Battle-of-tirad-pass-and-gen.-g.-del-pilar.pdf

THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND GEN. GREGORIO DEL PILAR FROM EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS AND KNOWN FILIPINO HISTORIANS

THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS FROM PHILIPPINE POLITICAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY, VOL. 2 BY GREGORIO ZAIDE Filipinos

Americans

What

Battle of Tirad Pass

Battle of Tirad Pass

When

Dec. 2, 1899

Dec. 2, 1899

Where

Tirad Pass

Tirad Pass

Who

G. Del Pilar and 60 picked riflemen

Maj. March and 300 American troops

Januario Galut Why

To give Gen. E. Aguinaldo enough time to escape

Author Stood guard to fight ’ note Gallant defenders resisted with fury like a cornered lion Mounted on a white horse, was hit by an American bullet With him died 52 other defenders 8 escaped and told Aguinaldo the news Betrayed

To pursue Gen. E. Aguinaldo Repulsed by the deadly fuselage Baffled, retreated, and devised another method of attack Attacked from the front and rear

THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS FROM PHILIPPINE POLITICAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY, VOL. 2 BY GREGORIO ZAIDE After the Battle of Tirad Pass Gen. Gregorio del Pilar

“Leonidas of the Philippines”

Lt. Dennis P. Quinlan

Buried the fallen hero with full military honor and market the grave with crude headstone

”I am surrounded by fearful odds that will overcome me and my gallant men, but I am pleased with the thought that I die fighting for my beloved country GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR Killed at the Battle of Tila Pass December 2d, 1899 Commanding Aguinaldo’s rear-guard An Officer and a Gentleman

THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS FROM THE PHILIPPINES THROUGH THE CENTURIES, VOL 1 & 2 BY ANTONIO MOLINA • Del Pilar’s Brigade with 1000 troops as the combat force

a)

350 of the Joven Column

b)

400 of the Kawit Batallion

c)

100 of the Halberdiers Company

d)

2 Vanguard companies

• Fleeing Groups a)

Protected by Gen. del Pilar and his men are Pres. Aguinaldo, wife and sister, Leyva sisters, Col and Mrs. Sytiar, Gen. Venancio Concepcion and his aide, Majors Tirona and Jaciel, the Pangasinan Governor, Drs. Barcelona and Villa and War Commissary Timoteo Paez

b)

Protected by Col. Montenegro and troops are Pres. Aguinaldo’s mother and son, Col. Leyva and his mother,

THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS FROM THE PHILIPPINES THROUGH THE CENTURIES, VOL 1 & 2 BY ANTONIO MOLINA Escape Trail

Nov. 15th

• From Manaoag, Pozzorubio on Nov. 14th. Then to

• Joven Column dispersed and Col. Montenegro

Alava, Rosario, Famy and Tubaw.

• In Aringay, La Union, lunch was served at the church plaza by Police Counselor Anacleto Diaz (later as Associate Justice of Supreme Court)

• Proceeded to Kaba, Bawang, and Naguilan where they are enthusiastically welcomed by the people. The next day, Pres. Aguinaldo had inspection of Filipino troops and informed of the advancing enemy troops.

retreated. Kawit Batallion became demoralized.

• Pres. Aguinaldo proceeded from Naguilan to Candon Nov. 21st

• Pres. Aguinaldo left for Salcedo to Concepcion Nov. 27th

• On the way to Tirad Pass, Gen. del Pilar said “The American shall never succeed in taking this place and if they should attempt it, they could only do it over my dead body.”

• A week of fortification was supervised by Capts.

THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS FROM THE PHILIPPINES THROUGH THE CENTURIES, VOL 1 & 2 BY ANTONIO MOLINA American relentlessly pursued

• Gen. Young, worn out, sent Maj. Peyton C. March with a battalion to take over.

• On Nov. 27th, Bayambang was occupied and the formal surrendered was signed by Filipino leader, Tirona, on board an American warship on Dec.11.

