Ayub-khan-solved-questions.docx

Ayub Khan Q Why was Martial Law declared in 1958? [7] (N2002/P1/4b)/ (N2004/P1/4b) /(N2009/P1/4b)/ (Specimen 2010/P1/5b)/Nov 2012 (7) Ans:

By 1958, the rule of Iskander Mirza was unpopular and the political situation was chaotic. Between 1955 and 1958, five different prime ministers tried unsuccessfully to establish a stable government. In East Pakistan, sever flood caused food shortages and great distress. To most Pakistanis and the rest of the world the government seemed corrupt and inefficient. People were in despair as Pakistan faced bankruptcy and chaos. Ayub Khan was convinced that the system of parlimentry democracy had well and truly failed. General Ayub Khan’s dislike of politicians was further increased by their frequent criticisms of both the army and his leadership. This convinced him, the army had to step in and he got the opportunity when to do so on 7th October 1958 when Iskander Mirza, using the constant disagreements in the government as an excuse, proclaimed martial law with himself as President. Iskander Mirza had lost the support of many of the leading politicians and was alarmed by a plan by Suharwardy to unite the political leadership of Bengal and Punjab against him. Therefore, he turned to the military and asked the Commander-in-chief of the army, General Ayub Khan to take charge as Chied Martial Law Administrator. On 24th October, he was appointed as the prime minister and on 27th October, he fored Mirza to resign and was exile to London. Q Source: Ayub Khan seized power because he had no faith in the democratic parliamentary process, but he wanted to show that he had the support of the people. He felt it important that all national

decisions were made by the president but believed in controlled democracy. On the first anniversary of his takeover he introduced the Basic Democracies. What were the Basic Democracies? [4] (N2011/P1/4a) The Basic Democracies was in four-tier system introduced by Ayub Khan in 1959. Local committee named Basic Democrats and numbering 80,000 were to elect union council member who in turn elected district and divisional members. The first election for the Basic Democrats was held between 26 December 1959 and 7 January 1960.In the end of 1959, Ayub khan asked the newly elected Basic Democrats asking if they wanted him to continue as president and he continued as the president when he95 % of them voted yes. Q1a Which of the following was the most important contribution of Ayub Khan’s government during the ‘decade of development’ between 1958 and 1969: (i) agricultural and other economic reforms; (ii) constitutional reforms; (iii) foreign policy? Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above. [14] (N2003/P1/4c) Q1b ‘Constitutional reforms were the most important of Ayub Khan’s domestic policies during the ‘decade of development’ between 1958 and 1969.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14] (J2005/P1/5c)

Qc) ‘Ayub Khan’s agricultural reforms were more successful than any other of his domestic policies between 1958 and 1969’. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14] (N2007/P1/4c) Q1D) ‘Constitutional reforms were the most important of Ayub Khan’s domestic policies during the ‘Decade of Progress’ between 1958 and 1969.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14] (June 2012)

Q1BD) Ayub Khan introduced the Basic Democracies in 1959 which was a four-tier system that allowed elections at all levels. A local committee named Basic Democrats and numbering 80,000 was to elect union council member who in turn elected district and divisional members. The success of this was that it lifted martial law as the constitution of 1962 was based on the Basic Democracies. All important national decisions power lay with the President and there was no opportunity for any effective opposition. By 1969, Ayub Khan had become unpopular and many of his cherished Basic Democrats resigned .When Ayub Khan declared martial law in 1969 he himself abrogated the Basic Democracies. Ayub Khan’s other domestic reforms included agricultural reforms. Land was redisturbuted amongst famers. A limit of unirragated land 12.5 acres and 100 acres maximum and irrigated land 500 acres minimum and 100 acres unirrigated

