Aviation Ppt.pptx

I am very grateful for the strong support and guidance provided to me by my Aviation teacher Mrs. Preeti Brid, who helped me to know all about this industry and also helped me in preparing this project.

1. Briefly describe the current scenario with updates of current affairs in Aviation Industry. Justify with articles from newspaper & magazines.

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Policy paralysis and a slowing economy a poor combination: India’s growth in FY2012/13 could possibly dip below 7%. This is a rate of expansion that most economies would envy, but it falls short of the Government’s own targets and of the growth needed to achieve the Government’s employment generation and poverty alleviation objectives. Air India monopolising government attention. With no solution in sight, it is actually creating the problem: Air India has limited capability to operate new routes, meanwhile blocking private carriers from doing so. As has happened so many times before, the only winners in this scenario are the foreign airlines from whom Air India is being “protected”. Government needs to focus on industry viability and safety: Rather than focusing on micro issues, the Ministry of Civil Aviation’s objective should be to create an environment which recognizes and supports industry viability and competitiveness. The sector must be in a position to operate safely and efficiently, delivering sustained and reasonable profits and covering its cost of capital.

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A new, dedicated Minister of Civil Aviation is a positive, but he faces a challenging task : On 18-Dec-2011 Ajit Singh took over Mr. Ravi’s civil aviation responsibilities. A dedicated minister is a positive development, but a change of leadership at this critical time means uncertainty will persist, especially in the absence of a clear strategic framework for the sector. Traffic is expected to continue to grow strongly, but financial recovery will be slow : Banks have become a critical pillar of the aviation sector... Poor government policy means airports also face financial challenges : Meanwhile, private and state-owned airport operators continue to struggle. The operators of Delhi and Mumbai Airports have invested USD5 billion in modernising these facilities but the revenue collection has been less than expected due to the economic regulator not permitting a dual-till framework, while the Supreme Court ordered both airports to cease collection of Airport Development Fees from passengers, pending approval by the Airports Economic Regulatory Authority.

India is poised to be among the top five aviation nations in the world in the next 10 years. The Indian Aviation Industry is exploring opportunities to improve connectivity and is also looking at enhancing the number of Indian carriers to various countries. At the recently concluded International Civil Aviation Negotiation (ICAN) Conference 2011 during 17-22 October, 2011, it was stated that in the next 10 years domestic air traffic will touch around 160-180 million passengers a year, and the international traffic will exceed 80 million passengers a year. Though Demographics, Slow transit through road and rail infrastructure, Increasing Business and Leisure Travel and Government Policy remains the growth drivers but High aviation fuel (ATF) price, Hugh Debt Burden, Poor Infrastructure, Regional Connectivity and Excess Capacity has been seen as speed breakers to this sector. Passengers carried by domestic airlines during January 2012 were 53.30 lakh as against 49.36 lakh during the corresponding period of previous year thereby registering a growth of 8.06%.

2. With the help of PPT/slides presentation, describe the function of the parts shown to you:a. b. c. d.

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Cockpit Cargo Exterior part Interior part Slide Raft Cabin Inter Communication System Passenger Service Unit Jump Seat

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The Airbus A300 is a short- to medium-range wide body aircraft. Launched in 1972 as the world first twin-engined wide body. The Beluga is capable of carrying loads of just over 1,500m³ or up to 47t (103,616lb) over a distance of 900 nautical miles. Lighter loads are transported over longer distances, for example, 40t to 1,500 nautical miles and 26t to a range of over 2,500 nautical miles. A-380 The 555 seat Airbus A380-800, with a non-stop range of 8,000nm, was launched in December 2000. The A380 maximum operating speed is Mach 0.89 and the range is 15,000km. “The A380 has twin-aisle cabins on the upper and lower decks, with 49% more floor space for 35% higher seating capacity.“ The A380 is equipped with four 70,000lb thrust engines“. The aircraft can complete a 180° turn within a width of 56.5m, within the 60m width dimension of standard runways. Comparing A-300 with latest technology.

