Bcm301 Week 12 (2009): Open Publishing, Click-through Activism & History 2.0 [print Version]
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Open publishing, click-though activism & history 2.0
BCM301: History of Media and Communication, 20 October 2009 Dr Colin Salter http://colin.salter.id.au social networking images by IconTexto — http://icontexto.blogspot.com/2009/08/icontexto-inside.html
1
Overview • Early organising (web1.0).
• Emergence of open
publishing (web2.0).
• The roots of history 2.0?
• Is online activism click-through activism?
• Googlearchy? • Cyberbalkanisation.
2
Web 1.0 The Web we know now, which loads into a window on our computer screens in essentially static screenfuls, is an embryo of the Web as we will know it in not so many years.
DiNucci, D. (1999). "Fragmented Future". Print 53 (4): 32. http://www.cdinucci.com/Darcy2/articles/Print/Printarticle7.html
3
image source — http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_EZLN.svg
4
EZLN uprising •
1994 indigenous rebellion in Chiapas, Mexico.
•
The Zapatista Effect — an ‘electronic fabric of opposition’.
•
Interlinking of movements.
image source — http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SubMarcosHorse.jpg
5
‘Our Word is our Weapon’
video source — http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WxRDwA9SXbw
6
‘Our music has become a bridge...’ The rock band Rage Against the Machine has become an alternative medium of communication for young people. We have created a great level of cooperation between groups and people to spread the ideas of the Zapatista movement in its relationship to the poor, the young, the excluded and the dispossessed in the United States.
image source — http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zach_de_la_Rocha_at_2007_Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival.jpg text source — http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/mexico/sp001836.html
7
‘Our music has become a bridge...’ Through concerts, videos, interviews, broadcasting of information at concerts, and our song's lyrics we have placed within reach of young people, our audience, the experiences of the Zapatistas; we act as facilitators of the ways in which they can participate and put them in contact with the organization and the Zapatista support committees in the United States.
image source — http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zach_de_la_Rocha_at_2007_Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival.jpg text source — http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/mexico/sp001836.html
8
‘Our music has become a bridge...’
And the interest and involvement of the young people of the United States in the struggle of the Chiapan indigenous people is greater each day because of these things; thus, we feel a part of this process and for this reason our music has become a bridge.
image source — http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zach_de_la_Rocha_at_2007_Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival.jpg text source — http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/mexico/sp001836.html
9
"Our purpose in sympathising with the Zapatistas is to help spark [real] dialogue...’
quote source — http://www.musicfanclubs.org/rage/articles/juice00.htm image source — Rage Rock the 2008 Republican National Convention http://rock.about.com/od/photos/ig/Rage-Against-the-Machine-RNC/rageRNC3.htm
10
How the net killed the MAI • Draft leaked and spread via the internet. • Members of Parliament not even aware of the agreement.
• ‘This is the first successful Internet campaign by non-governmental organizations’.
Madelaine Drohan (1998) ‘How the Net Killed the MAI: Grassroots Groups Used Their Own Globalization to Derail Deal’, The Globe and Mail, April 29. http://www.efc.ca/pages/media/globe.29apr98.html Accessed: 14 August 2009
11
Open publishing •
A collective of linux ‘geeks’ that changed the world of the internet.
•
A Temporary Autonomous Zone created for the free exchange of information.
•
Pedestrians, public transport and pushbikes on the information super hypeway.
screenshot of http://cat.org.au/cat, 18 September 2009
12
13
14
Open publishing •
The code base and the core ideas put together by these anarchist geeks are the foundations of much of what we now consider web2.0.
•
The model developed by Cat@lyst led to to the establishment of the first Independent Media Centre.
image source — https://docs.indymedia.org/view/Global/ImcDesign
15
Independent Media Centre •
A network of collectively run media outlets for the creation of radical, accurate, and passionate tellings of the truth.
•
We work out of a love and inspiration for people who continue to work for a better world, despite corporate media's distortions and unwillingness to cover the efforts to free humanity.
image source — https://docs.indymedia.org/view/Global/ImcDesign text source — http://www.indymedia.org/en/static/about.shtml
16
Independent Media Centre •
Established by various independent and alternative media organizations and activists in 1999 for the purpose of providing grassroots coverage of the World Trade Organization (WTO) protests in Seattle.
