Brad Hillwig BA 631 Business Environment Analysis November 25, 2008
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Table of Contents
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2 A statement of purpose and objectives On Business Ethics……………………….………………………………………………………………………………………3 An introduction to the fundamental necessity of business ethics Who is Ayn Rand?..................................................................................................................5 An introduction to the originator of the Philosophy of Objectivism What is Objectivism?.............................................................................................................7 A brief overview of the Philosophy of Objectivism Figure 1.1…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..10 A diagram of the Objectivist virtues applied to our Code of Ethics From Here to There: Objectivism and our Code of Ethics…..………………………………………………11 An analysis of how the Objectivist virtues shaped our Code of Ethics On Corporate Social Responsibility………………….…………………………………………………………………25 An introduction to and analysis of our approach to Social Responsibility
Appendix I: Code of Ethics………………………………..………………………………………………………………..29 Appendix II: Ethics Test #1 : Weyco’s Smoking Ban..…………………………………………………………..31 Appendix III: Ethics Test #2: Buzz Marketing…..………………………………………………………………….34 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...36
Introduction What, then, are the right goals for man to pursue? What are the values his survival requires? That is the question to be answered by the science of ethics. And this is why man needs a code of ethics. Ayn Rand: The Virtue of Selfishness, 1961 The purpose of this report is to explore the importance of ethical behavior as it relates to our enterprise and to establish a fully formed Code of Ethics by which we will conduct business. Before we can accomplish this important task, we must understand why applied ethics are necessary, define what constitutes ethical behavior and understand the scope of ethics as they pertain to individuals and organizations. This essential endeavor holds such significance to our enterprise that we must first look for precedence in the form of an established, fundamental system of ethics that will serve as a model for our organizational code. For this we turn to Ayn Rand’s philosophy of Objectivism, a model of thinking that celebrates the individual’s right to survival and free will while it concurrently puts forth a strict moral and ethical code with which to secure these primary imperatives. The philosophy of Objectivism is, at once, a dogmatic approach to life on earth for an individual and also a set of values that can be applied to an organizational framework within a free market system. Businesses, like individuals, operate within a world of incongruence and change and therefore must have guidance and standards. Our aim is to put forth a system of applied ethics designed to provide a foundation of legality, stability and success. In the following pages, we will establish the importance of business ethics and illustrate how the basic tenets of Objectivism illuminate a path for our company’s pursuit of ethical behavior. We will also explore the issue of Corporate Social Responsibility and attempt to more clearly understand and define our role within the community in which we conduct business. Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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On Business Ethics Ethics is not a mystic fantasy—nor a social convention—nor a dispensable, subjective luxury, to be switched or discarded in any emergency. Ethics is an objective, metaphysical necessity of man’s survival. Ayn Rand: The Virtue of Selfishness, 1961
Ethics can be defined as “a discipline involving inquiry into the moral judgments people
make and the rules and principles upon which such judgments are based” (Almeder, Humber & Snoeyenbos, p. 15). Applied ethics is a behavioral system which attempts to answer the questions of “What is good?” and “How should I act?” Ethical systems are necessary to some extent in all facets of life; they serve as guidelines and conventions that provide the tacit foundation upon which individuals and groups coexist. In business, clearly defined ethics are critical for success, and conflicting ethical systems—the fact that not everyone has the same ethical principles—regularly provide the type of dilemmas that challenge an entity’s values, fortitude and will. Consider the following issues that help drive the fundamental need for a system of ethics within a business framework: •
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The law serves as a guide to what is legal, not necessarily what is right: That is to say that a business can operate just within the law and still be unethical in its dealings, either through dishonesty, disloyalty or abuse of power, etc… Therefore, a business is required to be lawful but not forced to be ethical; rather it must choose on its own to do so. A business must create value: A business may create value through unethical practices and profit in the short run, but history has shown that legal and social systems do not tolerate the unethical creation of value in the long run (e.g. bribery, external diseconomies, profiteering, etc…) Therefore, a business must ethically create value. A business is often formed because an investor risked his or her own money: Principals often make decisions using other people’s money, with limited liability. As a result, the decision making power comes with an implied and necessary responsibility to ethically manage investor interests. If this implied trust—which must, in many cases, exceed contractual obligation—does not exist, then such relationships may struggle to materialize. This implied trust comes from reputation, honesty, experience, future value and proven ethical behavior.
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An enterprise must create and maintain relationships with clients and employees: No business can survive over the long haul if it consistently mismanages or takes advantage of its clients and employees. This simple truth establishes the basic imperative need for a fair and equitable system of ethics, or, that which guides individual and organizational relationships and forms a platform of rules that dictate proper conduct. These issues illuminate some key themes that apply to almost any ethical system:
honesty, accountability and the conscious choice to do what is right. A company needs a code of applied ethics in order to guide disparate individuals, achieve a unified purpose, outline a method of operation and ensure compliance to legal and social standards. A sterling record of ethical behavior can often be a competitive advantage and a well‐built system of ethics can be the difference between success and failure. The subsequent pages of this report will attempt to determine the proper ethical guidance regarding common business issues, and draw a functional Code of Ethics based upon Ayn Rand’s Philosophy of Objectivism. However, such an undertaking cannot begin without a proper understanding of Ayn Rand and her Philosophy of Objectivism, as the two are intrinsically connected and one finds little separation between this distinctive philosophy and the life of its creator. ******* Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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Who is Ayn Rand? This is John Galt Speaking. Ayn Rand: Atlas Shrugged, 1957
Alisa Zinovievna Rosenbaum was born on February 2, 1905 in St. Petersburg Russia. A
precocious and intelligent young woman, she taught herself to read at an early age and began writing novels and screenplays at the age of eight. The Rosenbaum family was affluent and independent and Alisa’s father Zinovy was a successful chemist who owned a pharmacy. Early on, young Alisa opposed Russia’s spirit of collectivism and in 1917 she watched her family’s life crumble amid the Bolshevik Revolution. Zinovy’s pharmacy was seized by the Red Army and the Rosenbaum’s were forced to flee to Crimea amid Russia’s violent civil war. By the age of 16 Alisa had begun contributing to the family income by teaching Red soldiers to read and write and she had already declared herself an atheist and an ardent champion of individualism. Alisa’s studies introduced her to American history and she soon came to view America as the epitome of freedom (Greiner & Kinni, 2001).
