-_-²-X¡pw (Etiquette) LS-I-hn-cp-²-amWv Cu {]hÀ¯-\w.

I-WvT\pw π bpsS icn-bmb aqey-ambn 22/7 =3.1428571... \ÂInsb¶ hnNn-{X-amb hmZw BhÀ¯n-¡s - ¸-Sp-¶p. (d) ]pdw 153  Ic-W] - ² - X - n-bnse Gähpw kq£vaa - mb aqeys¯ 3.14159... icn-bmbn a\-Ênem¡msX, Xmc-Xa - y-¯n\v B[p-\nI aqey-ambn 3.142857 F¶v sXämbn B[p-\nIaqeyw \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. 3. tPymXn-imkv{X ss]Xr-I¯ - nsâ hnI-ea - mb Ah-Xc - Ww

imkv{XtemI¯v kp]-cnNnXamb ]T-\K - t- h-jW - -§f - psS ASn-Øm-\¯ - n t\m¡p-t¼mÄ Cu {KÙ-¯nse tPymXnx-im-kv{X-¯nsâ hfÀ¨-bpsS Ncn{Xw hkvXp-XI - Ä¡v hncp-²a - m-Wv. (a) ]pdw 25-26  hcm-la - n-ln-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS ]©-kn-²m-´nI I.8 D²-cn¨v ]cn-

`mj \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv {i²n-¡p-I. k]vXm-izn-th-Zk - wJyw iI-Im-ea - ] - mky ssN{X-ip-¢mZu AÀ²-mkvXa - ntX `m\u bh-\] - ptc tkma-Zn-hk - m-Zyx... F¶-XmWv tÇmIw.3 tcma-I-þ] - u-eni kn²m-´§ - Ä¡v IcWmcw`w bh-\]p-c¯ - n (A-eI - vkm-{−n-b) Xn¦-fmgvN kqcysâ AÀ²m-kvXa - b - I - m-ea - msW¶v hyàw. tUm. tKm]m-eI - r-jvW³ \ÂIp¶ ]cn-`m-jb - nÂ, bh-\] - pcs¯ Ic-Wm-cw`w \ÂInbncn¡p-¶Xv X{´-]qÀÆw Hgn-hm-¡n, ]pcm-X\ `mc-Xob coXn CXm-sW¶v hymJym-\n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

2. π bpsS aqeyw kw_-Ôn¨ \ÂIp¶ sXämb hnh-c-§Ä.

]e-bn-S¯pw π bpsS aqeyw kw_-Ôn¨ NÀ¨-bn imkv{X-Ú-\mb {KÙ-Imc³ ss]XrI, B-[p-\nI aqey§Ä kw_-Ôn¨v sshcp-²y-amÀ¶ NÀ¨-bmWv \ÂIp-¶-Xv. (a) ]pdw 148  Bcy-`-Ss\ D²-cn¨v 62832/20,000 = 3.1416 kq£va-am-sW¶v hmZn¨v icn-bmb aqeyw 3.14285... BsW¶v tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Hcp

{KÙhpw tXSn-t¸m-ImsX Hcp \à Im¡p-te-äÀ t\m¡n-bm π bpsS icn-bmb aqeyw 3.14159265...F¶ coXn-bn Bk-¶-sa¶v (transcendental) BÀ¡pw a\-Ên-em-¡m-hp-¶-tX-bp-Åp. (b) ]pdw 150  `mkvI-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS (II) eoem-hXn D²-cn¨v \ÂIp¶ NÀ¨ icn-bmb `mc-Xob ss]Xr-Is¯ XInSw adn-¡p-¶p. 3927/1250 =3.1416 GI-tZ-i-aq-ey-am-sW¶pw (approximate value), tÇmI-¯n XpSÀ¶v \ÂInb 22/7 =3.1428571F¶ Øqe-amb aqeyw kq£va-am-sW¶pw Cu imkv{X-Ú³ hmZn-¡p-¶p. (c) ]pdw 151  A_² {]kvXmhw XpS-cp-¶p. Aryabhatta-I and Bhaskaracharya-

(b) Bcy-`S - ³ P\n-¨ kabw hsc Cu imkv{X-Ú³ \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. AD 476 amÀ¨v amkw 21þ - mw XobXn a[y-ak - q-cysâ taS-kw-{Im´n ka-b¯v Bcy-`S- ³ P\n-¨p-sh¶pw 23 hbÊv kq£vaa - mbn XnI-ªt- ¸m-gs¯ {Kl-

\n-eb - mWv Bcy-`S- obw \ÂIp-¶s - X-¶p-amWv hmZw.

Bcy-`S- sâ al-Xz-s¯-¸än BÀ¡pw Xs¶ kwi-ba - n-Ã. ]s£ a[y-ak - qcysâ kw{I-a¯ - n-emWv Xm³ P\n-¨s - X¶v Bcy-`S- ³ ]d-bp-¶n-Ã. IenhÀjw 3600 XnI-ªt- ¸mÄ X\n¡v 23 hb-Êm-bn-cp¶p F¶v am{Xta Bcy`-S³ ]d-bp-¶p-Åp. a[y-ak - q-cysâ kw{Im-´n-th-fb - n P\n-¨p-sh¶ Xc¯n-epÅ A_² {]kvXmhw Bcy-`S- t\m imkv{Xw Adn-bp¶ CXc `mcXo-btcm Hcn-¡epw \ÂIpIbn-Ã. (c) tbmP-\sb Intem-ao-äd - m¡p¶ KWn-X¯ - nse sshcp²yw

I have written in the middle of the first millennia i.e. 499 AD and 628 AD. These two scholars have given accurately the values as 22/7 for arriving at the modern mathematical answer for π. Bcy-`-S\pw `mkvI-c\pw `mc-Xob tPymXnx-im-

kv{X-Ú-·m-cmb ]pXp-a-\-t¨m-am-Xn-cnbpw X{´-kw-{K-l-IÀ¯m-hmb \oe-

`mc-Xob tPymXnx-im-kv{X-cw-K¯v kp]-cn-Nn-Xa - mb tbmP-\b - psS hnhn[ aqey-§sf X{´-]qÀÆw ad-¨p-sh-¨mWv tUm. tKm]m-eI - r-jvW³ `q]-cn-[n3

]©-kn-²m-´nI, Ip¸-®i - m-kv{Xn, tUm.- sI. h - n. iÀ½. ]pdw 6 - 7  tÇmIhpw icn-bmb AÀ°hpw e`y-am-Wv.