•
The IMC acted as a clearinghouse of information for journalists, and provided up-to-the-minute reports, photos, audio and video footage through its website.
text source — http://www.indymedia.org/en/static/about.shtml video source — http://www.archive.org/details/PeppersprayProductions-IndymediaPresents227BattleOfSeattleTheDayOfInfamy416
17
Independent Media Centre During the WTO demonstrations, the first IMC ‘...produced its own newspaper, distributed throughout Seattle and to other cities via the internet, as well as hundreds of audio segments, transmitted through the web and Studio X, a 24-hour micro and internet radio station based in Seattle. The site, which uses a democratic open-publishing system, logged more than 2 million hits, and was featured on America Online, Yahoo, CNN, BBC Online, and numerous other sites’.
text source — http://www.indymedia.org/en/static/about.shtml
18
The shift... For the first time in human history, our communication tools support the group conversation and group action. Gathering a group of people together to act used to require significant resources, giving the world’s institutions a kind of monopoly on group effort.
Shirky, C (2008). Here Comes Everybody: the Power of Organizing Without Organizations, Penguin Press. http://www.herecomeseverybody.org/
19
The shift... Now, though, the tools of sharing and cooperating on a global scale have been placed in the hands of the individual citizens.
Shirky, C (2008). Here Comes Everybody: the Power of Organizing Without Organizations, Penguin Press. http://www.herecomeseverybody.org/
20
The shift... Communications tools don’t get socially interesting until they get technologically boring. The invention of a tool does not create change; it has to be around long enough that most of society is using it.
Shirky, C (2008). Here Comes Everybody: the Power of Organizing Without Organizations, Penguin Press. http://www.herecomeseverybody.org/
21
The shift... It’s when a technology becomes normal, then ubiquitous, and finally so pervasive as to be invisible, that the really profound changes happen, and for young people today, our new social tools have passed normal and are heading to ubiquitous, and invisible is coming.
Shirky, C (2008). Here Comes Everybody: the Power of Organizing Without Organizations, Penguin Press. http://www.herecomeseverybody.org/
22
Twitter • Is it an effective tool? • Fast & viral dissemination. • user-generated/grass-roots. • collective intelligence?
23
Facebook • Is it an effective tool? • social network v. social networking. • aggregation of diverse sources. • collective intelligence?
24
#oink On Sunday, August 16 [2009], agricultural producers united on Twitter to promote the safety of “pork” and to convince consumers to use the scientific term H1N1 in place of swine flu... Their goal was to make #oink the most popular hashtag on Twitter on Sunday morning.
25
They almost succeeded...
Virginia Messina,Vegan activists speak out for pigs on Twitter Seattle Vegan Examiner, August 17 2009 http://www.examiner.com/x-5670-Seattle-Vegan-Examiner~y2009m8d17-Vegan-activists-speak-out-for-pigs-on-Twitter
26
‘Use Twitter to Advocate on Behalf of Pigs’ If the animal exploiters on Twitter are successful at making "#oink" a trending topic Sunday, please tweet about the suffering and cruelty inherent in the "pig farming" industry. Be sure to include "#oink" in your tweets so those searching for it will read your comments.
text source — http://diggingthroughthedirt.blogspot.com/2009/08/use-twitter-to-advocate-on-behalf-of.html image source — http://www.someecards.com/card/lets-stop-worrying-about-suddenly-dying-from-eating-pigs-and-get-back-to-slowly-dying-from-eating-pigs
27
Iranian Election ‘Show support for the people who fight for democracy at Iran, and change your Twitter avatar to have green overlay or green riboon* (green is the official color of the movement)’.
*spelling error from original source text & image source — http://helpiranelection.com/
28
Facebook’s easy virtue Facebook activism, the trendy process by which we do good by clicking often, was in its full glory last week after the death of Iranian student Neda Agha Soltan, killed by gunfire in the streets of Tehran.
text source — Monica Hesse, Facebook's Easy Virtue: 'Click-Through Activism' Broad but Fleeting, Washington Post, Thursday, July 2, 2009 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/01/AR2009070103936.html image source — http://boingboing.net/2009/06/22/iran-more-on-the-lif.html
29
Facebook’s easy virtue Perhaps the most searing image that emerged from those young, hopeful faces confronting the Iranian government, was the last moments of a 26 year old woman, Neda Agha-Soltan...
text source — http://www.boomerslife.org/protests_rally_iran_neda_agha_soltan.htm image source — http://boingboing.net/2009/06/22/iran-more-on-the-lif.html
30
Facebook’s easy virtue Perhaps the most searing image that emerged from those young, hopeful faces confronting the Iranian government, was the last moments of a 26 year old woman, Neda Agha-Soltan...
text source — http://www.boomerslife.org/protests_rally_iran_neda_agha_soltan.htm http://shirhashirim.wordpress.com/2009/06/24/for-the-love-of-god/
31
Informed action? • Did anyone overlay their twitter avatar or join/post on one of the facebook pages?