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A 300 Overall length- 63.6m Height- 16.85 m. Fuselage diameter -5.64 m. 5.64 m Maximum cabin width-5.28 m. 5.28 m. Cabin length-50.35 m. m. Wingspan- (geometric) 60.3 m. 63.45 m. Wing area (reference) 361.6 m. 439.4 m Wing sweep (25% chord) 30 31.1 degrees degrees 30 degrees Wheelbase 25.6 m. Wheel track 10.69 m.

A 380 Overall length-75.3 m. Height- 17.3 m. Fuselage diameter Maximum cabin width-

Cabin length -60.98 Wingspan-(geometric) Wing area (reference)

Wing sweep (25% chord) Wheelbase- 32.89 m. Wheel track -10.69 m.

A300 COCKPIT

A380 COCKPIT

A cockpit or flight deck is the area, usually near the front of an aircraft, from which a pilot controls the aircraft. Most modern cockpits are enclosed, except on some small aircraft, and cockpits on large airliners are also physically separated from the cabin. From the cockpit an aircraft is controlled on the ground and in the air.

Usually provided on the underside of the aircraft for storage of passengers baggage and fright. Cargo compartments on aircraft comes in four types: Class A: Pressurized, not compartmentalized and within easy reach of cabin attendants. Think closets, galley storage, etc. Class B: Pressurized, reachable by crew, but compartmentalized. Fluffy rides here. Class C: Pressurized or not, compartmentalized, has a fire suppression system. Passenger luggage is usually placed in a non-pressurized class C compartment. Class D: Not pressurized, compartmentalized, generally do not have fire suppression systems (except for the lack of air at altitude). This is where the mail goes ,along with most other paying cargo, spare parts the airlines lugging back and forth, etc. Not all aircraft have all four types of cargo areas, but most decent sized jets will have a B and a C.

Exterior part of aircrafts

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FUSELAGE : It is the central body potion of a plane designed to carry fuel, passengers, freight & mail. The part of the aircraft, which is streamlined, and the wings and the tails are attached to it. It is made up of Duralium i.e. an alloy of aluminium, nickel & cobalt. COCKPIT: A cockpit or flight deck is the area, usually near the front of an aircraft , from which a pilot controls the aircraft. It is a place where from which flight is controlled on the ground and in the air. CABIN: An aircraft cabin is the section of an aircraft in which passengers travel, often just called the cabin. The portion of enclosed airplane intended for transporting passengers or freight. WINGS: The parts of the plane that provide lift & support the weight of the plane, its passengers, crew & cargo while the plane is in flight. FLAPS: The movable portion of the wings closest to the fuselage. These are control surfaces installed on the trailing edge of a wing and used to increase the amount of lift generated by the wing at slower speeds.

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AILERONS :Ailerons are hinged control surfaces attached to the trailing edge of the wing of a fixed-wing aircraft .The ailerons are used to control the aircraft in roll. RUDDER :The rudder is one of three primary flight control surfaces found on an airplane. It is a movable surface hinged to the fixed surface that is located at the rear of the aircraft called the vertical stabilizer, or fin. The rudder controls movement of the airplane about its vertical axis and causes the airplane & apos;s nose to move to the right or left and point in a different direction. HORIZONTAL STABILIZER :This is the horizontal part of the tail assembly, the small wings at the rear of an aircraft’s fuselage. It balances the lift forces generated by the main wings further forward on the fuselage. The stabilizer also usually contains the elevator. UNDERCARRIAGE :It is located underneath the plane, it allows the plane to land and supports it while it is on ground. It also has the mechanism to reduce and absorb the shock of landing to acceptable limits. SPOILER :Spoilers are small, hinged plates on the top portion of wings. Spoilers can be used to slow an aircraft, or to make an aircraft descend, if they are deployed on both wings. Spoilers can also be used to generate a rolling motion for an aircraft, if they are deployed on only one wing.

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Aisle: A passage between two sections of seats, comprising of horizontally placed rows that is located from the nose to tail of the aircraft without any obstruction. Bulkhead: Partitions or walls in the fuselage to make compartments for different purposes. Doghouse: A small cupboard, placed on the floor of the aircraft on casters, usually behind the last row of seats in every zone of the plane used for storage purposes. Overhead : Medium sized compartments placed along the sidewall of the aircraft, fitted with a door, meant for stowage of the carry-on baggage of the passenger during flight. Emergency Exits: Doors & Windows used specially in case of emergency besides being used as normal exits. Galley: The „kitchen‟ of the aircraft is called the galley. Lavatory: All lavatory are similar in design, though size and contour may very depending on its location.