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bpsS B[p-\n-I-aq-eys¯ (40090.3KM) eÃm-Nm-cysâ 3300 tbmP-\¡v Xpey-am-¡p-¶-Xv. ip¢-bpsS C´y³ \mj-W kb³kv A¡m-Zan {]kn²o-I-cn¨ Bcy-`-So-b-¯n tbmP\ 12.11 KM F¶v \nÀ®-bn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xmbn ]dªv Sn aqeyw D]-tbm-Kn¨v 1050 tbmP-\-bpsS `qhym-k-s¯bpw 3300 tbmP-\-bpsS `q]-cn-[n-sbbpw B[p-\n-I-aq-ey-§Ä¡v Xpey-am¡n tUm. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p (]pdw 268). `mc-X-N-cn-{X¯nse Gähpw PoÀ®n¨ imkv{Xm-Jym-\-amWv CXv. ip¢-bpsS {KÙ-¯nsâ ]pdw 19  B[p-\n-I-`q-hym-k-amb 12757 KM s\ Bcy-`-Ssâ `qhym-kþtbmP\bmb 1050 sIm−v lcn-¨mWv Bcy-`-So-b¯nse tbmP\ 12.11KM F¶v ip¢ \ÂIp-¶-Xv. A§s\ kn²-amb 4 12.11KM D]-tbm-Kn-¨mWv X¯z-Zo-£-bn-Ãm¯ ss]XrI hmK-t²m-c-Wn. ]pdw 268  Ah-km\ JWvUn-I-bn eÃm-Nm-cysc D²-cn¨v hymP-hymJym\w tUm.-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW³ BhÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. (d) ]pdw 270  {]kvXpX hymP-k-t¦Xw (1tbmP\ = 12.11KM) D]-tbm-K-s¸Sp¯n A´-co-£-¯nsâ kq£va-]-cn[n 23.9 tbmP\ = 145 KM BsW¶v

eÃm-Nm-cysc D²-cn¨v Øm]n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

{_Ò-Kp-]vX³ `qhym-k-ambn \ÂIn-bXv 1581 tbmP-\-bm-sW-¶pw, `mkvI-cmNm-cyÀ c−m-asâ `qhymkw 4967 tbmP-\-bm-sW¶pw tUm.-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW³ D²-cn-¡p¶ _n\m-Nm-äÀPn-bpsS injy-[o-hr-²n-Z-þ-]-cn-`m-j-bn tÇmI-¯n\v ASn-¡p-dn-¸mbn (]pdw 29 Â) hyà-ambn ]d-bp-¶p. Bcy-`-S³ Xs¶ Xsâ AÀ²-cm-{X-kn-²m-´-¯n `qhym-k-ambn 1575 tbmP\ kzoI-cn-¨n-cp-¶p. Cu aqeyw B[p-\n-I-`q-hym-k-am-sW¶v kn²m-´n-¨m 1575 tbmP\ = 12757 KM, At¸mÄ tbmP\ 8.1KM BsW¶v hcp-¶p. `mc-Xob tPymXnx-im-kv{X-¯nse Cu sshcp-²y-§sf ad-¨p-sh-¨mWv eÃm-Nm-cysâ `qhym-k-s¯bpw ]cn-[nsbbpw B[p-\n-I-aq-ey-¯n-s\m-¸-am-¡p¶ I]S hymJym-\w. Ancient Indian Knowledge on Planet Earth F¶ IrXn-bnepw `qhym-k-]-cn-[n-I-

fpsS Cu I]-S-hym-Jym\w ]pdw \men {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. tUm.-tKm-]m-e-IrjvWsâ IrXn-IÄ hmbn-¡p-¶-h-cnepw `mc-Xob tPymXnx-im-kv{X-s¯-¸än kmam-\y-hn-h-c-ap-Å-h-cmcpw Xs¶-bn-söv sXäp-I-fpsS BhÀ¯n-¨pÅ {]kn²o-I-c-W-¯n \n¶pw {]kw-K-§-fn \n¶pw a\-Ên-em-¡mw. 4

Quoting Dr.N.Goplakrishnan fully to expose the fraud involved: "It has been estimated that one Yojana can be approximately 12.11km. (explanation given in the Aryabhateeya published by Indian National Science Academy). Thus the diameter of the earth in kilometers is 1050x12.11km. The result gives 12716km which is very near to the correct value of earth's diameter i.e. 12756 km" This is really a fraud as the INSA work quoted has derived the conversion factor assuming Aryabhata's 1050 Yojana = Earth's diameter of 12757KM. Xerox copy of the page 19 of the Aryabhatīya published by INSA is enclosed here with for reference.

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4. `qan kqcy\p Npäpw Id-§p¶p þ Bcy-`S - ³ ]d-ªp-thm?

]pdw 271 se BZy JWvUnI {i²n-¡pI þ "Aryabhatta I was the first to say that the earth rotates by itself and revolves around the Sun, with details and mathematical data' – AXm-bX - v, `qan kzbw Id-§p-Ibpw kqcys\ Npäp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶X - mbn

BZyw ]dª hyàn Bcy-`«- \ - m-Wv.