By 1924, as the Communists established control and imposed societal restrictions on
those who dared to criticize communism, Alisa became convinced that she should journey to America. In the fall of 1926, Alisa arranged to visit relatives in Chicago and left Leningrad with three‐hundred dollars, a Remmington‐Rand typewriter and no intention of returning to Russia. She would later say that “I would no more have thought of returning than of jumping off a building” (Greiner & Kinni, p. 7).
Once in America, Alisa changed her name to Ayn Rand—Ayn, reportedly because it
rhymes with mine, and Rand based the brand of her typewriter—and embarked on a career as a screenwriter and novelist (Greiner & Kinni, p. 8). By now she had developed the foundational Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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elements of her philosophical views, which stood in direct opposition to the tenets of Communism and were based on a strict adherence to rational individualism.
Rand experienced only marginal success as an author until her novel, The Fountainhead,
became a best‐seller two years after it was published in 1943. Rand was celebrated as a champion of individualism, and in American’s she found an audience hungry for the rugged ideals of self‐reliance. The Fountainhead’s protagonist, Howard Roark was an activist who was characterized by a rational egoism that not only illustrated Rand’s philosophical views, but also began to define her concept of the ideal man (Greiner & Kinni, p.###). With The Fountainhead Rand’s literary voice was now firmly established, but her most important work was yet to come.
In 1943 Rand had a conversation with a friend in which the question was posed: “What
would happen if all of the creative minds of the world went on strike?” This question became the platform from which Rand launched her most complete work, Atlas Shrugged (Greiner & Kinni, p. 16). This novel attempted to answer that original question and also offered Rand’s vision of how life should be lived in protagonist John Galt’s 60‐page radio speech, which began with the ethereal words echoing throughout a broken society: “This is John Galt speaking” (Rand, p. 923). In Galt’s speech, Rand offers her most comprehensive outline of the Philosophy of Objectivism, a belief system rooted in rational self‐interest, which Rand characterized as “a philosophy for the living”.
Rand’s strong views on individualism and her rejection of faith and organized religion
made her a controversial figure with a loyal cult following. After Atlas Shrugged, Rand continued to write and lecture on Objectivism, compiling a volume of some six books detailing Objectivism’s cultural applications. Rand died on March 6th of 1982. (www.aynrand.org) Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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What Is Objectivism? Man has been called a rational being, but rationality is a matter of choice—and the alternative his nature offers him is: rational being or suicidal animal. Man has to be man—by choice; he has to hold his life as a value—by choice; he has to learn to sustain it—by choice; he has to discover the values it requires and practice his virtues—by choice. Ayn Rand: Atlas Shrugged, 1957 Defining the philosophy of Objectivism is not a task equipped with brevity. Nevertheless, Rand was able to chisel down this complex set of values to its most basic elements: • • • •
Metaphysics: Objective reality Epistemology: Reason Ethics: Self‐interest Politics: Laissez‐faire Capitalism
For the purpose of this exercise we will focus on Metaphysics, Epistemology and Ethics which form the basis for all Objectivist actions. According to Objectivist thought, Metaphysics states that existence exists, reality is real and the universe and all of its components are not something that we dreamed up (Greiner & Kinni, p. 34). Each element has its own unchangeable identity (A is A, a table is a table, etc…), irregardless of our wishes, hopes and dreams. Reality exists outside of our consciousness, which also exists; therefore Objectivists must be rationalists, capable of perceiving a knowable universe. Epistemology is how man understands the universe, primarily, Rand states, through sensory perception and reason. Our senses are how we perceive objective reality and reason is how we process that knowledge. Objectivism states that our ability to think, or reason, is our principal means of survival and a rational perpetuation of one’s own life should be the chief goal of reason. Ethics guide our actions and dictate how we generate values, form goals and attempt to fulfill them. Objectivism states that humans must choose their own ethical values, which form the basis of morality, and each individual has a moral imperative to place his or her own life, or survival, as a top priority. Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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Rand’s ethics focus on three life values: Reason, Purpose and Self‐esteem, which together form the primary edict of Objectivist thought, that a logical man must live a life rooted in rational self‐interest (Rand, 1961, p. 25). Objectivism rejects any philosophy that subjugates the individual to that of a larger group as illogical, immoral and fundamentally wrong. Therefore, Objectivism contends that individuals must hold themselves as their own highest entity, because if they do not first nourish their own life they must rely on someone to do it for them, thus sacrificing their natural claim to freedom.
Within the Objectivist Ethics, Rand contends that our code of ethics must be the guiding
principal behind our actions, thus she developed seven virtues designed to guide the ideal Objectivist life (Rand, 1961, p. 25‐27). They are as follows: Objectivist Virtues Reason • Rationality: Thinking is the foundational element of life; reason is one’s only source of knowledge, judge of value and guide to action. • Independence: An individual must be independent in thought and action, free from influence, guidance and control from others. • Integrity: The connection between our beliefs and our actions; an individual must externalize his/her internal convictions and never sacrifice his/her convictions to the opinions or wishes of another. • Honesty: Honesty is the acceptance of reality as it is, one must never falsify reality in any way. • Justice: We must rationally and objectively judge others based on merits and value. One must never seek or grant the unearned. Purpose • Productiveness: The central purpose of life is productive work. Self‐Esteem • Pride: Moral ambitiousness. One must earn the right to hold oneself as one’s highest value by striving for moral perfection. Objectivism dictates that if individuals accept these virtues and pursue them as goals, then they are acting out of rational self‐interest and in accord with the tenets of Objectivism. Objectivism is not a utilitarian approach to life; rather it is profoundly non‐violent and invariably Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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holds the means as significant as the ends. The seven virtues of Objectivist Ethics are the foundation from which we have developed our Business Code of Ethics. They have been modified to apply to a business framework and redefined based upon the correlation between the actionable values of an individual and that of an organization. Figure 1.1 on page ten, and the subsequent analysis, demonstrates the manner in which these correlations were derived and configured. ******** Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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Mission Statement Our mission is to ethically perpetuate and improve our company by creating and providing increased value and quality service for our customers and clients. In doing so, we recognize that our most important tools are empowered individu‐ als, constant innovation, effective production and a commitment to creativity, organizational learning, honesty in action, and pride in our efforts.