3. With the help of PPT/Slide presentation. Demonstrate the correct procedure for embarkation/ disembarkation of all of the special handling pax along with related documents.

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First the passenger enters the airport and proceed to the ticket counter. Ground staff executive will check in the passenger baggage and tags the slip to boarding pass. If the passenger have any excess baggage they need to pay extra amount according to the airline fares. If it is domestic destination, passenger need not to go through customs and immigration check. If it is international the passenger need to go through the customs and immigration check. After customs and immigration the passenger proceeds to security check. Then the passenger boards the aircraft.

For domestic passenger disembarkation, they directly proceed to baggage counter and collects their baggage. And they leave the airport. International passengers collects the disembarkation form from crew on board.  Then they proceed to customs and immigration check.  After customs and immigration they proceed to baggage counter to collect.  And they leave the airport. 

Unaccompanied minor. A passenger who is below the age of 18 travelling alone is classified as unaccompanied minor (UNM).

These passengers are boarded last & deplaned first at the destination. Very often extra security accompanies the flights in which these passengers are travelling. Special menus, extra crew are sometimes provided on these flights.

We understand the importance of the third trimester of expectant mothers. Therefore, any travel from 29 weeks to 36 weeks, shall be asked to present a “Fit to Travel” certificate from a medical practitioner, which confirms the expected date of delivery and fitness to fly. The certificate should be issued by the doctor within 7 days of flight departure and should remain in the possession of the expectant mother at the time of check in.

They are usually seated on the carrycot seats. The carrycot/bassinet should be placed soon after take-off & removed when the aircraft starts its descent to the destination The infant should be in mother’s lap during take-off landling. They should also be advised to feed the infant at this time & put cotton in the infant’s ear to prevent pressure distress. Extra amenities like napkins, disposable diapers, feeding bottles(when required) baby food should be offered

A person with invalid immigration documents or one who is being sent back to his country of origin because of some legal matters is a deportee. Often in the latter case he/she is accompanied by extra security. They are boarded last & deplaned last. The senior cabin crew fir that zone handles all the paperwork. These passengers are usually seated near the gallery area, where the cabin crew can observe them in flight. They are not permitted to deplane at transit halts.

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Few passengers need that extra attention as they are physically handicapped or are suffering from or recovery from a serious illness, In such cases: The passenger is boarded first & deplaned last. Often classified as a ‘’Wheelchair’’ passenger on the PIL, he/she is handed over to the crew in whose he/she is seated. Seriously ill passengers are often accompanied by a relative or a medical personnal like a doctor or a nurse They are seated close to the toilet. They should be given full assistance throughtout the flight till they deplane from the aircraft.

A trained dog may be carried in the cabin incase a passenger who is dependent upon it The dog has to properly harnessed, restrained and muzzled. Blind passenger along with dog or with any other assistance will board first and deplaned last.

4. Describe the following emergency equipments used in emergency. With the help of PPT/Slide presentation(any 4)

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A smoke hood is a protective device access to areas and parts roof the airplane similar in concept to a gas mask. Smoke hood protects eyes and respiratory tract. Provides pure oxygen and prevents from inhaling toxic gases. Pre-flight check: Correct location Check the validity

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Device used to contain & overcome fire. They are 3 types: halon & water. It is used to extinguisher small fires in the aircraft. Pre-flight check: Correct location Secured with strap Saftey pin intact Needle on the pressure gauge should be between 15002000 PSI Check the expiry date.

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Hand held loudspeakers used by crew to enable them to direct emergency evacuation procedures by being over various sounds associated with emergency. Pre-flight check: Correct location, Secured with strap. Press the push to talk button to hear a click sound.

Automatically inflatable vests found under every seats on board to help in floatation decompression during ditching. Children & apos;s life vests are also present in smaller sizes. Pre-flight check: Randomly check under the passenger seat for the availability of life jacket.