Bcy-`-«s - \¶ {]tbmKw Xs¶ sXäm-Wv. Bcy-`Sx F¶v am{Xta Ncn-{X-¯n At±-l-¯nsâ t]cv tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯s - ¸-«n-«p-Åp. `«-s\-s¶-gp-Xn-bm {_mÒW\pw `S-\m-bm hmKv`S- s - \-t¸mse ssP\-þ_ - p-²] - m-c¼ - -cy-apÅ hyànbpw BImw F¶-Xn-\m-emImw `«-s\¶ {]tbmKw kzoI-cn-¨X - v. ss]XrIþ{KÙ-Imc³ ]e Øe¯pw {]kw-Kn-¡p¶ {]kn-²a - mb A_²§fn-sem-¶mWv Bcy-`S³ `qansb kqcy\v Npäpw Id-¡nb IY. Bcy-`S- sâ IrXn-I-fn-tem, hymJym-\§-fntem A§-s\-sbmcp {]kvXm-ha - n-Ã. `qan kzbw Id-§p-¶X - mbn am{Xta Bcy-`-S³ ]d-bp-¶p-Åp. `qtI-{µn-Xa - mb KWn-Xa - mWv At±lw \ÂIp-¶X - pw. "'`qan {]Xn-Zn\w kqcy\p Npäpw {`aWw \S-¯p-t¼mÄ D−m-Ip¶ tImWob Ne\w GtIm\jjvSn-en]vXmx AjvSu-hn-en]vXmx þ AXm-bXv 59 an\n«v 8 sk¡âv F¶v `mkvIc - m-Nm-cy³ Fgp-Xn-b-t¸mÄ AXn-t\-¡mÄ kq£vaa - mb aqeyw \nÀ®-bn-¡p-hm³ ]pXp-a\ tkma-bm-Pn¡p Ign-ªp...-'' C-XymZn {]kvXmhw `uXn-Ih - n-Úm\w kwkvIr-X¯ - n F¶ IrXn-bpsS 14þmw t]Pn ImWmw. ASn-hc - b - n-«n-cn-¡p¶ sXän\v ]pd-sa, ]pXp-a\ tkmP-bmPn kqcysâ a[y-at- h-KX `mkvIc - t- \-¡mÄ kq£vaa - mbn \nÀ®-bn-¨p-sh¶ {]kvXmhw `mc-Xob tPymXnx-im-kv{X-s¯-¸ä - n-bpÅ AÚ-Xb - psS {]Xn-^e - \ - am-Wv. Bcy-`S- obw apX-epÅ tIc-fob tPymXnx-im-kv{X-]m-c¼ - c - y-¯n kqcysâ a[y-aK - Xn 360/365.2586806 F¶v kuc-hÀj-am\w Bkv]Z- a - mbn \nÀ®-bn-¡s - ¸-«p. Cu `n¶kwJysb 0.985602859 Adp-]X - n Itc-än-bmÂ, 5908-10-13-3.42 F¶v e`n-¡p-¶p. Bcy-`S - \pw `mkvIc - \ - p-sams¡ Cu aqeyamWv D]-tbm-Ks - ¸-Sp-¯n-bX - v. ]pXp-a\ - -t¨m-am-Xncn 59-08-10-13 F¶v Is−-¯n-bX - n F´p ]pXp-ab - m-Wp-ÅXv? Adn-hn-Ãm¯ Imcy-§Ä \nKq-VX - mÂ]-cy-§Ä e£y-am¡n {]kw-Kn-¡m\pw ]Tn-¸n-¡m\pw {ian-¨m-ep-−m-Ip¶ hn\-bmWv tUm. tKm]m-eI - r-jvWs - \¶ imkv{XÚ-\p-−m-bn-cn-¡p-¶X - v. tPymXnx-im-kv{X-kw-_Ô - a - mbn At±lw Xsâ IrXn-If - n \S-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶ hni-Ie - \ - § - s - fÃmw Xs¶ hnI-ehpw hnNn-{Xhpw {Ko¡vþ- _ - m-_n-tem-Wn-bþ- -C´ - y³ tPymXnx-imkv{X kw`m-h\ - I - Ä kw_-Ôn¨ Is−-¯e - p-IÄ¡v hncp-²h - p-am-Wv. a[y-aK - Xn Fs´-¶d - n-bmsX `mc-Xob tPymXnx-im-kv{X-s¯-¸än {]_-Ôs - a-gp-Xp-¶Xv IjvSa - m-Wv. 5. Pq¬-þP - qsse amk-§f - n Ah-´n-bn kqcy³ Xe¡p apI-fntem? ]pdw 286 se BZy tÇmIw hfsc hyà-am-Wv. ]©-kn-²m-´nI 13-10:

anYp-\mt´ N Iphr-¯m-Zw-iN - X - pÀhnw-iXn hnlm-tbmss¨x {`aXn ln chn-ca - c - mWmw ktam-]c - n-jvSm-¯Z- m-h´ymw

6

Cu tÇmI-¯n\v \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ hymJym\w þ "During the month of Mithuna

(b) `mkvIc - m-Nm-cy-cpsS alm-`m-kvIc - obw

t\tc Xe¡p apI-fn ImWmw.

hni-Z-amb {]Xn-]m-Z\ - a - pÅ aqe-IrXnsb BÀ¡pw a\-Ên-em-Im¯ hn[w Nn{Xh[w sNbvXv, tÇmI]cn-`mj am{XsaSp¯v {]kn-²o-Ic - n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. By Dr. N. Goplakrishnan F¶v ]pdwN«-bn I−v AI¯v t\m¡p-t¼mÄ Nothing By Dr. N. Gopalakrishnan. s{]m^. ip¢-bpsS IrXn ]IÀ¸-hI - miw ewLn¨v \memwInS {]kn-²o-Ic - W - a - m¡n amän-bn-cn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶X - mWv tUm. tKm]m-eI - rjvWsâ kw`m-h\ - .

