Basic Aerodynamics
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Fundamentals of Flight A Basic Introduction to Aerodynamics
The Four Forces of Flight
The four forces act on the airplane in flight and also work against each other.
The Four Forces of Flight
The four forces act on the airplane in flight and also work against each other.
The earth ’s g ravi ty pulls down on objects an d gives th em weigh t.
Weight counte rac ts lift.
What’s it take to create lift? Air and motion.
How do we explain lift? Newton’s Laws of Motion and Bernoulli’s Principal are used to explain lift.
Ne wton’s Seco nd L aw: f orce ca use s a ch ange in ve loci ty w hich i n tu rn generat es anoth er fo rce . Ne wton’s Th ird Law: ne t fl ow o f a ir i s tu rn ed down re su lt ing i n an ‘ equal and opposi te’ upward fo rce .
Newt on’s Third L aw stat es tha t for e very action the re is an equa l and opp os ite rea ction .
Venturi Tube Bernouli’s first practical use of his theorem Where are venturi tubes used today?
Hold two sheets of paper together, as shown here, and blow between them. No matter how hard you blow, you cannot push them more than a little bit apart!
Bernoulli’s Theory in Action
Air speeds up in the constricted space between the car & truck creating a low-pressure area. Higher pressure on the other outside pushes them together.
What is a wing?
A wing is really just half a venturi tube.
A fluid (and air acts like a fluid) speeds up as it moves through a constricted space
Ber noulli’ s P rinc iple state s that , as air spe eds up, its p ressure goes down.
Bernoulli's Principle: slower moving air belo w the wing cre ates gre ater press ur e an d pushes u p.
Bernoulli’ s Princi ple: Ai r m ovi ng o ve r the wi ng mo ve s faste r t han t he air b elow. Fa ste r- movin g air above e xe rts less pressu re o n th e w in g t han t he slowermo vi ng air be low. Th e resu lt is a n upwa rd push on t he w ing--li ft!
Be rnoulli’ s P rinc ipa l: pr es sure variation aroun d t he wing results in a n et a erodynam ic pushing up.
http:// www.grc/nasa.gov/WWW/Wright/airplane/s
A wing creat es lift due to a com bina tion o f Berno ul li’s Principal & Newto n’s Third La w
Interactive Wright 1901 Wind Tunnel
Interactive Wright 1901 Wind Tunnel
Wing Shape
Internal ribs define the wings shape
This US Navy Carrier Jet has a very small wing, how can it fly? Can you see the airfoil?
Why is the wing small? What other aerodynamic devices can you see?
How can a n airplane
f ly u ps ide down?
http:// www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/Wright/airplane/in
Pitch Around the Lateral Axis
Elevator Controls Pitch Th e ELEVATOR co ntrols PI TC H. On t he h ori zonta l tail su rface , t he eleva tor t ilts up or down, decr easi ng or incr easi ng lif t o n the t ail. This ti lts the n ose of t he airplane up a nd down.
Roll Around Longitudinal Axis
Ailerons Control Roll Th e AILERON S co ntrol ROL L. O n th e o uter rear e dge of e ach wi ng, t he tw o ail ero ns m ove in o pposi te direct io ns, up a nd down, decr easi ng lift o n one wi ng wh ile inc reasi ng i t on th e oth er. Th is ca use s t he airplane to ro ll to the l eft or
Yaw Around the vertical Axis
Rudder Controls Yaw Th e RUDD ER co ntro ls YAW. On th e ve rti ca l tail fi n, t he rudder sw ive ls from si de t o si de, push ing t he ta il in a l eft or right direct ion. A p ilot usu ally u se s th e rud der a lo ng wi th t he ailerons to tu rn t he airplane.
Vectors: Two Kinds in Aviation
Vectors to final approach – instructions to a pilot to steer a specific course “Turn left heading 270, vectors to final approach course Grand Junction.”
A physics term to define magnitude and direction.
Vectors
A physics term to define magnitude and direction.
Direction: 045 Magnitude: 20 What?
20 45 o
Vectors 20
What Units? Some unit of distance, force, acceleration, time, etc.
Vectors
Vectors
Vectors
What good are they? Or, “I was told there would be No Math!”
They help us find out what happens!
Adding Vectors
together = Resultant
Vectors
Therefore, any “vector” can be “analyzed” or broken down into horizontal and vertical components
Lift
Vectors: “The MATH”
Pythagorean
Properties of right triangles
Wh ich of t hese airpl anes will speed Wh ich wi ll slow d own?
up?
Drag is the force of resis tance an aircraft ‘fee ls’ as it moves thr ough the air.
Fo r an a irp la ne to ta ke o ff, li ft mu st be greate r th an we ight.
Fo r an a irp lan e to sp eed up w hile f lyin g, thrust m ust be g reate r t han drag.
En gines (eith er jet or prope ller) typicall y p rov id e th e t hrust f or aircraft . When you fly a pape r airplane , you gene rate the th rust.
A prope ller is a spinning wing that g enerat es li ft forward.
Wha t wi ll ha ppen when the fire- fighting plan e drop s its load of water ?