Rationality
Responsibility Each member of our organization must be accountable and responsi‐ ble for his/her decisions, actions and judgments as they relate to the tasks of our enterprise.
Independence
Independence We must never allow outside influence to corrupt our decisions, thoughts and actions.
Integrity
Integrity It is our duty to lawfully and honestly carry out our organizational tasks without impeding an‐ other’s ability do to the same. We must intend to choose right over wrong.
Honesty
Honesty We must strive to accurately interpret and represent reality.
Productiveness, Value & Communication Productive work is how we accomplish our mission. Each individual and the organization as a whole must seek to offer productive value at each stage of our operation. We must facilitate the open exchange of ideas and maintain an environment that allows individuals to voice their ideas without intimidation or undue influence.
Pride Pride comes from the knowledge that we have achieved excellence, therefore we must always strive to earn the pride we take in our efforts.
Justice
Justice & Professionalism We judge one another on the merits of performance not personal standards.
From Here to There: The Philosophy of Objectivism and our Code of Ethics That which [man’s] survival requires is set by his nature and is not open to his choice. What is open to his choice is only whether he will discover it or not, whether he will choose the right goals and values or not. He is free to make the wrong choice, but not free to succeed with it. Ayn Rand: The Virtue of Selfishness, 1961 According to Objectivism, ethics is a matter of survival. We cannot control the environment in which we operate, but we can control the manner in which we operate within that environment. A fully formed system of applied ethical behavior is intended to guide our actions in a world of uncertainty and change; it must be the steady hand that provides constancy and it must hold strong even when we witness others gain temporary advantage by sacrificing what is right in favor of what is profitable. It is easy to talk about ethics in sweeping, glittering generalities but, in reality, the true test often comes in small packages, as ethical dilemmas tend to mask their importance by seeming insignificant, minor and with little future consequence. However, our commitment must be so thorough that we resist our temptations and adhere so strictly to the Code of Ethics that it becomes intrinsically entwined with our day‐ to‐day tasks. We believe in this imperative with such conviction that we have prepared a thorough analysis of the reasoning behind our Code of Ethics as it relates to our guiding source, Ayn Rand’s Philosophy of Objectivism. We believe that knowledge and communication are central to success and each member of our organization is expected to read and understand the applications of our Code of Ethics (Article I). The following analysis details the reasoning behind our system of ethics, examines the virtues of Objectivism and attempts to demonstrate how they shaped our Code of Ethics and how they may be applied to a modern business framework.
Principle of Objectivism: Rational Self‐Interest: Just as man cannot survive by any random means, but must discover and Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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practice the principles which his survival requires, so man’s self‐interest cannot be determined by blind desires or random whims, but must be discovered and achieved by the guidance of rational principles. This is why the Objectivist ethics is a morality of rational self‐interest—or of rational selfishness. Ayn Rand: The Virtue of Selfishness, 1961
Objectivism dictates that an individual’s first obligation is to fulfill his or her own survival
needs. Humans, Rand contends, are given the option to destroy themselves or nourish themselves; to be a “rational being” or a “suicidal animal” and to sustain life requires a choice to do so (Rand, 1957, p. 927). If we view our company as an individual entity, we can then apply this edict to its system of ethics. Our first obligation is to ensure that we continue to exist. Just as man must choose to sustain his own life through reason, logic and knowledge, so must an enterprise; for if our company ceases to exist, all other issues related to it become irrelevant. However, it is important not to misinterpret rational self‐interest as pure selfishness, behavior requiring self‐interest to the exclusion of all others. Such conduct would likely qualify as irrational self‐interest because it rejects the logic presented by reality. In our view, rational self‐ interest merely requires us to hold our own corporate wellbeing, and all elements that contribute to it, as a value unto itself. We can fulfill this mission by ensuring that we create value for clients, continuously innovate new products and services, maintain a healthy work environment, build community relationships and adhere to our ethical principles. After all, we would surely fail without customers, products/services, a healthy workforce, strategic relationships and a standard of ethical behavior; therefore these elements must factor into our definition of self‐interest. In practice, this edict of rational self‐interest requires a conservative approach to deal‐making and a careful eye for customer service and stakeholder management. For example, it would not be in our best interest to partner with a company whose business Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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practices we deem as unethical (e.g. the poor use and treatment of labor, price gouging, predatory lending, etc.) for concern that our association and integration with their unethical choices may compromise the foundational beliefs of our enterprise. Nor would it be appropriate to seek short term profits at the risk of long term survival. Likewise, just as a man keen on survival would not purposefully poison himself, it would not be in our rational self‐ interest to mistreat our own employees, either through unfair compensation, a lack of medical benefits or unreasonable working schedules. Rational self‐interest, in today’s business world, requires us to effectively manage relationships and adhere to our ethical systems of corporate governance in order to maintain our long term relevance. Additionally, there is a tangible need to reconcile our employee’s notion of rational self‐interest with the company’s in order to build a sense of shared goals and organizational culture. While we expect that each member of our organization will not purposefully damage the company, we also understand that a system of financial and personal incentives can build morale and instill a culture of common interest. Therefore, we have established an equitable 401k retirement program, with a generous company match, as well as a stock option plan so that employees have a vested interest in the success of our organization. Principle of Objectivism: Rationality: Rationality is the recognition that existence exists, that nothing can alter the truth and nothing can take precedence over that act of perceiving it, which is thinking—that the mind is one’s only judge of values and one’s only guide of action—that reason is an absolute that permits no compromise… Ayn Rand: Atlas Shrugged, 1957 Objectivism’s principle of Rationality holds highest the individual’s ability to make the rational choice to think and reason. This powerful capacity, Rand states, is what separates Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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humans from all other living organisms (Rand, 1957 p. 927). In the context of our company, we value the power of the human mind and all of its capabilities; therefore we encourage individual innovation, the open exchange of ideas and an entrepreneurial spirit. In an ethical sense, we acknowledge, as does Rand, that an individual’s ability to think and reason is, in a sense, an obligation to do so. Individuals, and the company at large, must use logic and reason as a guide for actions and decisions rather than emotion, whim and influence—which are not driven by conscious thought. Individuals at all levels of the company must agree to be responsible and accountable for their actions and decisions as they relate to the tasks of our operation. This edict requires that we think before we act and that we use our conscious judgment to formulate rational policies, procedures and decisions. For example, it would not be reasonable to chase a competitor into a new market without adequately understanding the