(June-July) the Sun is seen at 240 to those who are at the north pole. Those who are at Avanti can see the Sun above their head'. AXm-b-Xv, anYp-\-am-k-¯n (Pq¬-þ-Pqsse) D¯-c-{[p-h-¯n kqcys\ 240 Db-c-¯n ImWp-t¼mÄ Ah-´n-bnÂ

anYp-\mt´ F¶v hcm-l-an-ln-c³ ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶Xv anYp-\-am-k-¯nsâ A´y¯n AYhm kqcysâ {Kojva-{Im-´n¡v F¶ AÀ°-¯n-em-Wv. kqcy\v ]c-a{Im´n 24 Un{Kn BIp-t¼mÄ am{X-amWv D.-[p-h-¯n 24 Un{Kn Db-c-¯nepw Ah-´n-bn Xe¡v apI-fnepw ImWp-¶-Xv. Pq¬-þ-Pqsse amk-§-fn A\p-`-hapÅ Imcy-a-Ã. D¶-X-\mb Cu imkv{X-Úsâ ]pkvX-I-¯n-se, tPymXnx-imkv{X {]Xn-]mZ\w BsI-¯s¶ hnI-e-amb coXn-bn-em-Wv. hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb Adnhv Cu IrXn \ÂIp-¶n-Ã. lnµp-Xz-hm-Zn-I-fpsS ssI¿-Sn¡v th−n X\n¡v ]cn-Nn-X-aÃm¯ imkv{X-imJ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-hm-\mWv tUm. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³ {ian-¨n«p-Å-sX¶v {KÙ-¯n-ep-S-\ofw hyà-am-Wv. Ancient Indian Knowledge on Planet Earth F¶ IrXn-bnepw Cu sXämb -hymJym\w ]pdw 22  {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. 6. ]IÀ¸-h-Imiw ewLn-¡p¶ {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä kz´w t]cnÂ

C´y³ C³Ìn-äyq«v B^v kbân-^nIv sldn-täPv F¶ {]Øm-\-¯nsâ Nne {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä Cu ]p\x-{]-kn-²o-I-c-W-¯nsâ e£yw F´msW¶ tNmZyw DbÀ¯p-¶p. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v þ (a) eÃm-Nm-cy-cpsS injy-[o-hr-²n-Z-X{´w

tUm. F³. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvWsâ t]cn tUm.-_n\m NmäÀPn-bpsS C´y³ \mj-W kb³kv A¡m-Zan 1981  {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ {KÙw 2002  hnI-eambn ]p\x{]Im-i\w sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶p. tUm. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW-sâbpw {in. Sn.Pn.-l-cn-\m-cm-b-W-sâbpw hymJym\w F¶v {KÙ-Im-c-·m-cpsS t]cv _n\m NmäÀPn-bpsS t]cn-\-Sn-bn \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. aqe-{K-Ù-¯n-epÅ imkv{Xob hni-I-e\w \o¡w sNbvXv hymJym\w Fgp-Xs¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶-XmWv CXnsâ {][m\ hnti-j-X. `mc-X¯n-sâbpw temI¯n-sâbpw Ncn-{X-¯n Cuhn-[-samcp hymJym-\-¯nsâ D]-Úm-Xmhv tUm. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW-\m-Wv. _n\m-Nm-äÀPn-bpsS hni-Z-amb imkv{Xob hymJym-\¯n\v (Critical edition with Introduction, English translation, Mathematical notes and Indices, with text and commentary of Mallikarjuna Suri ) D]cn Hscmä hm¡pw tNÀ¡msX, hnI-e-amb Ht¶m ct−m Ipdn-¸p-IÄ tNÀ¯v _n\m NmäÀPns¡m¸w ss]Xr-I-þ-{]-Nm-c-IÀ X§fpsS t]cv tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶p.

7

(c) Bcy-`S - obw þ Commentary By Dr. N. Gopalakrishnan F¶v IhÀt]-Pn 250]pd-§f - pÅ C´y³ \mj-W kb³kv A¡m-Zan {]kn-²o-Ic - n¨ s{]m^.