• Americans were catching up with the retreating Filipino forces

• They had complete information of the movements of the Aguinaldo and his group due to espionage system

• In Candon, Gen. Young prevented the numerous forces of Gen. Tinio from joining the Aguinaldo group.

• Pres. Aguinaldo led his men through the mountains of northern Luzon, crossed the Cagayan Valley bound for Palanan Isabela to establish his finite refuge-headquarters

THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS FROM THE PHILIPPINES THROUGH THE CENTURIES, VOL 1 & 2 BY ANTONIO MOLINA Filipinos

Americans

What

Battle of Tirad Pass

Battle of Tirad Pass

When

December 2, 1899

December 2, 1899

Where

Tirad Pass

Tirad Pass

Who

Gregorio del Pilar who was barely 24 and 60 Filipino patriots

Peyton March and 300 men were guided by an Ilocano Januario Galoot

Why

Ignore the appeal of Aguinaldo, insisted to personally direct the defense, convinced that the place was unconquerable

Repulsed, they followed the information from Galoot, diversionary troop and Company H led by Lt. Tompkin did simultaneous attack.

Author’s To shed blood for the nativeland in the most Note gallant of manners proving to the world the right of the Filipino people to be free and independent Bullet whizzed by him, he paid no attention Serious set back suffered at Tirad Pass but Aguinaldo continue the heroic resistance

Despite the vandalic treatment, they were won over by the valor and patriotism

THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS FROM THE PHILIPPINES THROUGH THE CENTURIES, VOL 1 & 2 BY ANTONIO MOLINA In the midst of the battle Gen. Gregorio del Pilar

Early morning of the battle, “I bow to the terrible fate that befalls me and my brave soldiers; but it pleases me to die fighting for my beloved country” Went from trench to trench, giving orders and urging his men to stand their ground. Made ready to mount his white steed, an American soldier stepping out of place, climbed up to the nearby rock, aiming at the general and fired. Upon being hit, Gen. del Pilar covered his face with his hands and toppled down backwards. He died instantly.

Vicente Enriquez

Aided by a bugler, took Gen. del Pilar’s body atop the hill, but they had to leave it in the middle of the trail to hide themselves from the onrushing Americans Right after the battle

Americans

Stripped Gen. del Pilar of souvenirs, memoirs, letters, documents were sequestered. Took away his clothing, shoes, buttons.

Major March

Retained Gen. del Pilar’s Memoirs

Capt. Jenkinson

Kept the field glasses, 3 golden medallions containing an Agnus Dei, a saint image, and an artistic design

Lt. Dennis Quinlan

Arranged a proper burial, with American rendering Gen. del Pilar full military honors A laconic headstone was placed upon his grave with this inscription: GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR Killed at the Battle of Tila Pass - December 2d, 1899 - Commanding Aguinaldo’s rear-guard - An Officer and a

THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS FROM HISTORY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE, 8TH ED. BY TEODORO AGONCILLO Filipinos

Americans

What

Battle of Tirad Pass

Battle of Tirad Pass

When

Dec. 2, 1899, 11:30 am

Dec. 2, 1899, 11:30 am

Where

Tirad Pass

Tirad Pass

Who

Gen. Gregorio del Pilar, rear-guard commander, boy-general loyal to Aguinaldo and 60 troops Januario Galut, Christian Igorot

Major March and 300 strong men found a secret trail using it to surprise del Pilar and his men

Why

Suggested in order to halt the Americans, he would stay behind and make a last stand to give sufficient time for Aguinaldo’s escape

Capture the wily Filipino leader to end Filipino resistance to American rule

THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS FROM HISTORY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE, 8TH ED. BY TEODORO AGONCILLO Filipinos