feasibility of this new endeavor in regards to our interests. To blindly chase the competition requires little more than whimsical action, which subverts our own understanding of our capabilities and risks the long term efficacy of our enterprise. An individual employee who chooses to behave erratically or with blind emotion (e.g. with colleagues, inconsistent job performance, making poorly vetted decisions, etc…) must be responsible and accountable for the outcomes. It is important to note, however, that it is not the result that justifies the means, rather the principle of rationality dictates that we arrive at the result through our commitment to reason and thought. Thus, the employee who arrives at the right result but with ill means is not held higher than the employee that follows our ethical standards, but falls a little short. The latter is far more acceptable than the former, for, in our view an individual who uses the proper means will find success more often than not in the long run. A manager who uses emotional intimidation and social engineering to accomplish a task may have short term success, but in Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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the long term will struggle to earn respect and commitment from colleagues. In summary, we correlate rationality—the imperative of reason and thought—with responsibility and accountability, and hold true to the maxim that a company built on the principles of applied personal and corporate responsibility increases its ability to survive, thrive and nurture an ethical workforce. Principle of Objectivism: Independence: Independence is the recognition of the fact that yours is the responsibility of judgment and nothing can help you escape it…that the vilest form of self‐abasement and self‐ destruction is the subordination of your mind to the mind of another, the acceptance of an authority over your brain, the acceptance of his assertions as facts, his say‐so as truth, his edicts as middle‐man between your consciousness and your existence. Ayn Rand: Atlas Shrugged, 1957 Rand’s principle of Independence takes Rationality one step further and necessitates that an individual not only has an obligation to use reason and thought to guide actions, but must do so without undue influence from others (Rand, 1957, p. 932). In the context of our enterprise, this principle applies directly to corporate operations as well as individual conduct. Conflicts of interest—which we define as competing professional and personal interests—and social intimidation, or, attempting to persuade an individual with force or undue influence rather than the merits of an issue, are unacceptable business practices in our organization. A conflict of interest may come in the form of nepotism or perhaps an issue relating to private stock ownership and deal‐making that results in personal gain. An executive that funnels significant amounts of contract work to a family member, resulting in that family member’s personal gain, may be adjudged to have a conflict of interest. Similarly, an executive charged with deciding whether or not to pursue a business relationship with a company in which he or Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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she owns stock may also qualify as a conflict of interest. Certain conflicts of interest are bound to arise in the business world and it is the individual’s responsibility to fully disclose the nature of the conflict to a panel of superiors, who will then decide if the conflict warrants removal from a particular project or issue. Conflicts of interest have significant legal implications and must be treated with openness and honesty so that we are able to maintain a business environment free from undue influence. The principle of Independence also applies on an interpersonal level as social intimidation and undue pressure happen in workplaces everywhere. We must respect each other’s right to independent thoughts, beliefs, opinions and decisions; therefore, it is not appropriate to attempt to subjugate the will of another to your own through physical force or undue pressure. We shall instead defer personal disagreements to superiors and professional disputes to the democratic process of majority rule—a practice that preserves each individual’s right to independent thought and action. We must also keep the principle of Independence in mind when dealing with clients and business partners. Using improper associations, conflicts of interest or undue influence to gain an advantage on behalf of the company is a clear violation of the Code of Ethics. It is important to note that we include bribery and excessive gift giving under the umbrella of undue influence. In business there are times in which communicative scenarios require somewhat persuasive actions, such as sales situations and when working with federal, state and local governments on pertinent issues. While we should never shortchange the communication of our position on an issue related to our business, it is very important that we do so within legal and ethical boundaries. A small gesture such as buying a prospective client a reasonably priced lunch is an acceptable social convention in a professional sales situation; however, large gifts—given to secure a contract— and deceptive promises are clear violations of our Code of Ethics. Furthermore, while we Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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condone the use of government lobbyists to represent our positions on certain issues, we must be aware that even the appearance of impropriety or bribery may compromise our reputation and impede the will of the elected official. Therefore, our lobbyists must be thoroughly vetted and given explicit instructions as to our expectations regarding ethical lobbying practices. Ultimately, we do not tolerate people or entities infringing on our right to independence and we will not initiate any infractions upon the independence of another. Principle of Objectivism: Integrity: Integrity is the recognition that you cannot fake your consciousness…that man is an indivisible entity, an integrated unit of two attributes: matter and consciousness, and that he may permit no breach between body and mind, between action and thought, between his life and his convictions. Ayn Rand: Atlas Shrugged, 1957 Rand’s principle of Integrity contends that there is no separation between an individual’s body and mind—that one has a moral obligation to act in accordance with his or her intrinsic beliefs, and to do otherwise would be tantamount to the subjugation of one’s will to another (Rand, 1957, p. 932). An individual who recognizes the moral imperatives of reason, independence and conscious thought but chooses not to act according to his or her convictions no more deserves survival than one who chooses not to exercise thought at all. In other words, Integrity is the externalization of our internal beliefs and the two elements—conviction and action—must work in tandem. Integrity is, of course, a fundamentally important virtue in a business environment. We apply this principle to our system of ethics with the basic assumption that we are all imbued with the internal conviction that obeying the law is appropriate and necessary behavior. It is our intention to only employ individuals who choose to live by this code; therefore, we expect employees to continue externalizing fundamental Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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lawfulness. Individuals who break the law on behalf of the company or on company time will be punished accordingly, up to and including termination. However, consider the following ethical dilemma: One weekend, on his own time, an exemplary mid‐level employee gets arrested for driving under the influence (DUI). What do we do? How does this behavior align with our Code of Ethics? We recognize that this is, in some ways, out of our jurisdiction since it is a private matter—thus, direct punishment may not be appropriate—however, we do feel a sense of responsibility to counsel this employee, facilitate his rehabilitation and encourage him to properly pay his debt to society. Our role in such a matter should be to encourage proper conduct and build the individual’s sense of Integrity rather than assist its destruction. It is worth noting, however, that if the employee was a high‐level executive we may be compelled to take more robust action. High‐level executives are expected to be leaders and serve as the consummate models of integrity and ethical behavior. Our Code of Ethics also dictates that employees know the difference between right and wrong and always intend to choose the former rather than the latter. Because we acknowledge the vagaries of this statement—indeed, the line between right and wrong can be rife with uncertainty—we have placed an emphasis on the individual’s intent, further proof that we value the means as well as the ends. Should questions of right or wrong materialize, individuals will be referred to our system of guidance which dictates that ethical questions be referred to superiors or to our Ethics Officer, whose directive is to provide guidance with appropriate confidentiality. In summary, we hold the principle of Integrity to be of great consequence to our organization and we seek to promote it in our actions and systems and also to practice it on a corporate level by following our stated mission and ethical convictions. Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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Principle of Objectivism: Honesty: Honesty is the recognition of the fact that the unreal is unreal and can have no value, that neither love nor fame nor cash is a value if obtained by fraud—that an attempt to gain a value by deceiving the mind of others is an act of raising your victims to a position higher than reality. Ayn Rand: Atlas Shrugged, 1957 Rand’s virtue of Honesty is based upon the principle that reality is objective and any attempt to subvert this truth devalues one’s claim to rational self‐interest. Rand’s perspective on this virtue is clear as she states that “honesty is not a social duty, not a sacrifice for the sake of others, but the most profoundly selfish virtue man can practice: his refusal to sacrifice the reality of his own existence to the deluded consciousness of others” (1957, p.933). Objectivism views Honesty as a moral imperative that prevents the individual from undermining his or her own allegiance to objective reality. Furthermore, Objectivism explicitly states that one should never lie to obtain unearned value or gain a higher position. The principle of Honesty has broad applications in the business world and our organization values this virtue within the following contextual applications: Basic Function, Corporate Communication, and Valuation. Basic Function can be defined as the tasks and interactions involved in the daily operation of our enterprise. In this context, individuals are expected to be truthful with one another and thorough in interpersonal communications related to business operations. We must encourage the open exchange of ideas and seek to minimize the asymmetries of information that often result in negative social cultures within organizations. In our Corporate Communication’s— which include any contact with individuals or groups outside of the organization, such as annual reports, quarterly filings, accounting practices, marketing, interpersonal contact and customer service—we must commit to being thorough, accurate and honest in our interpretations of reality. It is not ethical to willfully deceive investors, suppliers or customers either through Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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fraud or lies of omission; therefore we must comply with all laws regulating corporate communication and commit to a positive, proactive approach on corresponding with stakeholders. Finally, Valuation reflects the need for accurate representation regarding our compensation strategy. Our organization is committed to offering competitive salaries that are based upon an individual’s value to the organization and job promotions will be assessed in the same manner. While we understand the objective reality of a fluctuating and competitive job market our commitment to honesty in action dictates that we never subvert reality to inflate our own or another’s value. Honesty is critical to success and in our view it is rooted in the need to properly interpret reality with thorough, accurate communications at all levels of corporate operations. Principle of Objectivism: Justice: Justice is the recognition of the fact that you cannot fake the character of men as you cannot fake the character of nature, that you must judge all men as conscientiously as you judge inanimate objects, with the same respect for truth, with the same incorruptible vision, by as pure and as rational a process of identification—that every man must be judged for what he is and treated accordingly. Ayn Rand: Atlas Shrugged, 1957 Rand acknowledges that people are predisposed to judgments, stating that man must draw conclusions from his observations in order to form a contextual framework from which to understand the world around him. Objectivism’s concept of Justice underscores the need for objectivity when forming such judgments. Rand contends that individuals have a moral obligation to base personal judgments on known facts rather than on subjective preconceived notions, conjecture or hearsay. In short, individuals must form independent, rational opinions about one another (Rand, 1957 p. 933). By its nature, this edict renounces the damaging effects Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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of stereotyping based upon sex, race, age, ethnicity, religious affiliation, political persuasion, etc. Our organization applies the principle of Justice in our hiring practices and in our ethical mission to judge one another based upon professional merits rather than personal differences. Our commitment to Justice ensures that our policies are rooted in the equal treatment of individuals, and focused on assessing value based upon proven professional credentials. Discrimination, sexual harassment, stereotyping and profiling are prohibited not only by our Code of Ethics, but by guiding policies designed to promote and maintain a threat‐free work environment. Additionally, in the event of any violation of these principles, management is empowered with the ability to impose penalties such as suspension, demotion and termination. The company is structured hierarchically and, as such, each member including the CEO is accountable to a higher authority. This structured authority comes with the responsibility of promoting ethical behavior and dutifully addressing infringements. Superiors must be cognizant of impropriety and never willfully abuse their power. Violations of the Justice principle can be severely damaging to individuals and to the company at large, thus we must support strict adherence to this ethical principle. While our system of Justice finds its roots in our Code of Ethics, it is enforced by stated policies, a hierarchical system of accountability and a broadly promoted pledge to base judgments and valuations on known facts and professional merits. Principle of Objectivism: Productiveness: Productiveness is your acceptance of morality, your recognition of the fact that you choose to live—that productive work is the process by which man’s consciousness controls his existence, a constant process of acquiring knowledge and shaping matter to fit one’s purpose. ‐‐Ayn Rand, Atlas Shrugged
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Objectivism states that man’s life purpose is to be productive. This creed does not propose to define a life bound by the rigors of labor, nor one chained by any implied debt to society, rather it is a mode of empowerment in which man actualizes his own destiny and shapes the world according to his values. The goal of productive work is to exercise the full potential of one’s mind, employing creativity, assertiveness and ambition in the process— which, in turn, promotes personal growth and development (Rand, 1961, p. 25). Our enterprise sincerely views this principle as an ethical matter and interprets its application in two key ways: how we define our jobs and what we expect from employees. Regarding the former, we hold significant the value of a job to both the employer and the employee; therefore, we view it as our obligation to make each position as meaningful as possible, properly compensated and accompanied by effective medical benefits. A job has the ability to empower an individual, contribute to the totality of his or her identity, support personal growth and facilitate the creation of a healthy family and a stable community. Our role as an employer is to make sure that every job we create has implicit value and offers opportunities for personal growth. Our organization must maintain a culture of learning and growth by establishing a sensible training and mentoring network and also making a reasonable effort to promote