ip¢, tUm.-sI.-hn. iÀ½ F¶n-hc - psS Bcy-`S- o-bw, tUm. tKm]m-eI - r-jvWsâ hymJym\w IqSn tNÀ¯-t¸mÄ shdpw ap¸Xv (30) t]Pp-IÄ am{Xw. F´mWv At¸mÄ Cu IrXn-bn tUm. tKm]m-eI - r-jvW³ tNÀ¯ hymJym\w? BÀ¡v th−n-bmWv tUm. tKm]m-eI - r-jvWsâ Cu IrXn? CXnsâ DÅ-S¡w F{X-am{Xw {]tbm-P\ - I - c - a - mWv? IrXn-bpsS KpW-\n-eh - mcw F´p-am-Is - «, tUm. F.-]n.-sP. A_vZpÄI-em-ansâ I¯v (Xo-bXn 26 Pq¬ 2000) C´y³ sSIvt\m-fP - n-¡Â sldn-tä-Pn\v Bap-Jambn {]kn-²o-Ic - n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶X - n 'I was astonished and proud to study the work on Aryabhateeya and Aryabhatta' F¶ A`n-\µ - \w Zriy-am-Wv. F{X D]-cn-¹h - a - mbmWv apJ-hp-cI - fpw A`n-\µ - \ - § - fpw Fgp-Xs - ¸-Sp-¶s - X¶v a\-Ên-em-¡m³ ss]Xr-I{- ]-Øm-\¯ - nsâ IrXn-IÄ D]-Ic - n-¡p-sa-¶-Xn kwi-ba - n-Ã. ap¼v kqNn-¸n¨ s{]m^. amjÂI-dpsS C´y³ kbân^nIv sldn-tä-Pn\v \ÂInb apJ-hpc (Foreword) {i²n-¨m C¡mcyw t_m²y-am-Ipw. {io[-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS ]mSo-KW - n-Xhpw htS-iz-ck - n-²m-´hpw CtX ZpÀÆn-[n¡v hnt[-b-cmbn ' Commentary By Dr. N. Gopalakrishnan' F¶ apJ-¡p-dn-t¸msS {]kn-²o-Ic - W - ¯ - n-em-Wv. H³]Xmw \qäm-−n Pohn-¨n-cp¶ eÃm-Nm-cy-cp-sSbpw htS-iz-csâbpw F«pw H³]Xpw \qäm-−p-If - nse tPymXnÀK-WnX kt¦-X§ - sf Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv temI¯v aämÀ¡pw Adn-hn-Ãm-Xn-cp¶ Imcy-§Ä eÃmNm-cycpw htS-iz-c\pw X§-fpsS Ime¯v ]dªpsh¶ [mcW ]c¯pw hn[am-Wv. {Ko¡vþ- _ - m-_n-tem-Wn-b³ tPymXnx-im-kv{X-cw-K¯v {]kn-²a - m-Im¯ ]pXnb X¯z-§s - fm¶pw Xs¶ ChÀ Ah-Xc - n-¸n-¨n-«n-Ã. Bcy-`S- sâbpw {_ÒKp-]vX-sâbpw imkv{Xs¯ `mkvIc - sâ hymJym\w ASn-Øm-\a - m¡n hn]p-es¸-Sp-¯pI am{X-amWv ChÀ sNbvXX - v. ln¸mÀ¡kpw XpSÀ¶v tSmf-anbpw hfsc ap¼v Xs¶ Cuhn[ Is−-¯e - p-IÄ \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. apÖ-e³ AYhm aRvPp-fsâ (932AD) `qhym-k] - c - n-[n-am-\§ - Ä sXäm-sW¶pw A_² hn[n {]kvXm-hn¨p ImWp-¶p. C´y³ \mj-W kb³kv A¡m-Zan {]kn-²o-Ic - n¨v kpK-aa - mbn e`y-amb {KÙ-§sf ]IÀ¯n `mc-Xob ss]Xr-Is - ¯-¸än hymP-{]-Nm-cWw \S-¯p-I-

8

bmWv {KÙ-Im-c-sâbpw kwL-S-\-bp-sSbpw e£y-sa¶v apI-fn \ÂInb NÀ¨-bn \n¶pw a\-Ên-em-¡mw. Cu kwL-S-\-bpsS Htc coXn-bn-epÅ FÃm IrXn-I-fp-sSbpw IÀ¯mhv Hcm-fm-sW-¶Xpw {it²-b-am-Wv. 7. Unt¹m-abpw kÀ«n-^n-t¡äpw þ tZiob ss]XrI tI{µw (National Heritage Centre)

Xob-Xn-bn-Ãm¯ sldn-täPv ]»n-t¡-j³ kocokv þ 79  ImWp¶ hnh-c-a-\pk-cn¨v Cu kwL-S\ C\n Unt¹m-abpw kÀ«n-^n-¡-äp-Ifpw \ÂIp-hm³ t]mIpI-bm-Wv. tPymXnx-im-kv{Xw, KWn-Xw, F¶p-th− BIm-i-¯n\v Iogn-epÅ GXn-s\-¸-än-bpÅ ss]Xr-I-kw-_-Ôn-bmb {]_-Ô-¯n\pw kwKo-Xw, Nn{XIe apX-emb Ign-hp-IÄ¡pw Hcp ]pXnb AwKo-Imcw ChÀ \ÂIp-¶p. 8. `mc-Xob ss]XrI {]Øm-\-¯nsâ t\m«o-kp-IÄ

Cu {]Øm-\-¯nsâ GXm\pw t\m«o-kp-IÄ ImWp-¶-Xn\pw CS-bm-bn. apIfn ]dª {KÙ§fn-te-Xp-t]mse Xs¶ ck-I-c-amWv Ch-bn-sebpw {]Xn]m-Z-\w. (a) `mc-Xobimkv{X-ss]-XrIw imkv{Xo-b-ambn hni-I-e\w sNbvXv DÄ¡mgvN t\Sp-hm³ tUm. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³ DZvt_m-[n-¸n-¡p-¶p. kzbw Cu DZvt_m-[\w At±lw A\p-hÀ¯n-¨n-«n-söv apIfn \ÂInb hnh-cWhpw aäp eLp-te-J-Ifpw kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. (b) Ah-Xm-c-{X-b-§sf Ah-X-cn-¸n¨p sIm−mWv Cu eLp-te-J-IÄ imkv{Xm-`y-k\w Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. (c) hnZymÀ°n-Isf CXn-se, CXnse ... `mc-Xobss]Xr-I-¯nsâ apI-fn hnh-cn¨ hymJym-\-¯n-te¡v \njvI-f-¦-cmb Ip«n-Isf Blzm\w sN¿p¶p. (d) `mc-Xo-b-amb BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fmbn {_mÒ-W-Pm-Xn-bpsS tIm{]m-´§sf hnZymÀ°n-IÄ¡pw A½-amÀ¡pw Hs¡-bmbn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. (e) Hcp amks¯ hcp-am-\-¯nsâ Hcp iX-am\w ss]Xr-I-]-T\ {]N-c-W-¯n\v \o¡n-sh-¡-Ww (tUm. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvWsâ lnµp-Xz-þ-{_m-Ò-W-kw-L-S-\¡v). (f) [À½-kw-c-£-W-¯n-\pÅ {ioIr-jvW-k-tµ-i-amWv Gähpw {][m-\-amb imkv{Xw. (g) `mc-Xob ss]Xr-Is¯ Aim-kv{Xo-b-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn¨v \S-¯p¶ lnµp-Xzþ-{_m-Ò-WXz {]N-c-W-¯n\v apJw aqSn-bmbn tUm. A_vZpÄI-em-ansâ sslZ-cm-_m-Znse {]kwKhpw A¨-Sn¨v hnX-cWw sN¿p-¶p. (h) tZh-{]-iv\w. Xmw_q-e-{]-iv\w, kzÀ®-{]iv\w hmhp-_-en, XÀ¸Ww (AÀl-X-bp-Å-hÀ¡v), X{´w (AÀl-X-bp-Å-hÀ¡v) thZ-]-T\w (AÀl-Xbp-Å-hÀ¡v) apX-emb imkv{X-§fpw Cu kwL-S-\-bpsS imkv{Xob ss]Xr-I-]m-Ty-]-²-Xn-bn s]Sp-¶p.