was set on farm land. This enabled small farm holders to receive more land and large landowners were forced to sell land which would otherwise be unproductive. Three new dams were also build, farmers were loaned money for wells reducing the need for tubewells and so crop yields were at an all time record. Therefore, this era is also known as the ‘Green Revolution’.He also subsidized fertilizers and mordenized agriculture through irrigation development. His social reforms included the introduction of a family planning programme and a Rehabilitation Programme which settled 75,000 refugees into dwellings in Karachi. Medical facilities were improved and new medical schools were opened. Factory owners were also ordained to give cheap accommodation to factory works. Ayub Khan stopped the hoarding of goods to raise price and also took action action against smuggling. Goods were seized from profiteers and many arrests made. Also, the price of milk vegetables and ghee to stop traders making too much profit. In 1961, the Muslim Family Laws Ordiance helped improve the position of women. Marriages and divorces had to be registered and approved by a court.The minimum age for marriage was set as 16 for women and 18 for men. Ayub Khan’s constitutional reforms were soon to attract opposition as they gave the president autocratic powers.The elections were accused of vote rigging and Ayub Khan himself

abrogated the Basic Democracies. Agricultural reforms only benefitted rich farmers and the landowners cleverly undermined his land consolidation policy. However, his social reforms were the most successful putting ,although temporary, an end to the corrupt practices that were embedded in Pakistan’s society. Q1C) Ayub Khan’s made many domestic reforms which included agricultural reforms. Land was redisturbuted amongst famers. A limit of unirragated land 12.5 acres and 100 acres maximum and irrigated land 500 acres minimum and 100 acres unirrigated was set on farm land. This enabled small farm holders to receive more land and large landowners were forced to sell land which would otherwise be unproductive. Three new dams were also build, farmers were loaned money for wells reducing the need for tubewells and so crop yields were at an all time record. Therefore, this era is also known as the ‘Green Revolution’.He also subsidized fertilizers and mordenized agriculture through irrigation development. Ayub Khan also introduced constitutional reforms. He introduced the Basic Democracies in 1959 which was a four-tier system that allowed elections at all levels. A local committee named Basic Democrats and numbering 80,000 was to elect union council member who in turn elected district and divisional members. The success of this was that it lifted

martial law as the constitution of 1962 was based on the Basic Democracies. All important national decisions power lay with the President and there was no opportunity for any effective opposition. By 1969, Ayub Khan had become unpopular and many of his cherished Basic Democrats resigned .When Ayub Khan declared martial law in 1969 he himself abrogated the Basic Democracies.

His social reforms included the introduction of a family planning programme and a Rehabilitation Programme which settled 75,000 refugees into dwellings in Karachi. Medical facilities were improved and new medical schools were opened. Factory owners were also ordained to give cheap accommodation to factory works. Ayub Khan stopped the hoarding of goods to raise price and also took action action against smuggling. Goods were seized from profiteers and many arrests made. Also, the price of milk vegetables and ghee to stop traders making too much profit. In 1961, the Muslim Family Laws Ordiance helped improve the position of women. Marriages and divorces had to be registered and approved by a court.The minimum age for marriage was set as 16 for women and 18 for men. Ayub Khan’s constitutional reforms were soon to attract opposition as they gave the president autocratic powers.The elections were accused of vote rigging and Ayub Khan himself

abrogated the Basic Democracies. Agricultural reforms only benefitted rich farmers and the landowners cleverly undermined his land consolidation policy. However, his social reforms were the most successful putting ,although temporary, an end to the corrupt practices that were embedded in Pakistan’s society. Q1a) Ayub Khan’s domestic reforms included agricultural reforms. Land was redisturbuted amongst famers. A limit of unirragated land 12.5 acres and 100 acres maximum and irrigated land 500 acres minimum and 100 acres unirrigated was set on farm land. Three new dams were also build, farmers were loaned money for wells reducing the need for tubewells and so crop yields were at an all time record. An Export Bonus Scheme was introduced to offer incentives to people who exported goods. In 1962, an oil refinery was found and a Mineral Cooperation was also formed. His policies like cuts in taxation such as the abolition of the Business Profits Tax encouraged industries to expand. Ayub Khan also introduced constitutional reforms. He introduced the Basic Democracies in 1959 which was a four-tier system that allowed elections at all levels. A local committee named Basic Democrats and numbering 80,000 was to elect union council member who in turn elected district and divisional members. The success of this was that it lifted