• Do you think you did/could have made an informed decision?
• Did peer pressure, or a more general
web2.0 pressure to conform, shape your decision?
32
‘And when people started Facebook groups inspired by her death, we quickly joined them, feeling happy that we'd done something, that we'd contributed’. Monica Hesse, Facebook's Easy Virtue: 'Click-Through Activism' Broad but Fleeting Washington Post, Thursday, July 2, 2009 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/01/AR2009070103936.html
33
Selectively Informed?
John Pilger, interviewed by Amy Goodman on Democracy Now! July 6, 2009
John Pilger on Honduras, Iran, Gaza, the Corporate Media, Obama’s Wars, and Resisting the American Empire http://www.democracynow.org/2009/7/6/filmmaker_journalist_john_pilger_on_honduras
34
Googlearchy? • Are these views filtered out, restricting democracy?
• Is this a side-effect of History 2.0? • Does the googlearchy lead to a lowest common denominator?
35
Cyberbalkanization • Cass Sunstien (2001) — The internet may weaken democracy as it can foster isolation.
• Does the Zapatista example counter Sunnstien’s argument?
• What about the campaign seeking to prevent signing of the MAI?
36
Cyberbalkanization •
What about the #oink ‘campaign?
•
The ‘pork industry’ perspective?
•
The subsequent subterfuge & sabotage?
screenshot — http://diggingthroughthedirt.blogspot.com/2009/08/use-twitter-to-advocate-on-behalf-of.html
37
Cyberbalkanization •
What about the #oink ‘campaign?
•
The ‘pork industry’ perspective?
•
The subsequent subterfuge & sabotage?
image reproduced with permission of photographer http://invisiblevoices.wordpress.com/2009/05/06/petey-and-a-new-post-at-changeorg/
38
Questions... •
Are barriers to participation being broken down and actions becoming more effective through broader possibilities to participate?
• •
Is this participation effective?
•
What are the implications for our understanding of history 2.0?
Are these methods leading to cyberbalkanization, fragmentation or isolation?
39
Light relief...
original source — http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8iRF-0keFI
40
41
BCM301: History of Media and Communication, 20 October 2009 Dr Colin Salter http://colin.salter.id.au social networking images by IconTexto — http://icontexto.blogspot.com/2009/08/icontexto-inside.html
1
Overview • Early organising (web1.0).
• Emergence of open
publishing (web2.0).
• The roots of history 2.0?
• Is online activism click-through activism?
• Googlearchy? • Cyberbalkanisation.
2
Web 1.0 The Web we know now, which loads into a window on our computer screens in essentially static screenfuls, is an embryo of the Web as we will know it in not so many years.
DiNucci, D. (1999). "Fragmented Future". Print 53 (4): 32. http://www.cdinucci.com/Darcy2/articles/Print/Printarticle7.html
3
image source — http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_EZLN.svg
4
EZLN uprising •
1994 indigenous rebellion in Chiapas, Mexico.
•
The Zapatista Effect — an ‘electronic fabric of opposition’.
•
Interlinking of movements.
image source — http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SubMarcosHorse.jpg
5
‘Our Word is our Weapon’
video source — http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WxRDwA9SXbw
6
‘Our music has become a bridge...’ The rock band Rage Against the Machine has become an alternative medium of communication for young people. We have created a great level of cooperation between groups and people to spread the ideas of the Zapatista movement in its relationship to the poor, the young, the excluded and the dispossessed in the United States.
image source — http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zach_de_la_Rocha_at_2007_Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival.jpg text source — http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/mexico/sp001836.html
7
‘Our music has become a bridge...’ Through concerts, videos, interviews, broadcasting of information at concerts, and our song's lyrics we have placed within reach of young people, our audience, the experiences of the Zapatistas; we act as facilitators of the ways in which they can participate and put them in contact with the organization and the Zapatista support committees in the United States.
image source — http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zach_de_la_Rocha_at_2007_Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival.jpg text source — http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/mexico/sp001836.html
8
‘Our music has become a bridge...’
