Attachment 1

ATTACHMENT 1

SOLICITED PROPOSAL COVER WORKSHEET RFP # __4265_______ Title: Experimental Investigation of the Impacts of Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Quality and Treatability of Groundwater_______________________________________ Organization: (Legal name as it should appear in the contract) Organization: __Texas Tech University____________________________________________ Complete Address (No P.O. Boxes Please): 203 Holden Hall, MS 4-1035, Lubbock, Texas 79409 Personnel: (Please attach CV or brief resume for PI, Co-PIs and other key research team members) Principal Investigator: Individual responsible for the technical completion of the proposed work. Name: Lianfa Song Title: Associate Professor Organization: Water Resources Center, Texas Tech University Complete Address: 10th and Akron, Lubbock, TX 79409-1023 Phone: 806-742-3598

FAX: 806-742-3449

E-mail: [email protected]

Co-Principal Investigator: Individual responsible for the completion of major portions of the proposed work. Name: Ken Rainwater Title: Professor Organization: Water Resources Center, Texas Tech University Complete Address: 10th and Akron, Lubbock, TX 79409-1023 Phone: 806-742-3490

FAX: 806-742-3449

E-mail: [email protected]

Authorized Representative: Original awards and amendments will be sent to this individual for review and acceptance, unless otherwise indicated. Name: Kathleen Harris Title: Senior Associate Vice President for Research Organization: Texas Tech University Address: 203 Holden Hall Box-41035, Lubbock, TX 79409-1035 Phone: 806-742-3884

FAX: 806-742-3892

E-mail: [email protected]

Accounting Contact: Individual authorized to accept payments. Name: Rebecca Perez Title: Director Organization: Sponsored Programs Accounting and Reporting Address: 306 Drane Hall, Lubbock, Texas 79409 Phone: 806-742-2985

FAX: 806-742-8076

E-mail: [email protected]

Administrative Contact: Individual from Sponsored Programs office to contact concerning administrative matters (i.e., indirect cost rate computation, rebudgeting requests, etc.). Name: Jay McMillen i

ATTACHMENT 1 Title: Assistant Managing Director Organization: Office of Research Services Address: 203 Holden Hall, MS 4-1035, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1035 Phone: 806-742-3884 FAX: 806-742-3892 E-mail: [email protected] Contracting Contact: Individual responsible for contract administration including contract negotiations. Name: Jay McMillen Title: Assistant Managing Director Organization: Office of Research Services Address: 203 Holden Hall, MS 4-1035, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1035 Other Personnel Name: Title: Organization: Complete Address: Phone:

FAX:

E-mail:

All Other Participating Organizations (not listed above): Organization

City/State/Country

Project Period: March 1, 2010-Febraey 28, 2012

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PROJECT ABSTRACT The overall objective of this study is to generate the first-hand knowledge and information on the impacts of potential CO2 intrusion to the drinking water aquifers on water quality and treatability by reverse osmosis (RO). To achieve this objective, four tasks are proposed in this study: i. Mineral dissolution tests will evaluate the impact of the elevated CO2 concentration on the amount of total dissolved substances (TDS) and the change of chemical composition of the groundwater from Ogallala and Santa Rosa aquifers. The groundwater will be kept in high pressure containers to reach dissolution/precipitation equilibrium with sediments from the aquifers and confining layers at different CO2 concentrations in water. The pH and major will be measured to assess the extent that chemical composition of groundwater can be altered by the elevated CO2 concentration. The change of quality water will be assessed according to the EPA standards of drinking water. ii. CO2 release tests for the affected groundwater will be conducted after the dissolution tests to determine the change of chemical composition of groundwater after it is pumped to the ground surface open to the atmosphere. The CO2 in the water will equilibrate with the atmosphere and as a result the water pH will decrease. The minerals dissolved at high CO2 levels would precipitate out of the water. The precipitates may deposit on the surfaces of tanks and pipes or form small particles in the water. The water quality, including pH, TDS, and turbidity, will be assessed with respect to the EPA drinking water standards. The water quality is not expected to return to the original state because some replacement of ions may occur after intrusion of CO2 or CO2-containing water. iii. Equilibrium calculations of ion concentrations in the groundwater with intimate contact with its native aquifer materials will be carried out for different CO2 concentrations. MINTEQ will be used in this study, which is free software for geochemistry calculations. One principal question to be answered in this task is if the changes in the chemical composition of groundwater under the influence of the elevated CO2 concentration can be predicted with the fundamental principles of dissolution/precipitation equilibriums and the known solubility products of the minerals. The experimental data from the previous two tests will be used to verify the equilibrium calculations and to determine the values of the solubility products. iv. RO filtration tests with the affected groundwater will be conducted to assess the impacts of the altered water quality on membrane treatment processes. The low salinity groundwater usually does not require much treatment and therefore the focus will be on the precipitates on the storage tank and pipes. Mineral precipitation on the surface of pipes can cause serious blockage of the pipes in water distribution system. The groundwater containing high level TDS (>1,000 mg/L) is commonly treated with RO processes to reduce the salinity before distribution. The dissolution of minerals by CO2 intrusion may add new foulants to the membranes. The elevated salinity will also increase the cost of the treatment because higher pressure is required to overcome the increased osmotic pressure. Dr. Lianfa Song is the Principal Investigator (PI) and Dr. Ken Rainwater is the Co-PI of the project. Mr. Aubrey Spear from the Water Department of the City of Lubbock, Texas, is expressed interest in the proposed study and agreed to share data of the groundwater quality in Lubbock and provide experimental water. The total project budget is $187,079, with $127,904 requested from Water Research Foundation and $59,175 provided by the PI and Co-PI from Texas Tech University as in-kind contribution. The proposed investigation is anticipated to complete in 24 months (2 years). iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SOLICITED PROPOSAL COVER WORKSHEET.......................................................................................................i PROJECT ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................iii PROJECT DESCRIPTION.............................................................................................................................................1 Research objectives.................................................................................................................................................3 Task 1. Mineral dissolution test..............................................................................................................................3 Task 2. CO2 release test..........................................................................................................................................5 Task 3. Equilibrium simulation...............................................................................................................................6 Task 4. RO filtration test.........................................................................................................................................7 Expected results......................................................................................................................................................8 Deliverables............................................................................................................................................................8 Evaluation plan.......................................................................................................................................................9 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS ....................................................................................................................................9 Management Plan..........................................................................................................................................................11 REFERENCES:............................................................................................................................................................13 SCHEDULE..................................................................................................................................................................17 CURRENT AND PENDING FORM...........................................................................................................................18 BUDGET......................................................................................................................................................................20 RESUMES....................................................................................................................................................................21

PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1. Background Groundwater is one of the nation's most valuable natural resources. It is the source of about 40 percent of the water used for all purposes exclusive of hydropower generation and electric power plant cooling (Heath, 1983). Fresh groundwater is usually of much better quality than the typical surface waters and can be used as drinking water with minimal treatment. With the progress and maturation of reverse osmosis (RO) desalination technology, brackish groundwater has been increasingly utilized as an additional resource of drinking water. In many places in the United States, especially in the Southwest areas, the resources of surface waters are very limited in quantity and have already been fully exploited. Fortunately, abundant brackish groundwater resources exist in these areas that can be used to meet the anticipated increase in water supply in the future (TWDB, 2008). The carbonate system formed by the equilibrium between the dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) in water and related dissolved carbonate and bicarbonate species in the presence or absence of carbonate minerals in the aquifer matrix, is of fundamental importance to the groundwater quality (Appelo and Postma, 2004). Many common water quality parameters, such as pH, buffering capacity, alkalinity, and hardness, etc., are largely determined by or tightly related to the carbonate system. The concentration change of any carbonic species will shift the equilibriums that would cause drastic changes in chemical composition of the groundwater. The changes may have potentially adverse impacts on the quality and treatability of groundwater. Carbon dioxide sequestration is now considered necessary to mitigate global warming and to stabilize atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases and global temperatures at acceptable values that would not severely impact global economic growth (Benson and Cook, 2005; IPCC, 2007). Geological carbon sequestration (GCS), which consists of capturing and injecting CO2 into a target geological formation, is being investigated as possible means to sequester large amounts of CO2 and thus stabilize atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Bachu, 2003; Emberley et al., 2005; White et al., 2005; Holloway, 1997; Bachu, 2000; Oelkers and Schott, 2005) while still allowing for the use of fossil fuels (e.g., Pacala and Socolow, 2004). Several geological formations are proposed as possible options to store CO2, including deep sedimentary formations and saline aquifers (e.g. Bachu and Adams, 2003; Kaszuba et al., 2003). Studies suggest that the geologic formations in the United States have a storage capacity of about 4,000 gigatons that can be used to sequester all fossil CO2 emissions in the United States for several hundred years. This approach is the only practical feasible method on land for carbon sequestration at the scale that is required to stop the increase atmospheric CO2 concentration. Although geologic carbon sequestration is inevitably associated with high costs, it is considered a better option than CO2 emission to the atmosphere that might cause the potential adverse environmental consequences. Complex geochemical reactions will occur between the injected CO2, brine, and formation materials that can bring about significant changes in the aquifer properties and water 1

compositions. Many experimental and modeling studies have been conducted to investigate the kinetics of dissolution and precipitation of various minerals in the saline aquifers and caprocks under sequestration conditions, which are characterized by high temperature and pressure. Under these conditions, calculations indicate that the bulk of CO2 will be stored initially as supercritical fluid (Lake, 1989), because the target reservoirs are likely to have temperature and pressure values higher than 31°C and 74 bar, the critical values for CO2. Formation water contacting the injected CO2 will rapidly dissolve it to saturation, which is 3–5% of brine weight, depending on chemical composition and reservoir conditions (Spycher and Pruess, 2005). CO2 is generally considered very active in many dissolution and precipitation reactions with brine constituents and solid minerals. However, most of the studies focused on the impacts of the interactions on the integrity and safety of geological structures for CO2 storage, the change of aquifer permeability for CO2 injection, or mineral precipitation for permanent sequestration of CO2. Therefore, the researchers mainly investigated the reactions in the high salinity waters of the formation targeted for CO2 injection. Little attention has been given to the potential impact of CO2 sequestration on quality of groundwaters of low salinities (TDS <10,000 mg/L) in the shallow aquifers that are potential sources for water supplies. An issue critical to geological CO2 sequestration is the potential migration of CO2 through sealing formations via pathways formed by reactions of supercritical CO2 with either the caprock or the wellbore, specifically the wellbore cements in relevant space and time scales (Wigand et al., 2009). A greater concern is the possibility that CO2 may exploit defects such as fractures that may exist in the cement sheath. These fractures may develop because of changes of pressure and temperature within the wellbore during field operations, e.g., overpressure during the injection of CO2. Other processes that may lead to fractures and defects include cement shrinkage during hydration, mechanical shock from pipe tripping, poor cement slurry placement, and residues of drilling mud and drill cuttings. These defects may provide an initial higher permeability pathway for CO2. Kharaka et al. (2009) reported that sequestered CO2 can penetrate to another aquifer above it in 6 months through 15-m thick shale and siltstone beds. When the sequestered CO2 makes its way to shallow aquifers of low to medium salinity that are current or potential drinking resources, it is anticipated that significant changes may occur to the water quality and treatability. The principles of water chemistry indicate that the dissolution of CO2 in water forms carbonic acid that can significantly reduce water pH and increase the solubility of most minerals in contact with it. However, the detailed reactions of CO2-brine-rock and their impacts on water qualities in the low to medium saline aquifers are totally unknown (Regnault et al., 2005; Ketzer et al., 2009). There is a great need to develop a better understanding of the impacts on water quality and treatability of low and medium salinity groundwaters by the intrusion of CO2 and CO2 affected water from sequestration operations. The knowledge on this subject is not only helpful to develop more complete assessment of the carbon geologic sequestration to reduce CO2 emission, but also of extreme importance to the protection of the most valuable groundwater resource for sustainable development.