martial law as the constitution of 1962 was based on the Basic Democracies. All important national decisions power lay with the President and there was no opportunity for any effective opposition. By 1969, Ayub Khan had become unpopular and many of his cherished Basic Democrats resigned .When Ayub Khan declared martial law in 1969 he himself abrogated the Basic Democracies. During his presidency, the Central Intelligence Agency's activities grew with a secret intelligence base, Peshawar Air Station, was leased to United States. The station and its activities were exposed in 1960, when Soviet Air Defence Forces's S-75 Dvina missile shot down the U-2 Dragon Lady, capturing its pilot near the vicinity. This brought the Soviet ire on Pakistan. The turning point in his rule was the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, and it ended in a settlement reached by Ayub at Tashkent, called the Tashkent Declaration. The settlement was perceived negatively by many Pakistanis. In 1959, his interest in building defence forces diminished when He also made an offer of joint defence with India during the Sino-Indo clashes in October 1959 in Ladakh, in a move seen as a result of American pressure and lack of understanding of Foreign affairs. Ayub Khan’s constitutional reforms were soon to attract opposition as they gave the president autocratic powers.The elections were accused of vote rigging and Ayub Khan himself

abrogated the Basic Democracies. Agricultural reforms only benefitted rich farmers and the landowners cleverly undermined his land consolidation policy. His industrial reforms, though benefitted only the upper class, were his greatest reform. Annual economic rate rose by 7 % which was three times faster than any south Asian country at that time.

There were also many industrial reforms during his time. Foreign aid was used to develop industrialization. An Export Bonus Scheme was introduced to offer incentives to people who exported goods. In 1962, an oil refinery was found and a Mineral Cooperation was also formed. His policies like cuts in taxation such as the abolition of the Business Profits Tax encouraged industries to expand. During the Second Five Year Plan ( 1960-5), manufacturing output grew at an annual average rate of around 11.5 per cent. Gross national product rose by 45 % and manufactured goods began to overtake such traditional exports as jute and cotton.During this period, people’s income went up by an average of 14 percent. Annual economic rate rose by 7 % which was three times faster than any south Asian country at that time. Pakistan achieved faster economic growth than India. However, only the rural and urban middle classes were able to benefit and they didn’t feel their voice politically. Q: Why were the years 1958 to 1969 called the ‘Decade of Progress’? [7] (J2010/P1/5b) Q:Explain why Ayub Khan called the years 1958 to 1969 the ‘Decade of Progress’. [7] (J2008/P1/4b)

Ayub Khan introduced the Basic Democracies in 1959 which was a four-tier system that allowed elections at all levels. A local committee named Basic Democrats and numbering 80,000 was to elect union council member who in turn elected district and divisional members. The success of this was that it lifted martial law as the constitution of 1962 was based on the Basic Democracies.Agricultural reforms were also taken such as a limit of unirragated land 12.5 acres and 100 acres maximum and irrigated land 500 acres minimum and 100 acres unirrigated was set on farm land. Three new dams were also build, farmers were loaned money for wells reducing the need for tubewells and so crop yields were at an all time record. His social reforms included the introduction of a family planning programme and a Rehabilitation Programme which settled 75,000 refugees into dwellings in Karachi. In 1961, the Muslim Family Laws Ordiance helped improve the position of women. Marriages and divorces had to be registered and approved by a court.The minimum age for marriage was set as 16 for women and 18 for men. An Export Bonus Scheme was introduced to offer incentives to people who exported goods. In 1962, an oil refinery was found and a Mineral Cooperation was also formed. His policies like cuts in taxation such as the abolition of the Business Profits Tax encouraged industries to expand. Annual economic rate rose by 7 % which was three times faster than any south Asian country at that time. However, Ayub Khan may

also have celebrate ‘The Decade of Progress’ to deflect growing criticism in 1968.