from within, so that we may offer motivated individual’s ever‐increasing opportunities. Additionally, it is our intention to offer specific positions the opportunity to spend a small percentage of time to work on individual innovations. In turn, we have certain expectations for each employee. We are committed to hiring qualified individuals of legal working age who have demonstrated an aptitude in a given field and who value productiveness. Our goal is not to command employees to work hard; rather it is to place motivated individuals in an organizational framework that promotes empowerment, creativity, accountability and personal development. Labor laws Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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dictate that we follow certain guidelines regarding the amount of time an employee is expected to work. To be sure, some positions may require more than a forty‐hour workweek and some may require extensive travel. However, our compensation strategy acknowledges an individual’s right to a reasonable work/life balance and such positions will include increased compensation incentives in the form of time or money. We recognize the importance of a worker’s personal life—indeed it is a critical aspect of maintaining a productive workforce— thus our company will not require employee’s to work on major holidays. Additionally, employees will accrue an amount of vacation time, sick time, and flex time commensurate with their wage rank. In summary, productiveness is an ethic that requires both the employee and the employer to acknowledge the implicit value of productive work and jointly create an environment that promotes effort, innovation, creativity and personal development. Principle of Objectivism: Pride: Pride is the recognition of the fact that you are your own highest value and, like all of man’s values, it has to be earned—that of any achievements open to you, the one that makes all others possible is the creation of your own character. Ayn Rand: Atlas Shrugged, 1957 To Rand, Pride is a celebration one earns by following all of the previous virtues. It comes from the implicit understanding that man must create his own character by choice and must have the self‐belief required to actualize rational self‐interest in a world full of distractions (Rand, 1961. p. 27). Pride and self‐esteem are the result of adhering to a chosen ethical system so stringently that one never fears to question his or her actions and never feels the subversive threat of a competing system of ethics, which seeks to destroy his or her character. Our organization must seek to promote both ethical behavior and organizational pride. Company‐ wide ethical behavior can be encouraged by effectively promoting our Code of Ethics and firmly Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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implanting the aforementioned system of resolution to ethical issues. Organizational Pride can be promoted by a strong internal communication system that consistently recognizes individual and company accomplishments, including successful efforts, awards, promotion, growth and innovation. It is important to have positive progress reports that have a historical perspective and recognize the efforts of individuals, departments and the company at large. Company social events are also important in promoting a sense of connectivity and teamwork, a way of creating a cohesive unit inclined to feel a sense of collective effervescence held together by commonalities. Company pride is a crucial ingredient for success and senior managers must be ethical leaders that live the edicts they preach and believe strongly in the company mission. An employee with pride in his or her organization is a far greater asset than one without it. Pride is an ethic that must be earned by striving to fulfill all other ethical principles, and it must be promoted organically throughout the organization, not commanded from the top. ********* Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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On Corporate Social Responsibility Society is a large number of men who live together in the same country, and who deal with one another. Ayn Rand: The Ayn Rand Column On the surface, the driving force behind our ethical system, Objectivism, seems to be
the antithesis of Corporate Social Responsibility. Not only does Objectivism reject the notion that such a thing as a collective society exists, but it rejects the idea that man has any duty other than to himself (Rand, p.####)—indeed there is no place for Emmanuel Kant’s categorical imperative in an Objectivist world . Instead, Objectivism replaces individual duty with personal choice and strictly labels motivation as rational self‐interest. So then, the questions facing us are: How do we approach the issue of Corporate Social Responsibility? And, How does our Code of Ethics provide us with guidance regarding this organizational objective?
Our corporate mission dictates that our first priority is to perpetuate the existence of
our organization since we reason that all other organizational issues are irrelevant if we cease to exist. This is the actualization of rational self‐interest; therefore our economic mission is, in a sense, our only true moral obligation. However, we cannot effectively execute our economic mission in a vacuum, nor can we succeed without the legal and social benefits of a community that supports stability and seeks to empower motivated individuals. Thus, we must make certain choices designed to encourage and promote the environment which permits our success. Firstly, we must choose to ethically operate our organization and determine that our end products will seek to have a positive value for the end users. In essence, our company will maintain a tacit promise to not do harm to society. However, we must choose to go a bit further in order to promote the continuance of a positive community environment. It is important to highlight the fact that we must not view this mission as a responsibility or an Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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obligation, rather our strategy must be to effectively support and manage the aspects of society that shape the foundation of our success—to us, it is not a Corporate Social Responsibility, rather it is a Social Strategy we make by choice. In turn, these choices must have mutual and tangible benefits. We cannot blindly throw money at charitable organizations in order to get our name on a banner, to do so would be ethically disingenuous at minimum. Therefore, we must assert a more calculated approach.
One important end result of an effective society is that it produces educated individuals
that tend to be well‐rounded, creative, innovative and adept at functioning within an organizational system. Society’s educational system benefits us by generating a large volume of these individuals, whose efforts are ultimately crucial to our success since we thrive on value‐ creation and innovation. Therefore, our Social Strategy must include an emphasis on strengthening and enhancing this important element of society. We must seek to partner with educational institutions and innovate new ways in which we can use our resources to create value for them. Importantly, our role here should not be to further our brand or cultivate a young market, but rather to contribute value to a sector of society that contributes to our success. We can do this in several ways. Firstly, our founders and executives should be prepared to speak to high school and college classes about business, ethical and organizational matters. Through the formation of local partnerships, this outreach must be done with some regularity and designed to contribute specialized value to the educational process. Furthermore, we can use our financial resources to make donations to educational institutions and seek ways to fund infrastructure projects that enhance the educational experience. Art work, playground equipment, school furniture and university buildings are some areas in which our financial resources can promote effective educational systems. Furthermore, we must seek Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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to develop and fund scholarship programs for private secondary schools and universities, aimed at making quality education available to motivated individuals of all socio‐economic backgrounds. Our institutional beliefs are based upon individual rights and empowerment, and our Social Strategy should be no different.