9

(i) amwkm-lmcw Dt]-£n¨v

FÃm-hcpw {_mÒ-Wt- `m-P\w kzoI-cn-¡-Ww. lnµp-hmbn P\n-¨v, A§s\ Xs¶ hfÀ¶v lnµp-hmbn Xs¶ acn-¡phm\pw FÃm-hcpw {]mÀ°n-¡W - s - a¶v tUm. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³ Blzm\w sN¿p-¶p. artXymÀ am AarXw Kab F¶ {]mÀ°\ ad¶p t]mtbm? acn-¡m³ th−n {]mÀ°n-t¡-−X - pt−m? a\p-jy-\mbn P\n¨v ssZh-ambn hfÀ¶v ac-Ws¯ AXn-Po-hn-¡p-hm-\mWv `mc-Xob ss]XrIw \s½ DZvt_m-[n-¸n¡p-¶s - X¶ kXyw At±-l¯ - n\v Xn«-an-Ã. (j) Bcym-[n-\n-thiw \ntj-[n-¡p-hm-\mWv Hcp eLp-te-Jb - n {iaw. {_mÒW³ hntZ-in-bm-sW¶ tXm¶epw X¶n-an¯apÅ A]-IÀj-Xm-t_m-[hpw Hgn-hm-¡p-hm³, Bcym-[n-\n-th-is¯ XÅn-¸d - t- b-−Xv Ah-iy-am-Wv. ]c-am_-²§ - Ä \nd-ªX - mWv amIvkvap-Åsd `ÀÕn-¡p¶ Cu eLp-te-J. `mcXo-b- tPym-Xn-xim-kv{X-¯nepw Ncn-{X-]T\-§f - nepw kwkvIr-X¯ - nepw Gähpw Ah-Km-la - p-−m-bn-cp¶ bix-ic - o-c\mb tUm. sI.-hn. iÀ½ Cu teJ-It- \mSv ]dªXv amIvkvap-Åcpw aäpw Ejn-Xp-ey-cm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶m-Wv. kwkvIrXw ]Tn¨v, C¶s¯ tIc-f¯ - nse X{´hnZy-t]mse {_mÒ-W³ X§Ä¡v am{X-ambn ssI¿-S¡n sh¨n-cp-¶Xpw \jvSs - ¸-«p-t]m-Ip-am-bncp¶Xpamb ]e-Ir-Xn-Is - fbpw sImÅhne-sIm-Sp-¯p-hm§n hos−-Sp¯v {]kn-²o-Ic - n¨v B[p-\nI `mc-Xob\v e`y-am-¡nb \nkzmÀ° {]Xn-`I - f - mW-hs - c¶ \njv]£ - a - X - n-IÄ¡v Ah-cpsS IrXn-IÄ ]Tn-¨m a\-Ên-em¡mw. i¦m-cm-ssZz-X¯ - nsâ Bbncw hÀj-§f - n PmXn-bpsS t]cn a\pjys\ ]oUn-¸n¨ {_mÒ-Wh - y-hØ b - psS ]nWn-bm-fp-IÄ {io\m-cm-bW - K - pcp-hnsâ ]S-hp-ambn C¶v HmSn \S-¡p-¶p. \msf AhÀ Xan-gI - s¯ Adp]¯n \mev ssih-kn-²· - m-scbpw {_mÒ-Wc - m¡n hmgn-¡m\pw aSn-¡b - n-Ã. AÀl-Xb - psS PmXn-\nÀÆ-N\ - hpw ]mc-¼c - yhpw ]dªp \S-¡p¶ {_mÒWsâ `mc-X¯ - n-epÅ Ip¯I aäp-Åh - sc t_m²y-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm-\pÅ {iaamWv Bcym-[n-\n-th-ik - n-²m-´t- ¯m-SpÅ \qX\ Bcy-\m-{I-aW - w. Cu Bcy-\m-{I-aW - ¯ - nsâ tIc-f¯ - nse ap³\n-ct- ]m-cm-fn-bmWv tUm. F³.-tKm]m-eI - r-jvWs\¶v At±-l¯ - nsâ IrXn-Ifpw eLp-te-JI - fpw hyà-am-¡p¶p. 9. cmjv{Sobþa-Xa - u-enIþhÀ¤ob {]N-cWw CSIR Scientist F¶ apJ-ap-{ZtbmsS Bim-kytam? tUm. tKm]m-eI - r-jvW\v Xsâ cmjv{Sobþa-Xa - u-enIþhÀ¤ob Nn´m-KXn¡v tbmPn¨ `mc-Xob ss]Xr-I¯ - nsâ hnIe hymJym\w \S-¯p-hm³ ]qÀ® kzmX-{´y-ap-−m-bn-cn-¡mw. F¶m Bhn-[a - pÅ {]N-cWw `mcX kÀ¡m-cnsâ Iogn-epÅ Hcp tZiob imkv{X kan-Xn-bpsS HutZym-KnI ]Zhn-bpsS t]cn \S-¯p-¶Xv A]-e] - \ - o-ba - tÃ? Cu tNmZy-¯nsâ D¯cw Rm³ hmb-\¡ - mÀ¡v hnSp-Ib - m-Wv. s{]m^. ip¢-bp-sSbpw sI.-hn.-iÀ½-bp-sSbpw _n\m NmäÀPn-bp-sSbpw hni-Ie - \ - §Ä \o¡nb Bcy-`S- o-bh - pw, injy-[o-hr-²n-Zhpw, alm-`m-kvIc - o-bhpw, BÀ¡mWv a\-Ên-em-¡p-hm³ Ign-bpI? tUm. tKm]m-eI - r-jvW\v hni-Za - mb Ah-tem-I\ - § - Ä Xs¶ a\-Ên-em-bn-sÃ-¶n-cn-s¡, BÀ¡mWv Cu