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2. Research Approach Research objectives The overall goal of this study is to generate useful first-hand knowledge on the impacts of potential CO2 intrusion to water quality and treatability of drinking water aquifers under controlled conditions. The objectives of the project are (1) to experimentally investigate the particular responses of constituent chemical species in groundwater to the intrusion of CO2 and CO2-containing water; (2) to compare the water quality changes to EPA drinking water standards; (3) to study the impact of the affected groundwater on RO treatment processes; and (4) to model and simulate changes of ion concentrations in groundwater under various levels of CO2 concentrations. Four tasks are planned in of this study that will be elaborated in the following section. Task 1. Mineral dissolution test The main objective of this task is to investigate experimentally the impacts of elevated CO2 concentration on the amounts of total dissolved solids (TDS) and the chemical composition of the groundwater. CO2 will be injected at selected pressures into sealed tanks that allows intimate contact of groundwater with sediment from the aquifer and/or confining layers of interest. The pH and the concentrations of major ions in the water will be sampled and measured at equilibrium. Pressure Gauge

Pressure regulator Water-gas Interface

Sediment

CO2 Cylinder

Sampling port Reactor

Figure 1. Schematic of the dissolution test device The dissolution device is schematically presented in Figure 1, which consists of a CO2 cylinder and a pressure vessel with a pressure regulator. The pressure vessel is required to sustain pressure up to 30 bars (~450 psi) and have a volume of ~30 liter (8 gallon). The large volume of the pressure vessel is required to produce enough water for the subsequent benchscale membrane filtration test. Sediments from the aquifer and nearby confining layers will be 3

combined with the aquifer’s water in the pressure vessel for dissolution reactions. The CO2 container will provide CO2 for the dissolution test and the CO2 partial pressure in the pressure vessel can be adjusted and controlled with the pressure regulator. A sampling port is installed on the bottom of the pressure vessel, through which the water can drain out by gravity for chemical analyses and subsequent experiments. Materials from the locally available Ogallala and Santa Rosa aquifers and their confining structures will be used in this investigation. The Ogallala aquifer contains fresh groundwater in most locations (the southernmost portions have TDS above 1000 mg/L) and is currently an important source of water supply in West Texas. The Santa Rosa aquifer contains brackish water (TDS above 2,500 mg/L) and is currently under exploration for supplementary water supply in many places in West Texas with RO to remove the excessive amount of salts. The aquifers and confining structure sediments will be analyzed for their mineral compositions. We recently completed a research project on the wind-powered-RO-desalination of brackish groundwater for Bureau of Reclamation (DWPR, 2009). In that project, the groundwater from the Santa Rosa aquifer was analyzed for water quality and studied for the treatability by RO processes. It would be a good start point for this proposed study. Carbon dioxide used in the dissolution test is commercially available in the form of refrigerated liquid, dry ice, in a high pressure cylinder (about 300 psi or 20 bar). Since compressed CO2 exists mostly in liquid form, the gas pressure in the cylinder at room temperature will increase to about 950 psi and remain constant until it is nearly empty and all the liquid has evaporated. Fresh and saline groundwaters from the Ogallala and Santa Rosa aquifers, respectively, will be used in the experiments. The dissolution experiments under two different scenarios will provide useful information on the possible impacts of initial water quality and geologic settings on the water quality change caused by CO2 intrusion. The common aqueous anions, such as fluoride, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate, will be measured by ion chromatography using conductivity detectors. The cations, such as dissolved Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+, will be analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The alkalinity (OH-, CO32-, HCO3-) will be determined by titration method using pH meters. TDS will be measured gravimetrically. All water samples will be filtered with 0.45-µ m filters to remove suspended particulates and colloidal materials before chemical analyses for the dissolved species. Preliminary tests will be conducted first to determine the time for dissolution to reach equilibrium. The water in the pressure vessel will be sampled daily and analyzed for pH, TDS and major ions. The concentrations will be plotted versus time and the time to equilibrium is operationally determined as the time that the concentrations are stabilized. Three levels of CO2 (tentatively, PCO2 = 1 bar, 5 bar, and 25 bar) dissolution experiments as well as a control (dissolution without addition of CO2) will be conducted for the time to reach equilibrium. At the end of dissolution, the water in the pressure vessels will be sampled to determine the concentrations of various ions at equilibrium. 4