5. Is transportation of dangerous goods is safe. Yes or No? What precuation to be taken by an airline for transportation of Dangerous goods. Present your findings in a PPT/ slides presentation.

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we should not carry the goods which can harm aircraft…  Dangerous goods are solids, liquids, or gases that can harm people, other organisms, property, or the environment. DANGEROUS GOODS are articles or substances which are capable of posing a risk to health, safety, property or the environment.  Dangerous goods include materials that are radioactive flammable, explosive, corrosive, oxidizing. Also included are physical conditions such as compressed gases and liquids or hot materials.

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) “Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air”, provides Operators with the basic legal requirements for transporting dangerous goods by air. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Air Travel Association (IATA) provide guidance material for Operators who wish to develop their dangerous goods training programs. The ICAO and IATA guidance material is updated annually and provides Operators with an excellent source of information on dangerous goods. Many aviation authorities require that Operators provide dangerous goods training for cabin crew during initial and recurrent training. Operators should include dangerous goods as part of the cabin crew training program to increase cabin crew awareness to: • The risks involved in carrying dangerous goods by air • How to deal with a dangerous goods incident onboard the aircraft.

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Class 1: Explosives – Explosive substances, explosive articles, and pyrotechnic devices, for example, ammunition, and fireworks.

Class 2: Gases ƒ Class 2.1 Flammable Gas: Gases, which ignite on contact with an ignition source, such as acetylene and hydrogen ƒ Class 2.2 Non-Flammable Gases: Gases, which are neither flammable nor poisonous. ƒ Class 2.3 Poisonous Gases: Gases liable to cause death or serious injury to humans if inhaled for example hydrogen cyanide o

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Class 3: Flammable liquids – Examples are petrol, alcohol, and perfume.

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Class 4: Flammable solids – Examples are matches, flammable metal powder ƒ 4.1: Spontaneous Combustibles ƒ 4.2: Dangerous When Wet - Solid substances that emit a flammable gas when wet or react with water when wet, such as sodium and potassium.

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Class 5: Oxidizing Agents and Organic peroxides ƒ 5.1 Oxidizing Agent - oxidizing agents, which are not organic such as ammonium nitrate and chemical oxygen generators. ƒ 5.2 Organic Peroxides – are thermally unstable substances that may undergo heat generating, self-accelerating decomposition. These substances are sensitive to impact or friction, or may create a dangerous reaction when in contact with other substances. These substances may be explosive and burn rapidly. Some examples are, fertilizers, and pool chemicals.

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Class 6: Toxic (poisonous) and infectious substances ƒ 6.1 Toxic substances - those substances that are liable to cause death or injury if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin. Examples are pesticides and poisons, mercury. 6.2 Infectious substances - those known to contain, or reasonably expected to contain, pathogens, such as Bacteria, Viruses, medical waste (used needles).

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Class 7: Radioactive materials

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Class 8 Corrosives Substances –Corrosive substances can dissolve organic tissue or severely corrode certain metals for example, hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid contained in batteries.

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Class 9 Miscellaneous - Hazardous substances such as dry ice and magnets.

6. Describe & compare Boeing 747 & Airbus A380?

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The A380 “Super Jumbo” typically costs around $414m per unit. It rises to 80ft in height, has a 21.5ft cabin width on the main deck and 19ft on the upper deck, and has a whopping 261ft wingspan.

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It can accommodate a maximum of 853 passengers in a single class configuration or, more likely, 644 passengers in a 2 class configuration.

The Airbus A380 can reach a maximum speed of 634mph (Mach 0.96) and has a range of 9,755 miles.

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Some airlines think the A380 is too large and too heavy for their needs, so Airbus are responding by building a lighter version, which has a significantly reduced maximum flying range, but will use much less fuel, making it more economical for airlines to operate.

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The B787 Dreamliner typically costs around $211m per unit. It rises to 55ft in height, has an 18ft cabin width, and has a 197ft wingspan.

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It can accommodate a maximum of 381 passengers in a 2 class configuration. A more recent variation of the 787 can accommodate up to 440 passengers and has a maximum loaded range of 9,550 miles, whereas the original variant can fly just 9,030 miles.