AIRPLANE PARTS
Airpla ne Par ts
The Four Forces of Flight
The four forces act on the airplane in flight and also work against each other.
The Four Forces of Flight
The four forces act on the airplane in flight and also work against each other.
The earth ’s g ravi ty pulls down on objects an d gives th em weigh t.
Weight counte rac ts lift.
What’s it take to create lift? Air and motion.
How do we explain lift? Newton’s Laws of Motion and Bernoulli’s Principal are used to explain lift.
Ne wton’s Seco nd L aw: f orce ca use s a ch ange in ve loci ty w hich i n tu rn generat es anoth er fo rce . Ne wton’s Th ird Law: ne t fl ow o f a ir i s tu rn ed down re su lt ing i n an ‘ equal and opposi te’ upward fo rce .
Newt on’s Third L aw stat es tha t for e very action the re is an equa l and opp os ite rea ction .
Venturi Tube Bernouli’s first practical use of his theorem Where are venturi tubes used today?
Hold two sheets of paper together, as shown here, and blow between them. No matter how hard you blow, you cannot push them more than a little bit apart!
Bernoulli’s Theory in Action
Air speeds up in the constricted space between the car & truck creating a low-pressure area. Higher pressure on the other outside pushes them together.
What is a wing?
A wing is really just half a venturi tube.
A fluid (and air acts like a fluid) speeds up as it moves through a constricted space
Ber noulli’ s P rinc iple state s that , as air spe eds up, its p ressure goes down.
Bernoulli's Principle: slower moving air belo w the wing cre ates gre ater press ur e an d pushes u p.
Bernoulli’ s Princi ple: Ai r m ovi ng o ve r the wi ng mo ve s faste r t han t he air b elow. Fa ste r- movin g air above e xe rts less pressu re o n th e w in g t han t he slowermo vi ng air be low. Th e resu lt is a n upwa rd push on t he w ing--li ft!
Be rnoulli’ s P rinc ipa l: pr es sure variation aroun d t he wing results in a n et a erodynam ic pushing up.
http:// www.grc/nasa.gov/WWW/Wright/airplane/s
A wing creat es lift due to a com bina tion o f Berno ul li’s Principal & Newto n’s Third La w
Interactive Wright 1901 Wind Tunnel
Interactive Wright 1901 Wind Tunnel
Wing Shape
Internal ribs define the wings shape
This US Navy Carrier Jet has a very small wing, how can it fly? Can you see the airfoil?
Why is the wing small? What other aerodynamic devices can you see?
How can a n airplane
f ly u ps ide down?
http:// www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/Wright/airplane/in
Pitch Around the Lateral Axis
Elevator Controls Pitch Th e ELEVATOR co ntrols PI TC H. On t he h ori zonta l tail su rface , t he eleva tor t ilts up or down, decr easi ng or incr easi ng lif t o n the t ail. This ti lts the n ose of t he airplane up a nd down.
Roll Around Longitudinal Axis
Ailerons Control Roll Th e AILERON S co ntrol ROL L. O n th e o uter rear e dge of e ach wi ng, t he tw o ail ero ns m ove in o pposi te direct io ns, up a nd down, decr easi ng lift o n one wi ng wh ile inc reasi ng i t on th e oth er. Th is ca use s t he airplane to ro ll to the l eft or
Yaw Around the vertical Axis
Rudder Controls Yaw Th e RUDD ER co ntro ls YAW. On th e ve rti ca l tail fi n, t he rudder sw ive ls from si de t o si de, push ing t he ta il in a l eft or right direct ion. A p ilot usu ally u se s th e rud der a lo ng wi th t he ailerons to tu rn t he airplane.
Vectors: Two Kinds in Aviation
Vectors to final approach – instructions to a pilot to steer a specific course “Turn left heading 270, vectors to final approach course Grand Junction.”
A physics term to define magnitude and direction.
Vectors
A physics term to define magnitude and direction.
Direction: 045 Magnitude: 20 What?
20 45 o
Vectors 20
What Units? Some unit of distance, force, acceleration, time, etc.
Vectors
Vectors
Vectors
What good are they? Or, “I was told there would be No Math!”
They help us find out what happens!
Adding Vectors
together = Resultant
Vectors
Therefore, any “vector” can be “analyzed” or broken down into horizontal and vertical components
Lift
Vectors: “The MATH”
Pythagorean
Properties of right triangles
Wh ich of t hese airpl anes will speed Wh ich wi ll slow d own?
up?
Drag is the force of resis tance an aircraft ‘fee ls’ as it moves thr ough the air.
Fo r an a irp la ne to ta ke o ff, li ft mu st be greate r th an we ight.
Fo r an a irp lan e to sp eed up w hile f lyin g, thrust m ust be g reate r t han drag.
En gines (eith er jet or prope ller) typicall y p rov id e th e t hrust f or aircraft . When you fly a pape r airplane , you gene rate the th rust.
A prope ller is a spinning wing that g enerat es li ft forward.
Wha t wi ll ha ppen when the fire- fighting plan e drop s its load of water ?
AIRPLANE PARTS
Airpla ne Par ts
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