Another way in which society permits our success is by maintaining law and order. We
simply could not exist in a society with no rules, conventions or system of criminal justice. Our Social Strategy should seek avenues in which we can promote lawful conduct and disavow criminal behavior. We can do this by supporting community groups that promote positive personal development for at‐risk individuals, particularly young people. After school programs, youth sports, youth homeless shelters and activity institutions such as the YMCA require significant financial and human capital and we have the capacity to offer both. Our strategy in this area should mimic the approach we take toward education and include mentorship, donations and the promotion of infrastructure projects. Additionally, we must seek to lend our support to organizations that promote clean, healthy living such as hospitals and non‐profit medical research groups. Our ultimate goals should be to support the institutions and programs that promote the development of healthy individuals and fight the social ills that lead to a life of criminal conduct.
Our Social Strategy must also seek to promote a lively, engaging community. In our
view, a society that offers viable cultural and entertainment attractions promotes a sense of community and increases one’s local pride. We should seek opportunities support local attractions such as parks and open spaces, theatres, museums, cultural centers and institutions that preserve local history. These important elements of a community often live and die by corporate donations and they warrant our serious consideration. Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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To be sure, we cannot accomplish all of these initiatives at once. Our Social Strategy will
be to set aside a small percentage of revenue each year for such projects, to be evaluated on a case‐by‐case basis. However, our organization can consistently offer employee’s the opportunity to engage in community projects. Through strategic partnerships, our company can offer each employee the opportunity to work up to 40 paid hours per year at educational or community institutions. Additionally, we support the development of corporate initiatives that give our employees the opportunity to connect with the community, such as Habitat for Humanity, a trash pick‐up event or park maintenance, etc. Employees are encouraged to develop such events and create self‐managed teams with a positive community mission.
Giving back to the community is not an obligation, rather it is a choice we make based
upon rational self‐interest and our commitment to our Code of Ethics. Our principles of Integrity and Pride dictate that we seek to externalize our convictions, perpetuate our values and believe in our efforts. An effective Social Strategy can empower employees to believe more strongly in our company, strengthen our stakeholder relationships and enhance the society in which we operate—all of which are can only serve to perpetuate the health of our organization. ******** Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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Appendix I Business Code of Ethics Mission Statement Our mission is to ethically perpetuate and improve our company by creating and providing increased value and quality service for our customers and clients. In doing so, we recognize that our most important tools are empowered individuals, constant innovation, effective production and a commitment to creativity, organizational learning, honesty in action, and pride in our efforts. Responsibility Each member of our organization must be accountable and responsible for his/her decisions, actions and judgments as they relate to the tasks of our enterprise. Our actions make a difference, logic and reason should guide our decisions. Each member of our organization must base decisions and actions on facts and reason rather than emotion or influence and seek to fulfill our mission at each stage. Independence Outside influence must never corrupt our decisions, thoughts and actions. There is no place in our organization for conflicts of interest, which we define as competing personal and professional interests. Instead, we must be independent in our thoughts, ideas and the pursuit of our mission and we must respect each individual’s right to rational self‐interest. Integrity It is our duty to lawfully and honestly carry out our organizational tasks without impeding another’s ability do to the same. We must have the fundamental ethical understanding that our actions have consequences. Integrity dictates that we know what is right and always intend to choose to act accordingly. The difference between right and wrong can often determine success or failure; we must always intend to choose to do what is right and seek council when in doubt. Honesty We must always strive to accurately represent and interpret reality. We must strive for truth and accuracy in our research, information and client interactions. Our decisions, solutions and actions must be based on facts, logic and rational judgment. We must never, under any circumstances, lie to obtain unearned value or improve our position. Justice and Professionalism Race, sex, age, ethnicity, religious affiliation, political persuasion and other personal standards are not acceptable criteria by which to judge colleagues or potential colleagues. Rather, we must base our judgments upon what we know of each individual’s merits, skills, abilities and experience. It is important that we act with professionalism at all times, treat one another respectfully and accept personal differences. Disagreements are inevitable in business and should be handled with rational professionalism, not emotional, personal or physical attacks. Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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Productiveness, Value & Communication Productive work is how we accomplish our mission. Each individual and the organization as a whole must seek to offer productive value at each stage of our operation. We must facilitate the open exchange of ideas and maintain an environment that allows individuals to voice their ideas without intimidation or undue influence. Individual innovation is a critical component of value creation and we must each contribute to an environment in which individual’s have the freedom to use his/her intelligence, skills and creativity to enhance our company. Pride Pride comes from the knowledge that we have achieved excellence; therefore we must always strive to earn the pride we take in our efforts. Continued pride is a great indicator of success; therefore all of our actions must have this goal in mind. This document contains the entire Code of Ethics for our enterprise: The Code of Ethics applies to each member of our organization and serves as a guide to how the individual employee is expected to operate within the organization, and it serves as a code of conduct for the organization at large. Ethical disputes, doubts or questions: Procedure dictates that ethical dilemmas or disputes must first be judged against the Code of Ethics, then taken to a direct supervisor or manager and, if necessary, taken to the organization’s appointed Ethics Officer. The penalties for ethical violations: Should an employee be adjudged to have violated our stated Code of Ethics, he or she may risk demotion, suspension or termination as determined by the appropriate managers, with consultation from the Ethics Officer. ******** Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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Appendix II—Ethics Test # 1 The Weyco Smoking Ban In 2003 Weyco Corp instituted a strict anti‐smoking policy. The company stopped hiring smokers, began a voluntary smoking cessation program and charged employees monthly fees if they continued to smoke without attempting to quit. By 2005, Weyco had banned employees from smoking on their property or at home. Compliance was assured through a breathalyzer test that each employee was required to take. Four employees who refused the test were fired. How would your Code of Ethics address this scenario? (Kolb & Osland, p. 128) A driving force behind our organization’s Code of Ethics is rational self‐interest, the notion that we must consistently seek to perpetuate the existence of our organization. When viewed independently a corporate philosophy of this sort may seem to lend itself to a totalitarian approach to management; one that institutes strict rules and imposes authority designed to accomplish a common goal. However, our Code of Ethics insists that we must “respect each individual’s right to rational self‐interest”. Weyco’s smoking ban was designed to increase the health of employees and minimize insurance costs and, although legal, the root issue seems to be the questionable ethical infringement on personal rights. Although smoking has a proven negative effect on an individual’s health, our system of ethics precludes us from subverting an individual’s freedom of choice on his or her own personal time. Our principle of Justice dictates that we judge individuals based upon “merits, skills, abilities and experience” rather than personal standards. This principle would prevent us from denying a qualified candidate employment because he or she is a smoker. Furthermore, unless smoking at home has a direct, measurable negative effect on job performance, we could no more fire a person for smoking at home than we could for being of a particular age or race.