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The B787 Dreamliner has a maximum speed of 593mph (Mach 0.90). While not designed to be a direct rival to the A380, the 787 nevertheless competes with the A340 and A330 members of the Airbus family.

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That said, many aviation enthusiasts identify the B787 and the A380 as being the two newest and most spectacular aircraft in the sky, so comparison is inevitable.

7. Do a case study of any actual of an air crash. Your concluding statements should give your own opinion as a result of the research conducted by you?

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An AIR CRASH is defined in the Convention on International Civil Aviation Annex 13 as an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight and all such persons have disembarked, in which a person is fatally or seriously injured, the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure or the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible. The first fatal AIR CRASH occurred in a Wright Model A aircraft at Fort Myer, Virginia, USA, on September 17, 1908, resulting in injury to the pilot, Orville Wright and death of the passenger, Thomas Selfridge.

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An AIR CRASH is also defined there as an occurrence other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the safety of operations.

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An accident in which the damage to the aircraft is such that it must be written off, or in which the plane is destroyed is called a hull loss accident.

I LIKE A CASE STUDY ON THIS RESEARCH BECAUSE I WANT TO LEARN MORE ABOUT AIR CRASH AND AM DOING IT. I HAVE DONE A CASE STUDY OF AN ACTUAL MISHAP OF AN AIR CRASH ON 17 SEPTEMBER 1908 AND IT WAS ALSO THE FIRST FATAL ACCIDENT ON THE AIR IN THE AIRPLANE. WHICH KILLED 1 MAN AND A PILOT WAS INJURED BADLY.

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One hundred years ago, on Sept. 17, 1908, a plane piloted by Orville Wright crashed in Fort Myer, Va., badly injuring the aviation pioneer and killing his passenger, Lt. Thomas Selfridge. Today, on the anniversary of the accident, The Associated Press distributed two photographs (before and after) of the famous flight, along with a story on airline safety. The AP story states that the 1908 accident was ‖the first fatal airplane crash in history, according to the Flight Safety Foundation. Here are the photos showing Selfridge and Wright (with hat) just before the flight, and the crumpled heap of wreckage after the crash.

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PHOENIX — It was called an ‘aeroplane’, but the contraption Orville Wright piloted on Sept. 17, 1908, was hardly more than a big box kite with a motor. And unlike his famous first flight in 1903, this one was doomed. Less than five minutes after takeoff, Wright‘s plane lay smashed, his passenger mortally injured, and the world got an early taste of the perils of flying. It was the first fatal airplane crash in history, according to the Flight Safety Foundation.

‘The aeroplane is still far within the experimental stage, a New York Times writer lamented three days later. ―The perfected machine will doubtless be different from it in everything from principle to motive power’. A hundred years later, modern jets have indeed made air travel the safest way to get around. Yet, to the consternation of the airline industry, flying still generates for many the same rush of anxiety that onlookers must have felt when Wright‘s plane dove into the parade ground at Ft. Myer, Va. ‘There‘s still this mystique about flying, said Ron Nielsen, a retired US Airways pilot who‘s found a second career counselling people who are afraid to fly. There‘s a fear of being closed in, and there‘s a fear of dying’.

It doesn‘t help when airlines are caught failing to follow government safety regulations, as was the case with American Airlines and Southwest Airlines earlier this year. Anxiety levels may also rise when members of Congress accuse the Federal Aviation Administration of an inappropriately cozy relationship with the airlines it regulates. In response to reports of lapses in FAA oversight, the House passed a law in Jul y that would force federal aviation inspectors to wait two years before taking airline JOBS. But the facts remain: In the U.S., no one has died in a commercial jet crash in two years. Before that, the safety record for airlines has been close to perfect. According to a 10-year average of National Safety Council statistics from 1996 to 2005, only two people died in commercial airline crashes per 10 billion miles traveled. That compares to a death rate of five people per 10 billion miles on passenger trains. And in cars, 81 people died for every 10 billion miles traveled.