Americans

Author’ • Advantageous terrain of Pasong Tirad, 4,500 ft high with good view for • Americans rushed headlong s note miles around. The trail is narrow and for only 1 man at time could clamber and captured the soldier up. holding the reins of Del • 60 men built trenches upon the order of del Pilar Pilar’s horse • Del Pilar wounded in the shoulder ordered his remaining men to escape • They looted the dead body • He tried to escape by a narrow trail but as e mounted his white horse, a for souvenirs Krag rifle rang out…bullet passed through his neck • Major March got the diary • Body was left by the roadside 2 days until its odor forced some Igorots to of Del Pilar cover it with dirt. • “The General (Aguinaldo) has given me the pick of all the men that can be spared and ordered me to defend the Pass. I realize what a terrible task has been given me. And yet I feel that this is the most glorious moment of my life. What I do is done for my beloved country . No sacrifice can be too great.” • Aguinaldo got the fatal news. All the members of the Aguinaldo party, said one of the soldiers in his diary , “shed bitter tears and all wanted to fight the Americans.”

EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND THE HEROIC DEATH OF GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY RICHARD HENRY LITTLE (AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT) Context

• Dec. 1, 1899 Gen. Samuel Young, unable to catch Aguinaldo gave up the chase and let Major Peyton March, with a battalion of 300 men, continue the pursuit of Aguinaldo.

• Major March and his men arrived at the Pass. With them was war correspondent of the Chicago Tribune, Richard Henry Little who was attached to the battalion.

• Gen. del Pilar valiantly defended the pass. He and 52 of his brave men perished in the battle, only 8 survived the bloody fray.

• He did not die in vain because his heroic defense of Tirad Pass delayed the American advance, enabling President Aguinaldo to elude the capture.

EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND THE HEROIC DEATH OF GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY RICHARD HENRY LITTLE (AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT) For the Filipinos What

Battle of Tirad Pass and Heroic Death of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar

When

Dec. 2, 1899

Where

Tirad Pass, Candon, Ilocos Sur

Who

Gregorio del Pilar, 24 y.o. with 60 riflemen, the youngest and bravest of the Filipino generals die while vainly trying to rally his men for one last effort to hold the Americans

Why

To hold back the Americans until Aguinaldo had made good his escape

Author’s Note

• The last ditch – the fight, the pick, the flower of the Filipino army had made in frantic attempt to hold back the Americans • Victory of the Americans brought no discredit to the little band of 60 Filipinos who fought and died. • From the diary - “The General (Aguinaldo) has given me the pick of all the men that can be spared and ordered me to defend the Pass. I realize what a terrible task has been given me. And yet I feel that this is the most glorious moment of my life. What I do is done for my beloved country . No sacrifice can be too great.”

EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND THE HEROIC DEATH OF GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY RICHARD HENRY LITTLE (AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT)

Author’s Note

• He was cheering his men in the fight. He was heard continually urging his men to greater effort, scolding them, praising them, cursing them, appealing one moment for their love of native land and the next instant threatening to kill them himself, if they did not stand firm. • Not until every man around in the 2nd entrenchment was down, did he turn his white horse and ride slowly up the winding trail. • He in second was in full sight of the American sharpshooters. From below, it was seen that an American squirm his way out to the top of a high flat rock and take deliberate aim at the figure on a white horse. • A crack from a Krag rifle was heard, then man on a horseback rolled to the ground. And when the troops charging up the mountain side had reached him, the boy general was dead.

EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND THE HEROIC DEATH OF GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY RICHARD HENRY LITTLE (AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT) For the Americans What

Battle of Tirad Pass and Heroic Death of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar

When

Dec. 2

Where

Tirad Pass, Candon, Ilocos Sur

Who

Major March and 33rd Volunteer Infantry, the victors

Why

To defeat and arrest E. Aguinaldo and his men

Author’s • It was a great fight that was fought away up on the trail of lonely Tilad Pass Note • Company H drove the insurgent out of their position and killed Pilar. The other companies went further up and there was no insurgents. We found 10 dead. Some had been shot several times. We found bloody trails, that led to edge of the cliff, where wounded men had either jumped or fell. • After passing the 2nd entrenchment, we found a solitary body lying in the road. The body was stripped of clothing and there were no marks of rank left on the bloodsoaked coat. • The face of the dead man had a look I never noticed on the face of other dead men in insurgent uniforms. The features were clear cut, and forehead high and shapely.

EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND THE HEROIC DEATH OF GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY RICHARD HENRY LITTLE (AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT)

For the Americans Author ’s Note

• There had been no time to bury him. Not even a blanket or a poncho had been thrown over him. • A crow sat on the dead man‘s feet. Another perched on his head. • “We carved not a line, and we raised not a stone. But we left him alone in his glory.

EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND THE HEROIC DEATH OF GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY RICHARD HENRY LITTLE (AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT) A Soldier

“That’s old Pilar, we got the old rascal. I guess, he’s sorry he ever went up against the Thirty-third”

A Young soldier

“There ain’t no doubt about its being Pilar. We got his diary, and his letters, and all his papers…

Private Sullivan

“I got his pants. He wont need ‘em anymore.”

Snider

Proud of what he did. Got his shoes but can’t wear them because they are too small

A Sergeant in Company G

Got a silver spur

A Lieutenant

Got the other spur

Somebody

Swiped the cuff buttons

R. H. Little

All I got was a stud button and his collar with blood on it

Major March

Got the diary

EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND THE HEROIC DEATH OF GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY RICHARD HENRY LITTLE (AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT)

A Private sitting by a camp fire

Exhibited a handkerchief. “It’s old Pilar. It got “Dolores Hosea” on the corner. I guess that was his girl. Well it’s all off with Gregorio”.

Unknown

Mexican dollar and pair of shoes from private insurgent soldier

Private sitting on a rock

Examining a golden locket containing a curl of woman’s hair. “Got the locket off his neck.”

Another man

Got his shoulder straps

ANOTHER EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR’S DEATH - DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY JOHN T. McCUTCHEON (AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT) For Filipinos What

Battle of Tirad Pass

When

December 2, 1899, early morning

Where

Crossing Cordilleras from Ilocos Sur to Lepanto Province, 4,500 ft. above the sea

Who

Gen. Gregorio del Pilar, Aguinaldo’s bestfriend, the trusted man 60 selected bodyguards of Aguinaldo who are loyal and known for their marksmanship

Why

• The last stand to hold back a battalion of Texans for nearly 5 hours. • A show of loyalty and devotion as told by the grim record they left behind. • Americans were hunting Aguinaldo who gone over Tila Pass to Cervantes

Author’ • The fight above the clouds of Tila s note • It was an admirable position for defense, a place where a company could hold back an army, and so superior that the insurgent leader felt that he at last was safe from the pursuing American cavalrymen beginning in Tarlac lowlands. • Filipinos were wasting no shot in combing the mountain grass below them • Filipinos were slowly and deliberately loading and firing at the Americans. Those on the rocks exhibited no signs of alarm. • Despite of the advancing companies, there was not a slightest indication from Filipinos that they are to flee or give up.

ANOTHER EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR’S DEATH - DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY JOHN T. McCUTCHEON (AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT) For the Americans Major March and 300 men

• Ordered to renew the hunt and proceed to the mountain. No commissary supplies were to be taken for bull carts could not travel in the narrow path. Limited ammunition could be carried, only 140 rounds for each. Only healthy men are to go since they will be cut loose from all the connections with the coast. • Reconnaissance in Santo Tomas and Salcedo where the natives were gathered in the plaza with torches to light the soldiers in, feed the troops, seat among the shacks of the village for the night. • Found out that Aguinaldo had passed through the town 5 days before, travelling with all speed for Tila Pass. • In Concepcion, an Igorotte village with few Ilocanos, he got a unanimous report that the insurgents were holding the pass, that it was heavily entrenched and barricaded at various points. The trail was exceedingly narrow and so steep that one could hardly climb it. • Suspected that in many places the trail was destroyed. • Strength of the forces was unknown except it was part of Aguinaldo’s bodyguards, assumption is less than 150 or 40 or low as 17

January Galoot An intelligent Ilocano guide

ANOTHER EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR’S DEATH - DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY JOHN T. McCUTCHEON (AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT) For the Americans Capt. Davies with Company E and Capt. Cunningham with the scouts

• Assigned to Lingay to the summit to Angaki which is 2,000 ft above the sea, guided by Galoot who said it will be a 13 hours of travel with no food and water. • The first to see the 3-4 insurgents in uniforms

3 companies of the 33rd G, H, M

• Proceeded to Lingay too. • Insurgents were above them, they lay helpless for hidden enemy would annihilate them.