On the contrary, our pledged focus on the ethical perpetuation of our company’s
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existence dictates that we have every right to ban smoking inside our offices and on our property in order to preserve our workspaces and maintain a healthy environment that is inviting to clients and employees. This is in the company’s best interest because it permits us to effectively accomplish our economic mission which, theoretically, benefits our employees. If the negative health effects of private smoking habits became a burden on our workforce, our course of action would likely be quite different from Weyco’s. As established, our Code of Ethics precludes us from dictating what our employees do on their own personal time unless it results in a direct, measurable negative impact on job performance. For example, if an employee regularly gets overly intoxicated each night and begins to show up to work late, disheveled and with compromised cognitive abilities, then there is likely grounds for reprimand. However, this negative effect on job performance probably would not be an issue with smoking. Of course, the long term effects of smoking may cause health problems which could negatively impact our company by increasing medical costs and forcing employees to miss work. Still, it would be against our Code of Ethics to fire these employees, simply because we are committed to empowering individual rights which, to be blunt, includes one’s right to self‐destruction. That said, just as Weyco instituted a cessation program, our company’s system of ethics would favor some voluntary mechanism of promoting individual health such as smoking education, a workout facility, subsidizing a portion of an employee’s outside gym membership or encouraging an active lifestyle. Therefore any employee who has worked at our company for long enough to be affected by a life of smoking would have certainly received clear incentives to have changed his or her behavior. One might contend that health issues stemming from smoking are the result of poor choices; yet, while this may be true, our Code of Ethics dictates
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that we treat employees as rational and independent individuals and our approach would be to make health education available rather than commanding acquiescence regarding this issue. ******* Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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Appendix III—Ethics Test # 2 “Buzz Marketing” is a marketing technique designed to stimulate word‐of‐mouth interest. Uses of Buzz Marketing have pushed ethical boundaries as companies attempt to market products using paid individuals that pose as “regular” folks rather than professional marketers. For example, a company may hire a paid actor to sit in a coffee shop using a particularly advanced computer, thus attracting interest from passersby and slyly doling out purchasing information without ever disclosing that he is a paid marketer. Also, companies have hired workers to enter online chat rooms and assume the identity of their target audience to promote the benefits of a particular product or service—again, not disclosing that they are paid professionals. Buzz Marketing reaches an important audience but often uses questionable methods to do so, how would your Code of Ethics address this issue? Our Code of Ethics specifically states that “we must always strive to accurately represent and interpret reality. Therefore, we must strive for truth and accuracy in our research, information and client interactions”. While there is no mention of full disclosure regarding marketing activities, it is important to note that we are committed to accurately representing reality. This edict requires that we do not falsify the true nature of things, thus our Code of Ethics would not permit us to hire an actor to be embedded in a public place without disclosing that he or she is a paid professional. Also, our system of ethics would not permit our marketers to assume a false online identity in order to penetrate targeted chat rooms. In our view, these techniques would represent a deception designed to gain an unearned value. It would also appear to be a violation of our Integrity principle, which implies that we externalize our internal values and requires that we always seek to lawfully and honestly execute our organizational tasks. This principle would prevent us from withholding information from a prospective client with the intention of gaining his or her business.
We do, however, acknowledge the importance of generating word‐of‐mouth marketing,
but we would only employ Buzz Marketing techniques under certain ethical guidelines. When Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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working on behalf of the company it is important that the marketing agent discloses his or her employment. In a social scenario, a representative may choose to verbally disclose employment, wear a company tee‐shirt or conduct his or her marketing activity within close proximity of a banner displaying the company name and logo—as long as it is clearly evident to passersby that the marketing activity is an official company act. However, if a company employee wishes to extol the benefits of our products and services in a social situation on his or her own time, not acting as an official company representative, there is no explicit need for disclosure of employment. Furthermore, our online marketers are held to the same standards of disclosure, as they are bound to accurately represent reality when acting on behalf of the company. We certainly understand the value of one‐to‐one marketing in social situations and in online communities, but our Code of Ethics mandates that we do so by accurately representing reality and by clearly disclosing that we are marketing a product or service directly on behalf of our company. ******* Business Ethics & Social Responsibility
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Bibliography Almeder, Robert & Humber, James & Snoeyenbos, Milton (Eds.). (2001) Business Ethics (3rd ed.). New York: Prometheus Books. Freeman, Edward R. & Harrison, Jeffery S. & Wicks, Andrew C. (2007). Managing for Stakeholders Survival, Reputation, and Success. United State: Caravan Books Greiner, Donna & Kinni, Theodore B. (2001). Ayn Rand and Business. New York: TEXERE Kolb, David A. & Osland, Joyce S. (2007) Organizational Behavior, An Experiential Approach (8th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall Rand, Ayn. (1957). Atlas Shrugged. New York: Penguin Group. Rand, Ayn. (1961) The Virtue of Selfishness. United States: New American Library. Schwartz, Peter (Ed.) (1998) The Ayn Rand Column: Written for the Los Angeles Times (2nd Ed.). The United States: Second Renaissance Books. Online Resources The Ayn Rand Institute: www.aynrand.org
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