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A{_nUvPvUv BwK-teb sldn-täPv IrXn-IÄ {]tbm-P-\-s¸-SpI? Kth-jW-§-fn IrX-l-kvX-\mb Hcp imkv{X-Ú³ C{X hnI-e-amb Hcp {]kn²o-I-c-W-bÚw \S-¯p-¶-sX-´n\v? \½psS \m«n AXnsâ X\-Xmb ssiensb, {ZmhnU Nn´-sbbpw Pohn-Xco-Xn-sbbpw {_mÒ-W-hn-izkw IeÀ¯n A«n-a-dn-¡m-\pÅ {ia-¯n-s\-Xnsc \mw PmK-cq-I-cm-bn-cn-t¡-−-Xm-Wv. 10. tPymXnx-im-kv{X-¯n\v Cu KXn-sb-¦n tbmK-im-kv{X-¯n\v tUm.-tKm-

]m-e-Ir-jvW³ \ÂIp¶ apdn-hp-I-sf-{X? kmam-\y-P-\-§Ä¡v tPymXnx-im-kv{X-¯n Ah-Km-l-an-Ãm-¯-Xn-\m F´p ]d-ªmepw tNmZyw sN¿-s¸-Sp-I-bn-sö ssIap-X-en-eq-¶n-bmWv Cu imkv{XÚsâ {]hÀ¯\w F¶v \nÊw-ibw a\-Ên-em-¡mw. `mc-Xobamb BNm-c§Ä¡v ]n¶nse imkv{X-NÀ¨bpw A_-²-§Ä \nd-ª-Xm-Wv. s\än-bn knµqcw AWn-bp-¶Xv AÄ{S-h-b-eäv civan-Isf hnIÀjn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-Wv, sNhn¡v ]n¶n Xpf-kn-¡-XnÀ NqSp-¶Xv cà-k-©mcw hÀ²n-¸n¡pw, `K-hXvKo-X-bpsS hen-¨p-\o-«nb hymJym-\-§Ä, D]-\n-j-¯p-¡-fpsS hnNn{X hymJym-\-§Ä C§s\ `mc-X-¯n\v AI¯pw ]pd-¯p-apÅ `mc-Xs¯ kvt\ln-¡p¶ Hcp Iq«w a\p-jysc ss]Xr-I-¯nsâ hymP-hym-Jym\w \ÂIn Ipfn-c-Wn-bn-¡p-I-bmWv Cu imkv{X-Ú³. tPymXnx-im-kv{X-¯nsâ Ah-X-cW-¯n £´-hy-a-Ãm¯ ]mfn-¨-IÄ hcp-¯nb hyàn tbmK-im-kv{X-s¯-¸änbpw Bßo-b-X-sb-¸-änbpw \S-¯p¶ {]kw-K-§Ä F{X-I−p icn-bm-bncn¡mw? A`n-h-µy-\mb `mc-X-¯nsâ cmjv{S-]Xn tUm. G.-]n.-sP. A_vZpÄI-em-ansâ t]cpw Xsâ ss]XrI {]Øm-\-hp-ambn tUm.-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW³ _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n-¡m-Wp-¶p. http://www.hvk.org/articles/1106/127.html F¶ sh_vssk-än ImWp¶ {]`m-jWw A\p-k-cn¨v _lp-am-\-s¸« cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS B{Klw A\p-k-cn-¨mWv apI-fn ]dª Xc-¯n-epÅ tPymXnx-im-kv{X-ss]-Xr-I-¯nsâbpw {]N-cWw At±lw \S-¯p-¶Xv. \½psS cmjv{S-]Xn tUm. tKm]m-e-IrjvWsâ ]pkvX-I-§-fpsS DÅ-S-¡-¯nsâ \nP-ØnXn Adn-bp-¶pthm F¶ tNmZyw ChnsS Db-cp-¶p. X¯z-Zo-£-bn-ÃmsX imkv{X-N-cn-{Xs¯ hf-s¨m-Sn¨v Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ Hcp hyàn¡v Adnªp sIm−p tUm. G.-]n.-sP. A_vZpÄIemw BioÀhmZw \ÂIp-sa¶v IcpXm-\m-In-Ã. 11. Bcy-`-S³ ssP\-\m-Ip-t¼mÄ....?

Bcy-`-S³ ssP\-\m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw At±-l-¯nsâ tZi-amb N{a-h«w ssP\-P\-]-Z-amb Aiva-I-¯nsâ `mK-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw Hcp iq{Z³ kn²m-´n¨p Ignªp. `mc-Xo-bhpw tIc-fo-b-hp-amb Ncn-{X-hym-Jym-\-§-fn kmc-amb amäw Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶-XmWv Bdmw \qäm-−nsâ Bcw-`-¯n N{a-h«¯v \ne-\n¶ ssP\-kw-kvIm-chpw ssP\-\mb Bcy-`-S-\pw. (a) {ipXn-IÄ¡pw kvarXnIÄ¡pw hncp-²-amb Bcy-`-Ssâ bpK-K-W\ imkv{X-¯n\v IÂ]n-¨n-cp¶ {_mÒ-W-ss]-Xr-Is¯ \ncm-I-cn-¡p-¶p. (b) thZ-hn-cp-²-amb ssP\-kw-kvIrXnbnemWv tIc-f-¯n Bcy-`-Ssâ al¯mb IrXn-IÄ cq]w sIm−-sX¶v hyà-am-Ip-¶p.