Capt. Jenkinson and Lt. McClelland and Company C

• Ordered to cross the ricefields to the right of the trail to flank the enemies while Company E stayed in the sides. They found it hard to spot the enemies.

Major March and Companies H & M

• Leave the horses in the protective place away from the insurgents. Skirted up the hills and spotted about 8-10 men.

Company L

• Protected Jenkinson and McClelland surge with their cheers to intimidate the Filipinos

ANOTHER EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR’S DEATH - DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY JOHN T. McCUTCHEON (AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT) For the Americans Sgts. Smith and Hughes

To strike in the open

Privates Savage and McCriffs, Corporal Stoley

Next to follow charging

Privates Bishop, Kane, and Bethen

Bethen’s clothes was on fire and Savage stopped to smother the flame

Privates Hill, Cranford, Morris

Fell dead with a bullet through his breast. Shot through the head and eye. Struck by a piece of flying stone

Private Jeyner

Shot on the leg, “I was hit” then a bullet pierced his breast and killed him

Private Kilpatrick

Next to strike in the open but was stuck 3x by the bullets from above

Lts. Tomkins, True and Company H

By 8:30am was ordered to scale the heights. They marched down the trail, avoiding the insurgents. Far down 45-50 swung up the ravine

Sharpshooters

Firing across from the peak to the left while Filipinos were responding shot for shot.

ANOTHER EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR’S DEATH - DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY JOHN T. McCUTCHEON (AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT) For the Americans Dr. Greenwalt

• Under the little ledge was bandaging the wounded. Dead lay stretch with handkerchief covering the faces.

Row of soldiers

• Huddled with their backs to the cut at one side of the trail, waiting and wondering for the delay. • By 11:20am, with conviction of failure and hope was at its lowest ebb, under the heat of the sun, there came from above sounds of firing from Krag-Jorgensens and Mausers and cheering. • With a wild rush, the men followed March up the winding trail while Company E were scrambling huge barricades of the escaping insurgents targeted by the sharpshooters across the valley, of Company H above them and men pursuing them. • Many who were wounded threw themselves over the edge of the trail and went crashing down through the tall reeds. Many uniforms were scattered along the trail as a desperate attempt to hurriedly adopt the amigo grab

Author’s note

• It was an exhibition of cool, deliberate nerve which was new to the Americans • In an instant the whole scene had changed. Out of the gloom and despair and restless inactivity had sprang hope and triumph the moment the tide seemed turned.

ANOTHER EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR’S DEATH - DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY JOHN T. McCUTCHEON (AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT)

For the Americans Author’ • Gen. Gregorio del Pilar was the last man to fall. He was striving to escape up the trail, had already s Note received a wound in the shoulder. A native was holding his horse for him, and just as he was preparing to mount a Krag-Jorgensen bullet hit in the neck coming out just below his mouth. • The men of Company E, rushing up, caught the native who was trying to secure the papers which the general had in his pockets, and in a moment capture the horse. • At that time no one knew who the dead man was, but from his uniform and insignias they judged that he was an officer of high rank. • The souvenir fiend was at once at work, and the body was stripped of everything of value, from the diamond ring to the boots. • A pair of handsome field eyeglasses, with an attachment which determined the ranges for the riflemen was turned over to Capt. Jenkinson.

ANOTHER EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS AND GENERAL GREGORIO DEL PILAR’S DEATH - DECEMBER 2, 1899 BY JOHN T. McCUTCHEON (AMERICAN WAR CORRESPONDENT)

For the Americans Author’ s Note

• 3 little gold lockets which hang around his neck – one, an enamel presentation of a saint on it, another a purely ornamental one, and the last a small Agnus Dei • He wore silver spurs, shoulder straps of gold, a new khaki suit. He carried no sword. In one of his pockets was an American 20 dollar gold piece, which he had shown to me when he was in Manila with a peace embassy some months before. • The troop rested, ate their dinner until the wounded were brought forward. At 3am the troop pushed to the summit of the pass and arrived after 2 hour’s march.