Task 2. CO2 release test The objective of this task is to investigate the changes of chemical composition when the affected groundwater is pumped up to the ground surface and exposed to the atmosphere. The water in the pressure vessels after dissolution experiments will be drained into containers open to the atmosphere and then the water will be circulated through the flow through cells to allow sufficient time for CO2 release. The CO2 release test will be conducted in a simple laboratory system as shown in Figure 2 (a). The groundwater after the dissolution test is stored in a container. A peristaltic pump will feed the water into a flow-through cell after which the water will return to the beaker. A closeup photo of the flow-through cell is provided in Figure 2 (b). The flow cells are chosen for this CO2 release test because the water will be under flow conditions as it goes through treatment processes and in the distribution system. It also allows visual observation of the precipitate to build up on the transparent walls of the cell. The flow of water will accelerate CO2 release and increase the chance of water contact with surfaces of the container, cell, and pipe. (a) (b)

Flow through cell Water Container

Feed Pump

Figure 2. (a) A diagram of CO2 release experimental system and (b) a photo of flow through cell The dissolved CO2 in the groundwater will equilibrate with the atmosphere and as a result the water pH is expected to increase. The dissolved minerals at higher CO2 levels would become oversaturated and precipitate out of the water. The precipitates may form small particles in the water or deposit on the surfaces of the beaker, the flow-through cell, and pipes. The water quality parameters, including pH, TDS, and turbidity, will be measured after CO2 release test. The turbidities before and after CO2 release will be compared as an indicator of precipitation. The turbidity will be measured in terms of absorbance by a Vis-UV Spectrometer. Concentrations of major ions will be measured to quantify the change in water quality and assessed with respect to the EPA drinking water standards. The water quality is not expected to return to the original state because some replacement of ions may occur after intrusion of CO2 or CO2-containing water. For example, some carbonates would precipitate and some weak acid salts would dissolve during the dissolution test. 5

Deposition of precipitates on the surface on the walls of flow through cells will be observed visually or microscopically. The potential for encrustation and pipe blockage will be assessed. Task 3. Equilibrium simulation The main objective of this task is to correlate the concentrations of various ions in the groundwater to the CO2 concentration with water chemistry principles. A quantitative relationship will be a very useful tool to assess the impacts of CO2 concentration on water quality and treatability. The software MINTEQ will be used for the calculation of ion concentrations in the water based on chemical equilibriums. The observed data of ion concentrations collected from dissolution and release tests will be used to determine the solubility products of dissolution/precipitation of various minerals. Visual MINTEQ is a Windows version of MINTEQA2 version 4.0, which was released by the USEPA in 1999. MINTEQA2 is a chemical equilibrium model for the calculation of metal speciation and solubility equilibriums for natural waters. It is probably the most widely used model for these purposes today, and it is renowned for its stability. As the development of a Windows version of MINTEQA2 is being supported by the two Swedish research councils VR and MISTRA, the program is distributed via internet free of charge. Visual MINTEQ has been developed to make the powerful features of MINTEQA2 more easily accessible for graduate and post-graduate students in soil and water chemistry. For research purposes, the program has the potential of speeding up the management of input and output data. Visual MINTEQ has also been modernized to include new options for adsorption modeling. The features of MINTEQ include: •

The program contains equilibrium constants for more than 3,000 aqueous species and 600 solids.

•

Solubility calculations involve solid phases.

•

Equilibrium calculations involve gases (e.g., CO2).

•

Sweep runs in which one parameter is varied, e.g. pH or the total concentration of carbonic species (CO2, HCO3-, and H2CO3).

•

Management of Visual MINTEQ's thermodynamic databases from within the program.

Visual MINTEQ has been previously used by Texas Tech researchers in the determination of chemical composition in groundwater (Rainwater et al., 2006). It is believed that the program would provide a useful tool in interpolating the dissolution and precipitation data due to changes of CO2 concentration.

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Task 4. RO filtration test The main objective of this task is to assess the impacts of CO2-affected brackish groundwater on its treatability by RO process. RO is the predominant treatment process to reduce the salinity of brackish groundwater to satisfy drinking water standards. The efficiency and economy of RO processes are strongly affected by the water quality of the brackish water. The energy consumption is tightly related to the salinity of the water because higher pressure is needed to overcome the higher osmotic pressure caused by higher salinity. Another factor is the fouling strength of the brackish groundwater. The precipitation or scaling of sparingly soluble minerals on the membrane surface is the primary mechanism of membrane fouling in brackish groundwater desalination by RO membranes. Membrane filtration tests will be conducted on the SEPA II membrane cell (GE), which is widely used in water desalination for treatability study and fouling evaluation (Zhou and Song, 2005). The brackish RO membranes that are pre-cut to suit for SEPA II cell will be purchased from GE. The experimental system is schematically presented in Figure 3. The water to be treated will be stored in the feed tank and pumped to the membrane cell. The concentrate and permeate streams of the RO cell will then be returned to the feed tank. Pressure Gauge Feed Pump

Feed

BPR

e

Bypass Valve

Membrane Cell Flow meter Retentate

Digital Flow meter Permeate

Refrigerated Chiller

Feed Tank

Data Acquisition System

Figure 3. Schematic of the membrane filtration system Both waters from the dissolution tests and the CO2 release tests will be treated in the RO filtration test. The waters will be stored in the feed tank of the RO filtration system, and then pumped into the membrane cell for filtration tests. The flow rate and pressure will be adjusted to 7

mimic conditions similar to the real RO brackish water desalination (i.e., cross flow velocity, applied pressure, and permeate flux). The filtration test will be conducted in the constant pressure mode, the variation of the permeate flow rate will be measured and recorded. The initial value of the permeate flux will determine the impact of the elevated salinity on the energy consumption of the membrane treatment of the CO2-affected groundwater. The rate of change in the permeate flux will reflect fouling properties of the affected groundwater. The difference in the fouling strengths of the CO2 affected water before and after CO2 release will be evaluated.