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(c) ssP\-Ir-Xn-bmb Bcy-`S - o-b¯ - nse KoXnI 5 sâ Ah-km\w `c-XmXv

]qÀÆw F¶v icn-bmbn hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ, `mc-Xm-Xv]qÀÆw F¶ IpÕn-X] - mT-¯nsâbpw {_mÒ-W] - p-cm-tW-Xn-lm-k§ - f - nse `mc-Xb - p-²¯ - nsâ 3102 BC F¶ hymJym-\¯ - n-sâbpw ac-Wa - Wn apg§p-¶p. sIm¨p-tI-cf - ¯ - nse `mc-X¸ - p-g, bYmÀ°-¯n `c-X¸ - p-gb - m-sW¶v tIcf¯nse {ZmhnU P\XXn a\-Ên-em-¡p¶ Imew hnZq-ca - à - . (d) thZm-[n-jvTn-Xa - mWv tPymXnx-im-kv{Xhpw CX-ci - m-kv{X-§f - p-sa¶v {_mÒWþta[m-hnXzw ASn-¨Â]n¨ hniz-mks¯ ssP\-þB - c - y-`S- ³ IS-]p-g¡ - nsb-dn-bp-¶p. sshZn-Ih - n-cp-²a - mb ssP\-kw-kvIr-Xn-bn-emWv tIc-fo-bc - psS X\-Xmb kwkvIm-cs - a¶pw NmXpÀhÀWy-[n-jvTa - mb PoÀ®-Xb - mWv tIc-f¯n\v {_mÒ-Wsâ kw`m-h\ - s - b¶pw \ap¡v henb {]bmkw IqSmsX a\-Ên-em-¡mw. (e) N{a-h« - s¯ imkvXmhv ssP\-þa - qÀ¯n-bm-sW¶v hcp-t¼mÄ, i_cn ssP\cpsS Nmap-WvUn-bpsS t]cp-If - n-sem-¶m-sW¶v t_m²y-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ, {_mÒ-Wk - r-jvSa - mb tIc-tfm-Xv]¯n tUm. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvWsâ `mc-Xob ss]XrI hymJym\w t]mse Hcp hymP-IY - m-IY - \ - a - m-sW¶v tIc-fo-bÀ¡v t_m²y-am-Ipw. tUm. F³. tKm]m-eI - r-jvW\pw At±-ls¯ ]n´p-W¡ - p¶ `mc-Xob {_mÒ-Ws - s]-Xr-Ih - m-Zn-IÄ¡pw Cu teJ-\¯ - n-eqsS ]c-ky-amb Hcp ]cky-amb shÃp-hnfn \ÂIp-hm-\mWv ChnsS {ian-¨X - v. tIc-fo-bsâ, {ZmhnUsâ {]Úsb shÃp-hn-fn-¡p¶ Zpjv{]-Nc - W - a - mWv imkv{X-¯n\v tUm.tKm-]m-eI - r-jvWsâ kwL-S\ \ÂIp¶ {_mÒW ss]Xr-Iw. PmXn-bpsS t]cn am{Xw Úm\-hn-Úm-\§ - Ä ]IÀ¶n-cp¶ sshZn-I{- _m-ÒW - sâ ss]XrIw `mc-X¯ - nsâ A´x-k¯ - ¡v A]-am-\I - c - a - m-Wv. sI«p-IY - I - fmb ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k§ - s - fbpw CÃm¯ imkv{Xw Ds−¶v ]dªv ta· t\Sm³ {ian-¡p¶ thZ-§s - fbpw Hgn-hm¡n ssP\-þ_ - u-²þ- \ - m-Kk - w-kvIr-XnI-fn-eqsS `mc-X¯ - n\v C¶ e`y-am-bn-cn-¡p¶ ss]Xr-Is¯ Adn-bm³ \mw {ian-t¡-−X - m-Wv. I]-en-\pw, ]mWn-\n-bpw, ]X-RvPe - nbpw ]nwK-e\pw Bcy`-S\pw DÄs¸-Sp¶ kn²-]c - ¼ - c - t- bmSv \oXn ]peÀ¯p-hm³ F¦n am{Xta \ap¡v Ign-bp-Ib - p-Åp. hkvXp-Xm-]c - a - mb imkv{X-Nc - n-{X-¯n hniz-kn-¡p¶ `mc-X¯ - nse P\-XXn-bpw imkv{X-Im-c·mcpw tUm. F³.tKm]m-eI - r-jvWsâ Ahm-kvXh - n-Iamb imkv{Xss]Xr-I {- ]-Nc - Ws¯ Xpd-¶p-Im-«p-hm³ apt¶m«p htc-−X - mWv. C´y³ \mj-W kb³kv A¡m-Za - nbpsS ]IÀ¸-hI - miw ewLn¨v tUm. tKm]m-eI - r-jvW³ Xsâ t]cv tNÀ¯v {]kn-²o-Ic - n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ {KÙ§-fpsS hnÂ]\ Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡p-¶X - n\pw Ah-bpsS Zpcp-]t- bmKw XS-bp¶-Xn\pw A¡m-Zan \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-t¡-−X - m-Wv. CSIR F¶ kÀ¡mÀ imkv{X-ka - n-Xn-bpsS t]cv Zpcp-]t- bm-Ks - ¸-Sp¯n kaq-l¯ - n Aim-kv{XobX {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xpw F{Xbpw s]s«¶v Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡p-hm³ _Ô-s¸-«hÀ \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-t¡-−-Xm-Wv. Cu teJ-\¯ - nsâ Cw¥ojn-epÅ kw£n]vX-cq]w cmjv{S]-Xn-bpÄs¸sS _Ô-s¸« FÃm hyàn-IÄ¡pw kaÀ¸n ¡p¶-Xm-Wv. klrZ-bc - mb ae-bm-fn-If - psS ]n´pW {]Xo-£n¨p sIm−v þ sI. N{µ-lc - n, Pq¬ 30, 2007

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