And the interest and involvement of the young people of the United States in the struggle of the Chiapan indigenous people is greater each day because of these things; thus, we feel a part of this process and for this reason our music has become a bridge.
image source — http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zach_de_la_Rocha_at_2007_Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival.jpg text source — http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/mexico/sp001836.html
9
"Our purpose in sympathising with the Zapatistas is to help spark [real] dialogue...’
quote source — http://www.musicfanclubs.org/rage/articles/juice00.htm image source — Rage Rock the 2008 Republican National Convention http://rock.about.com/od/photos/ig/Rage-Against-the-Machine-RNC/rageRNC3.htm
10
How the net killed the MAI • Draft leaked and spread via the internet. • Members of Parliament not even aware of the agreement.
• ‘This is the first successful Internet campaign by non-governmental organizations’.
Madelaine Drohan (1998) ‘How the Net Killed the MAI: Grassroots Groups Used Their Own Globalization to Derail Deal’, The Globe and Mail, April 29. http://www.efc.ca/pages/media/globe.29apr98.html Accessed: 14 August 2009
11
Open publishing •
A collective of linux ‘geeks’ that changed the world of the internet.
•
A Temporary Autonomous Zone created for the free exchange of information.
•
Pedestrians, public transport and pushbikes on the information super hypeway.
screenshot of http://cat.org.au/cat, 18 September 2009
12
13
14
Open publishing •
The code base and the core ideas put together by these anarchist geeks are the foundations of much of what we now consider web2.0.
•
The model developed by Cat@lyst led to to the establishment of the first Independent Media Centre.
image source — https://docs.indymedia.org/view/Global/ImcDesign
15
Independent Media Centre •
A network of collectively run media outlets for the creation of radical, accurate, and passionate tellings of the truth.
•
We work out of a love and inspiration for people who continue to work for a better world, despite corporate media's distortions and unwillingness to cover the efforts to free humanity.
image source — https://docs.indymedia.org/view/Global/ImcDesign text source — http://www.indymedia.org/en/static/about.shtml
16
Independent Media Centre •
Established by various independent and alternative media organizations and activists in 1999 for the purpose of providing grassroots coverage of the World Trade Organization (WTO) protests in Seattle.
•
The IMC acted as a clearinghouse of information for journalists, and provided up-to-the-minute reports, photos, audio and video footage through its website.
text source — http://www.indymedia.org/en/static/about.shtml video source — http://www.archive.org/details/PeppersprayProductions-IndymediaPresents227BattleOfSeattleTheDayOfInfamy416
17
Independent Media Centre During the WTO demonstrations, the first IMC ‘...produced its own newspaper, distributed throughout Seattle and to other cities via the internet, as well as hundreds of audio segments, transmitted through the web and Studio X, a 24-hour micro and internet radio station based in Seattle. The site, which uses a democratic open-publishing system, logged more than 2 million hits, and was featured on America Online, Yahoo, CNN, BBC Online, and numerous other sites’.
text source — http://www.indymedia.org/en/static/about.shtml
18
The shift... For the first time in human history, our communication tools support the group conversation and group action. Gathering a group of people together to act used to require significant resources, giving the world’s institutions a kind of monopoly on group effort.
Shirky, C (2008). Here Comes Everybody: the Power of Organizing Without Organizations, Penguin Press. http://www.herecomeseverybody.org/
19
The shift... Now, though, the tools of sharing and cooperating on a global scale have been placed in the hands of the individual citizens.
Shirky, C (2008). Here Comes Everybody: the Power of Organizing Without Organizations, Penguin Press. http://www.herecomeseverybody.org/
20
The shift... Communications tools don’t get socially interesting until they get technologically boring. The invention of a tool does not create change; it has to be around long enough that most of society is using it.
Shirky, C (2008). Here Comes Everybody: the Power of Organizing Without Organizations, Penguin Press. http://www.herecomeseverybody.org/
21
The shift... It’s when a technology becomes normal, then ubiquitous, and finally so pervasive as to be invisible, that the really profound changes happen, and for young people today, our new social tools have passed normal and are heading to ubiquitous, and invisible is coming.
Shirky, C (2008). Here Comes Everybody: the Power of Organizing Without Organizations, Penguin Press. http://www.herecomeseverybody.org/
22
Twitter • Is it an effective tool? • Fast & viral dissemination. • user-generated/grass-roots. • collective intelligence?
23
Facebook • Is it an effective tool? • social network v. social networking. • aggregation of diverse sources. • collective intelligence?
24
#oink On Sunday, August 16 [2009], agricultural producers united on Twitter to promote the safety of “pork” and to convince consumers to use the scientific term H1N1 in place of swine flu... Their goal was to make #oink the most popular hashtag on Twitter on Sunday morning.