3. Evaluation Criteria Expected results The knowledge about the impacts of the elevated CO2 concentration on the chemical composition of groundwaters from the Ogallala and Santa Rosa aquifers in contact with their corresponding geologic formation materials will be obtained. The extent of the changes in the main water quality parameters, such as pH, TDS, and the concentrations of the major ions in the groundwaters, will be determined for the geologic settings under investigation. The water quality parameters that are substantially affected by the elevated CO2 concentration will be identified, which can serve as a reference for similar studies for other geologic formations. The project will determine if the ion concentrations of the affected groundwaters equilibrated with the elevated CO2 concentrations and subsequent atmosphere can be predicted with the chemical speciation models (e.g., MINTEQ) based on thermodynamics of dissolution/precipitation reactions. The fugacity of CO2 at different pressures will be obtained by analyzing dissolution data. The directly observed changes in membrane fouling strength of the groundwaters will be correlated with the elevated CO2 concentrations. This result can be determined through the examination of the fouled membranes that fouling mainly occurs as a dense scaling layer deposited directly on the membrane surface or a porous layer of particulates (precipitates) formed in the water. This piece of information is very useful in determining effective pretreatment methods for the RO processes. Deliverables The proposed project will result in the completion of the following: A final report covering project design and execution, data collection and analysis, main findings, and recommendations for further investigation, • •

Periodic reports or technical summaries on the progress of the project,

•

Preparation of two journal papers from the main findings of the project, and

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Presentations of the results from the project in two national/international conferences. •

The deliverables will be further elaborated in the stand along item Draft Communication Plan that is required by WRF to submit with this proposal. The timeframe scheduled for the deliverables will be provided in the Draft Communication Plan. The PI and Co-PI will work with the Foundation to refine and finalize the Draft Communication Plan prior to the start of the project if the project is chosen to be funded. Evaluation plan The evaluation of the project will be based on the achievement of the objectives and the progress according to the milestones as stated in the Schedule, which is given by the end of the proposal. As shown in the Schedule, all tasks proposed in this project will be completed over a period of 24 months with activities to be completed on a bimonthly basis. The final report will be prepared, revised, and finalized in the timeframes according to the Foundation’s requirements. The following evaluation criteria are suggested for the project: •

Achievement of the objectives of the project,

Significance of the research findings to the Foundation and subscribers and other end users on groundwater resource management, •

Implementation of the Communication Plan for dissemination of research results from this project, and •

Execution of the project with the required QA/QC procedure and progress according to the time scheduled. •

POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS Groundwater is an important water resource in the United States that normally provides more than 40% of drinking water supply nationwide (Heath, 1983). As surface waters are being fully exploited, groundwater will play an even more important role for water supply to satisfy population growth and economic development. Apart from the fresh groundwater that can be distributed to customers with minimal treatment, brackish groundwater is increasingly exploited as a valuable resource for water supply with RO for excessive salinity removal. Understanding of the potential adverse changes of water quality and treatability of groundwater caused by the elevated CO2 concentration is an important component of the overall assessment of underground carbon geologic sequestration. It will also help water utilities to be prepared to deal with the problems when these adverse changes occur. The proposed study will generate first-hand knowledge on the changes of water quality and treatability caused by different levels of CO2 concentration on the groundwater in the real aquifers. The knowledge will include the set of sensitive water quality parameters that would be 9

affected significantly by the elevated CO2 concentration, the magnitudes of the changes in water quality parameters and treatability under various CO2 levels, and quantitative relationships that correlate these changes to the CO2 concentration and other parameters. The knowledge can be used by decision makers to assess the potential risk of damage by geologic carbon sequestration to the valuable groundwater resources. The procedures used in this project can be applied to similar studies that target other aquifers. The project will also help to identify problems or topics that further researches are needed for a better understanding of the consequences of underground carbon geologic sequestration on groundwater resource. The scenarios dealt with in this proposed study are the consequences after CO2 intrusion into a nearby drinking water aquifer from the geologic structures where the CO2 is initially sequestered. For the results of the project to be used to predict the change of water quality and treatability, the risk or probability of CO2 leakage from the geologic sequestration structure and the rate of CO2 transport to the drinking water aquifer are required. More efforts are needed to develop methods to quantify leakage risk and transport rate for determining more reasonable CO2 concentrations in the drinking water aquifer. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential impacts of elevated CO2 concentrations in groundwater on the speciation of some minerals of particular environmental interests. For example, an important concern of drinking water is the level of arsenic species, for which the primary standard was recently dropped from 50 ppb to 10 ppb. Silica concentration in groundwater is critical to RO membrane processes because the silica fouling can seriously affect the performance of the membrane process and is difficult to remove.