MODERN DAY UPDATE FROM HISTORIAN XIAO CHUA • He said Del Pilar's death is based on the accounts of two people who were present during the battle: Vicente Enriquez and Telesforo Carrasco.

• In his book, Carrasco wrote that Del Pilar could not see the enemy "because of the cogon grass and that he ordered a halt to the firing."

• "At that moment, I was handing [del Pilar] a carbine and warning him that the Americans were directing their fire at him and that he should crouch down because his life was in danger and at that moment he was hit by a bullet in the neck that caused instant death," he wrote.

• For Chua, news of Del Pilar dying while riding his horse on the battlefield is fake news meant to sell newspapers.

• "Del Pilar died of carelessness. The account that he died while riding a horse is fake news. That is an embellishment of an American journalist in the time of yellow journalism. They wanted to sell newspapers and they wanted to make 'Goyo'

OTHER REFERENCES USED IN THE MAKING OF THE MOVIE TITLED GOYO: ANG BATANG HENERAL • letters of Apolinario Mabini, "An Acceptable Holocaust: Life and Death of a Boy General" by Teodoro Kalaw;

• A Spaniard in Aguinaldo's Army: The Military Journal of Telesforo Carrasco y Perez" by Telesforo Carrasco y Perez;

• "General Gregorio H. Del Pilar: Idol of the Revolution" by Isaac C. Cruz; • "Sentiments: General Emilio Aguinaldo’s Response to the Accusations of the Sublime Paralytic" by Emmanuel Calairo.

RELEVANCE 1.

Source of inspiration for those who are looking for a hero to emulate

2.

Appreciation of the role of the key players in history and the wisdom in their action

3.

Learn the role of military training, professionalism, quality leadership in the quest for freedom and independence

4.

Imbibe the Filipino values such as loyalty, trust and confidence, good leadership, love for one’s family, nationalism, patriotism, unity etc.

5.

Understand how human drama in history causes disunity, weakness, self interest, misguided practicality, blind ambition, and others.

6.

Realize the importance of decision making or decisiveness in trying times or difficult situation

7.

Learn from and realize how factionalism in the local culture affected the Filipino leadership and history of the country

8.

Recognition of the significance of understanding historical events through the lens of historical

APPLICABILITY OF VARIOUS HISTORICAL THEORIES

1. Unintended Consequences – outcomes that are not the ones foreseen and intended by a purposeful action.

2. Human Drama – understanding the “real world” with human dynamic affected by guilt, betrayal, love and other forces interacting with each other. Reveals that history is the study of the ebb and flow of social, political and economic tensions that make society flourishes or declines

3. Colonialism – practice of domination and subjugation to expand for new market. Mistaken to imperialism for the absence of clear-cut distinction. Latin colonus and imperium refer to farmer and to command. Aim is “civilizing mission” that led to unrest and discontent of the locals.

4. Weltanschauung or worldview – perception or view of life of a person or society. Set of beliefs, mindset, outlook on life, human consciousness, ethics, morals etc. All affect one’s thinking, knowing and doing.

APPLICABILITY OF VARIOUS HISTORICAL 5.THEORIES Phenomenology – study of conscious experience from first person point of view or awareness of such experience allowing him to have inner observation of the experience.

6. Dialogue – group of people finding a common sense or understanding about things. Moving forward together in a common direction, each understanding their part in what is being done, and contributing to what maybe needed in a willing and intelligent way. Affected by cultural difference (assumptions and beliefs), hierarchical levels (power differences).

• Ethical stance or respect, listening, assumption suspension, authenticity 7. Existentialism - emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will. Also referring to a lived experience, a quest to find one's values, beliefs, and purpose in the world.