25
They almost succeeded...
Virginia Messina,Vegan activists speak out for pigs on Twitter Seattle Vegan Examiner, August 17 2009 http://www.examiner.com/x-5670-Seattle-Vegan-Examiner~y2009m8d17-Vegan-activists-speak-out-for-pigs-on-Twitter
26
‘Use Twitter to Advocate on Behalf of Pigs’ If the animal exploiters on Twitter are successful at making "#oink" a trending topic Sunday, please tweet about the suffering and cruelty inherent in the "pig farming" industry. Be sure to include "#oink" in your tweets so those searching for it will read your comments.
text source — http://diggingthroughthedirt.blogspot.com/2009/08/use-twitter-to-advocate-on-behalf-of.html image source — http://www.someecards.com/card/lets-stop-worrying-about-suddenly-dying-from-eating-pigs-and-get-back-to-slowly-dying-from-eating-pigs
27
Iranian Election ‘Show support for the people who fight for democracy at Iran, and change your Twitter avatar to have green overlay or green riboon* (green is the official color of the movement)’.
*spelling error from original source text & image source — http://helpiranelection.com/
28
Facebook’s easy virtue Facebook activism, the trendy process by which we do good by clicking often, was in its full glory last week after the death of Iranian student Neda Agha Soltan, killed by gunfire in the streets of Tehran.
text source — Monica Hesse, Facebook's Easy Virtue: 'Click-Through Activism' Broad but Fleeting, Washington Post, Thursday, July 2, 2009 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/01/AR2009070103936.html image source — http://boingboing.net/2009/06/22/iran-more-on-the-lif.html
29
Facebook’s easy virtue Perhaps the most searing image that emerged from those young, hopeful faces confronting the Iranian government, was the last moments of a 26 year old woman, Neda Agha-Soltan...
text source — http://www.boomerslife.org/protests_rally_iran_neda_agha_soltan.htm image source — http://boingboing.net/2009/06/22/iran-more-on-the-lif.html
30
Facebook’s easy virtue Perhaps the most searing image that emerged from those young, hopeful faces confronting the Iranian government, was the last moments of a 26 year old woman, Neda Agha-Soltan...
text source — http://www.boomerslife.org/protests_rally_iran_neda_agha_soltan.htm http://shirhashirim.wordpress.com/2009/06/24/for-the-love-of-god/
31
Informed action? • Did anyone overlay their twitter avatar or join/post on one of the facebook pages?
• Do you think you did/could have made an informed decision?
• Did peer pressure, or a more general
web2.0 pressure to conform, shape your decision?
32
‘And when people started Facebook groups inspired by her death, we quickly joined them, feeling happy that we'd done something, that we'd contributed’. Monica Hesse, Facebook's Easy Virtue: 'Click-Through Activism' Broad but Fleeting Washington Post, Thursday, July 2, 2009 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/01/AR2009070103936.html
33
Selectively Informed?
John Pilger, interviewed by Amy Goodman on Democracy Now! July 6, 2009
John Pilger on Honduras, Iran, Gaza, the Corporate Media, Obama’s Wars, and Resisting the American Empire http://www.democracynow.org/2009/7/6/filmmaker_journalist_john_pilger_on_honduras
34
Googlearchy? • Are these views filtered out, restricting democracy?
• Is this a side-effect of History 2.0? • Does the googlearchy lead to a lowest common denominator?
35
Cyberbalkanization • Cass Sunstien (2001) — The internet may weaken democracy as it can foster isolation.
• Does the Zapatista example counter Sunnstien’s argument?
• What about the campaign seeking to prevent signing of the MAI?
36
Cyberbalkanization •
What about the #oink ‘campaign?
•
The ‘pork industry’ perspective?
•
The subsequent subterfuge & sabotage?
screenshot — http://diggingthroughthedirt.blogspot.com/2009/08/use-twitter-to-advocate-on-behalf-of.html
37
Cyberbalkanization •
What about the #oink ‘campaign?
•
The ‘pork industry’ perspective?
•
The subsequent subterfuge & sabotage?
image reproduced with permission of photographer http://invisiblevoices.wordpress.com/2009/05/06/petey-and-a-new-post-at-changeorg/
38
Questions... •
Are barriers to participation being broken down and actions becoming more effective through broader possibilities to participate?
• •
Is this participation effective?
•
What are the implications for our understanding of history 2.0?
Are these methods leading to cyberbalkanization, fragmentation or isolation?
39
Light relief...
original source — http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8iRF-0keFI
40
41
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