QUALITY ASSURANCE PLAN A rigorous QA/QC protocol will be enforced by including adequate sample duplication, analytical repetition, and checks with known and blind samples in all applicable analyses to maintain a high level of precision and accuracy. All samples will be obtained and analyzed in triplicate to obtain a mean value, and all data points will be tested against the mean to remove outlier data. Calibration standards will be prepared (based on need and shelf life) according to standard methods (APHA, AWWA, and WEF, 1998), or they will be ordered already prepared from an approved laboratory or supply company. Laboratory equipment will be tested and inspected before performing sample analyses to determine the need for maintenance. The water quality data will be archived in laboratory notebooks and electronically. Laboratory notebooks will be regularly reviewed by the PI and Co-PI. Periodic supervision of sampling and analytic methods will be conducted by the PI and Co-PI. All data will be reviewed and verified by the PI and Co-PI and transferred to computer spreadsheets for analysis and presentation, which will also be validated by the PI and Co-PI. Data will be stored

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electronically and will be backed up daily, with the duplicate data being stored on a server managed by the Water Resources Center’s Environmental Science Laboratory.

MANAGEMENT PLAN The project research team consists of Dr. Lianfa Song, Dr. Ken Rainwater, and a graduate student. Dr. Song will be the project manager, Principal Investigator (PI), and the contact person with the Project Advisory Committee (PAC) of the Water Research Foundation and Mr. Aubrey Spear from the City of Lubbock water utilities department. Dr. Rainwater will serve as the CoPrincipal Investigator (Co-PI) and the duties with Dr. Song on the execution of the project and supervision of graduate student. A graduate research assistant will be assigned to the project whose duties include experiment execution, data collection and analysis, and computer simulations under the guidance of Drs. Song and Rainwater. The organization chart is presented in Figure 4.

Aubrey Spear, P.E. City of Lubbock

PAC Water Research Foundation

Lianfa Song Project Manager

Graduate Student

Ken Rainwater Groundwater Specialist

Figure 4. Organizational Chart Dr. Lianfa Song’s research and teaching interests include membrane filtration processes for water reclamation and reuse, seawater and brackish water desalination, and water chemistry. Dr. Song has concentrated his research in the last 15 years on RO, one of the most promising technologies to increment water supply from unconventional water resources (e.g., treated wastewater, brackish water, and seawater). His works on the membrane desalination and fouling minimization have been well recognized and cited by researchers in the field of membrane science and technology. Dr. Song will take the lead on the experimental designs, data analysis, report preparation, and graduate student supervision. Dr. Rainwater is an expert in water resources and groundwater hydrology and currently Professor and Director of the Water Research Center at Texas Tech University. He has 25 years of experience in research and teaching in water and wastewater treatment, groundwater hydrology and contaminant transport, water resource management, remediation of contaminated 11

soil and groundwater, and risk assessment. His consulting experience includes design of well fields for power plant and municipal supplies. He has worked on the development of windpowered RO brackish water desalination for the last three years with funding from the Bureau of Reclamation, Department of Energy, and Texas Water Development Board. Dr. Rainwater will contribute his expertise on the groundwater aquifers and equilibrium calculations on chemical speciation in groundwater to the project. The graduate student will perform the dissolution, CO2 release, and membrane filtration tests and carry out water quality analysis under the supervision of the PI and Co-PI. The graduate student and Drs. Song and Rainwater will meet weekly to discuss project successes and challenges. Additionally, the graduate student will present the data to the group. The weekly meeting will be used to monitor project progress, compliance with project timeline and to conduct quality control on the data produced during the project.

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REFERENCES: APHA, AWWA, and WEF, 1998, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Edition. Appelo, C.A.J. and D. Postma, 2005, Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution, 2nd edition, Balkema Publishers, Leiden, Netherland. Bachu, S., 2000, Sequestration of CO2 in geological media: criteria and approach for site selection in response to climate change, Energy Convers. Mgmt, 41 (9), 953–970. Bachu, S., 2000, Sequestration of CO2 in geological media: criteria and approach for site selection in response to climate change, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 41, 953–970. Bachu, S., 2003, Screening and ranking of sedimentary basins for sequestration of CO2 in geological media in response to climate change, Environ. Geol., 44, 277–289. Bachu, S., Adams, J.J., 2003, Sequestration of CO2 in geological media in response to climate change: capacity of deep saline aquifers to sequester CO2 in solution, Energy Convers. Manag., 44 (20), 3151–3175. Backlid, A., KorbbL, R., Orren, G., 1996. Sleipner vest CO2 disposal, CO2 injection into a shallow underground aquifer, Pap. Soc. Pet. Eng., 36600. Benson, S.M., 2000, Advances in geologic sequestration: identifying and addressing key issues, Geol. Soc. Am., Abstr. with Prog., 32, A200. Benson, S.M., Cook, P., 2005, Underground geological storage. IPCC special report on carbon dioxide capture and storage, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Interlaken, Switzerland, pp. 5-1–5-134 (Chapter 5). Carter, L.S., Kelley, S.A., Blackwell, D.D., Naeser, N.D., 1998, Heat flow and thermal history of the Anadarko basin, Oklahoma, AAPG Bull., 82, 291–316. DWPR Report No. 146, 2009, Wind power and water desalination technology integration, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. Emberley, S., Hutcheon, I., Shevalier, M., Durocher, K., Mayer, B., Gunter, W.D., Perkins, E.H., 2005, Monitoring of fluid–rock interaction and CO2 storage through produced fluid sampling at the Weyburn CO2-injection enhanced oil recovery site, Saskatchewan, Canada. Appl. Geochem., 20, 1131–1157. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2007, Annual energy outlook 2004, with projections to 2030, Washington, DC. . Gunter, W.D., Perkins, E.H., Hutcheon, I., 2000, Aquifer disposal of acid gases: modelling of water–rock reactions for trapping of acid wastes, Applied Geochemistry 15, 1085–1095. Gunter, W.D., Perkins, E.H., McCann, T.J., 1993, Aquifer disposal of CO2 – rich gases: reaction design for added capacity, Energy Convers. Mgmt, 34, 941–948. 13