Accidents in the air have become so rare that investigators no longer find common reasons why commercial airplanes crash, FAA spokesman Les Dorr said. ‘If you try to say, what‘s the next common cause (of airline accidents) that we can address, the answer is there isn‘t one, Dorr said. It took a lot of work to get to this point. Aviation has always been an intensively reactive field, with many of its safety enhancements kick-started following major aircraft accidents. It was this way even in 1908. A few days after the first fatal crash, Wright woke from his hospital bed and asked to see his mechanic. ―I‘d like to have his view on just what happened to cause our spill,‖ he said. The plane was circling about 100 feet above the parade grounds during a demonstration flight for the U.S. Army Signal Corps w hen it suddenly dropped nose first and crashed. Wright‘s passenger for the experimental trip, Lt. Thomas Selfridge, was killed. From the hospital, Wright picked through the scattered remnants of his plane and eventually decided what caused it to drop.

Mr. Wright finds the accident to the aeroplane was due to the blade of the propeller coming in contact with one of the wires of the machine,‖ C.S. Taylor, Wright‘s associate, told news reporters. A report by the Signal Corps Aeronautical Board said the propeller blade looked like it struck a wire supporting the rudder. Aircraft safety investigations have become formalized in the years that followed. The National Transportation Safety Board, founded in 1967, deploys teams of investigators to major accidents and spends months examining each crash. It eventually recommends ways for the airline industry to keep the accident from happening again. For example, airports were equipped with better weather tracking equipment and wind-shear alert systems following a number of crashes, including one in 1985 when a Delta Air Lines L-1011 tried to land during a thunderstorm at Dallas/Fort Worth airport, killing 135 people. More safety improvements have followed other major accidents. It can take months or even years before investigators come up with recommendations from a crash. But ―if something happens during the investigation that really strikes fear in someone‘s heart, we‘ll send out urgent recommendations,‖ said Bridget Ann Serchak, an NTSB spokeswoman. Airlines also deal with several hundred new FAA air-worthiness directives each year that are recommended by aircraft manufacturers and other authorities. The FAA occasionally conducts safety audits like one that forced American to cancel hundreds of MD-80 flights this spring and submit to inspections related to electrical wiring.

Sometimes airlines will install safety features on their own. Alaska Air Group Inc., for example, recently said it will equip its entire fleet with a runway-awareness system aimed at preventing collisions on the ground. ‘We realized we‘re flying out of some of the busiest airports in the U.S. and we saw the value of an additional safety measure, said Caroline Boren, spokeswoman for Alaska Airlines. The systems will cost about $20,000 per aircraft to install, and Alaska‘s entire fleet is expected to be fully equipped with the alert software by the end of the month. The FAA and airlines have not always worked well together, Dorr said, but increasingly they are sharing information about safety and maintenance. That means that in the future, aircraft safety will become more automated with inspectors and airline crews contributing to the FAA‘s Air Transportation Oversight System, Dorr said. The system brings together maintenance and safety reports, and looks for any safety issues on the horizon. The fear of flying may never leave some travellers, but as the industry continues to tweak its safety net, more of them may realize many fears are only in their heads. Everyone that I know that flies, when they get on the airplane, they‘re worrying about ‗Will I get there on time?‘ Not, is the plane going to crash, Dorr said.

The Geneva-based Aircraft Crashes Record Office (ACRO) compiles statistics on aviation accidents of aircraft capable of carrying more than six passengers, not including helicopters, balloons, or fighter airplanes. It should be noted that ACRO is not a government or official organization. The ACRO announced in 2008 that the year 2007 was the safest year in aviation since 1963 in terms of number of accidents. There had been 136 accidents registered (compared to 164 in 2006), resulting in a total of 965 deaths (compared to 1,293 in 2006). Since then, both 2009 and 2010 saw fewer registered accidents, 122 and 130, respectively. 2004 was the year with the lowest number of fatalities since the end of World War II, with 771 deaths. The year with most fatalities was 2001, with 4,140 deaths.

After completing my aviation assignment I got to know more about Aviation industry and the aircrafts exterior, interior parts and the emergencies on board and how to overcome the emergency situations. I also got to know more about the crashes occurred due to technical problems and many things. The meal served and about the galleys in the aircraft and more details about the cockpit and the pre-flight check. Last but not the least embarkation and disembarkation of the special passengers…

www.google.com  www.wikipedia.com  www.google/images.com  www.airindia.in  www.ibn7.com 