Gunter, W.D., Wiwchar, B., Perkins, E.H., 1997, Aquifer disposal of CO2-rich greenhouse gases: extension of the time scale of experiment for CO2-sequestering reactions by geochemical modeling, Mineralogy and Petrology, 59, 121–140. Heath, R. C., 1983, Basic ground-water hydrology, U.S. Geological Survey, Water supply paper no. 2220. Hitchon, B. (Ed.), 1996, Aquifer disposal of carbon dioxide. Geoscience Publishing Ltd., Alberta, Canada. Hitchon, B., Gunter, W.D., Gentzis, T., Bailey, R.T., 1999, Sedimentary basins and greenhouse gases: a serendipitous association. Energy Convers. Mgmt., 40, 825–843. Holloway, S., 1997, An overview of the underground disposal of carbon dioxide, Energy Convers. Manag., 38, 193–198. Holloway, S., Heederik, J.P., Van der Meer, L.G.H., Czernichowski- Lauriol, I., Harrison, R., Lindeberg, E., et al., 1996, The underground disposal of carbon dioxide—summary report, British Geological Survey Report for JOULE II project CT92-0031. Hurter, S.J., Pollack, H.N., 1996, Terrestrial heat flow in the Parana Basin, southern Brazil. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 8659–8671. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007, Working group assessment report. (working groups I, II, III and Synthesis Reports) . IPCC, 2001, IPCC Third Assessment Report: Climate Change 2001, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Kaszuba, J.P., Janecky, D.R., Snow, M.G., 2003, Carbon dioxide reaction processes in a model brine aquifer at 200 °C and 200 bars: implications for geologic sequestration of carbon. Appl. Geochem. 18, 1065–1080. Ketzer J., R. Iglesias, S. Einloft, J. Dullius, R. Ligabue, V. de Lima, 2009, Water–rock–CO2 interactions in saline aquifers aimed for carbon dioxide storage: Experimental and numerical modeling studies of the Rio Bonito Formation (Permian), southern Brazil, Applied Geochemistry, 24, 760–767. Kharaka Y., J. Thordsen, S. Hovorka, H. Nance, D. Cole, T. Phelps, K. Knauss, 2009, Potential environmental issues of CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers: Geochemical results from the Frio-I Brine Pilot test, Texas, USA, Applied Geochemistry 24, 1106–1112. Kharaka, Y.K., Cole, D.R., Hovorka, S.D., Gunter, W.D., Knauss, K.G., Freifeld, B.M., 2006, Gas–water–rock interactions in Frio Formation following CO2 injection: implications for the storage of greenhouse gases in sedimentary basins, Geology, 34, 577–580. Kharaka, Y.K., Thordsen, J.J., Hovorka, S.D., Nance, S.H., Cole, D.R., Phelps, T.J., Knauss, G.K., 2007, Subsurface monitoring of anthropogenic CO2 injected in sedimentary basins: results

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from the Frio-I Brine Test, Texas, USA. In: Bullen, T.D., Wang, Y. (Eds.), Proc. 12th Internat. Symp. Water–Rock Interaction, vol. 1. Taylor & Francis, pp. 597–601. Lake, L.W., 1989, Enhanced Oil Recovery, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Oelkers, E.H., Schott, J., 2005, Geochemical aspects of CO2 sequestration, Chem. Geol., 217, 183–186. Oldenburg, C.M., Pruess, K., Benson, S.M., 2001, Process modeling of CO2 injection into natural gas reservoirs for carbon sequestration and enhanced gas recovery, Energy Fuels 15, 293–298. Omerod, W.G., 1994, IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, Carbon dioxide disposal from power stations, IEA/GHG/SR3. Pacala, S., Socolow, R., 2004, Stabilization wedges: solving the climate problem for the next 50 years with current technologies, Science 305, 968–972. Palandri, J.L., Kharaka, Y.K., 2005, Ferric iron-bearing sediments as a mineral trap for CO2 sequestration: iron reduction using sulfur-bearing waste gas, Chem. Geol. 217, 351–364. Palandri, J.L., Rosenbauer, R.J., Kharaka, Y.K., 2005, Ferric iron in sediments as a novel CO2 mineral trap – CO2–SO2 reaction with hematite. Appl. Geochem, 20, 2038–2048. Perkins, E.H., Gunter, W.D., 1995. Aquifer disposal of CO2-rich greenhouse gasses: modelling of water-rock reaction paths in a siliciclastic aquifer. In: Kharaka, Y.K., Chudaev, O.V. (Eds.), Water–Rock Interactions. Brookfield, Rotterdam, pp. 895–898. Rainwater, K., Jones, M., Hein, L., Venkataraman, K., Jeong, Y, and McEnery, J., 2006, Sorption of selected metals on Blackwater Draw sediments, Final report, BWXT-Pantex, Amarillo, Texas, Volume I, 28 p. Regnault, V., Lagneau, H. Catalette, H. Schneider, 2005, Experimental study of pure mineral phases/supercritical CO2 reactivity, Implications for geological CO2 sequestration, C. R., Geoscience, 337, 1331-1339. Rochelle, C.A., Czernichowski-Lauriol, I., Milodowski, A.E., 2004, The impact of chemical reactions in CO2 storage in geologic formations: a brief review. In: Baines, S.J., Worden, R.H. (Eds.), Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide, 233. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, pp. 87–106. Rosenbauer, R.J., Koksalan, T., Palandri, J.L., 2005, Experimental investigation of CO2–brine– rock interactions at elevated temperature and pressure: implications for CO2 sequestration in deep-saline aquifers, Fuel Proc. Technol., 86, 1581–1597. Spycher, N., Pruess, K., 2005, CO2–H2O mixtures in the geological sequestration of CO2, II. Partitioning in chloride brines at 12–100 C and up to 600 bar, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 69, 3309–3320.

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Texas Water Development Board, 2008, Guidance manual for brackish groundwater desalination in Texas, http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/RWPG/rpgm_rpts/0604830581_BrackishDesal.pdf. Wells, A.W., Diehl, J.R., Bromhal, G., Strazisar, B.R., Wilson, T.H., White, C.M., 2007, The use of tracers to assess leakage from the sequestration of CO2 in a depleted oil reservoir, New Mexico, USA. Appl. Geochem., 22, 996–1016. White, C.M., Strazisar, B.R., Granite, E.J., Hoffman, J.S., Pennline, H.W., 2003, Separation and capture of CO2 from large stationary sources and sequestration in geological formations – coalbeds and deep saline aquifers. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 53, 645–715. White, S.P., Allis, R.G., Moore, J., Chidsey, T., Morgan, C., Gwynn, W., Adams, M., 2005, Simulation of reactive transport of injected CO2 on the Colorado Plateau, Utah, USA. Chem. Geol., 217, 387–405. Wigand M., J. Kaszuba b, J. Carey, W. Hollis, 2009, Geochemical effects of CO2 sequestration on fractured wellbore cement at the cement/caprock interface, Chemical Geology, 265, 122–133. Wilson, M., Monea, M., 2004, IEA GHG Weyburn CO2 monitoring & storage project summary report 2000–2004, Petroleum Technology Research Centre, Canada. Zhou W. and L. Song, 2005, Experimental study of water and salt fluxes through reverse osmosis membranes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 3382-3387.

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SCHEDULE The project is anticipated to begin in March 2010 and the project will last for 2 years (24 months). The impacts of elevated CO2 level on the water quality and treatability in the fresh groundwater aquifer will be studied in the first year of the project. The study will be repeated for the brackish groundwater aquifer in the second year. Table 1 below indicates the time to be spent on each project task as well as the final report, which is listed as Task 5 in the table.

Table 1. Project Schedule 1st year Project Tasks and Subtasks

2

4

6

8 10 12

2nd year 2

4

6

8 10 12

Task 1. Mineral dissolution test Task 2. CO2 release test Task 3. Equilibrium calculations Task 4. RO filtration test Task 5. Final Project Report

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ATTACHMENT 6 CURRENT AND PENDING FORM This form must be completed for the Principal Investigator and for each Co-Principal Investigator. Failure to provide this information may result in disqualification of your proposal. Other agencies to which this proposal has been/will be submitted. Investigator: Lianfa Song None Support:

Current

Pending

Submission Planned in Near Future

*Transfer of Support

Project/Proposal Title: Great Plains Wind Power Test Facility Source of Support: U.S. Department of Energy Total Award Amount: $1,968,000

Total Award Period Covered: 8/2008-9/2010

Location of Project: Lubbock Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project. 0.25 Support: Current Pending Submission Planned in Near Future

*Transfer of Support

Project/Proposal Title: A CRITICAL ASPECT FOR SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION Source of Support: NSF Total Award Amount: $299,680

Total Award Period Covered: 05/2010-04/2014

Location of Project: Lubbock, TX Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project. 1 Support: Current Pending Submission Planned in Near Future

*Transfer of Support

Project/Proposal Title: DEMONSTRATION OF A HIGH RECOVERY AND ENERGY EFFICIENT RO SYSTEM FOR SMALLSCALE BRACKISH WATER DESALINATION Source of Support: Texas Water Development Board Total Award Amount: $113,705

Total Award Period Covered: 01/2010-12/2011

Location of Project: Lubbock, TX Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project. 1 Support: Current Pending Submission Planned in Near Future

*Transfer of Support

Project/Proposal Title: DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF CARBON NANOTUBE BASED BIOSENSORS FOR REAL-TIME MONITORING OF MEMBRANE INTEGRITY FOR VIRUS REMOVAL Source of Support: WateReuse Foundation Total Award Amount: $117,421

Total Award Period Covered: 01/2010-12/2011

Location of Project: Lubbock, TX Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project. 0.5 Support: Current Pending Submission Planned in Near Future

*Transfer of Support

Project/Proposal Title: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACTS OF ELEVATED CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION ON QUALITY AND TREATABILITY OF GROUNDWATER Source of Support: Water Research Foundation Total Award Amount: $127,904

Total Award Period Covered: 03/2010-02/2012

Location of Project: Lubbock, TX Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project.

0.5

*If this project has previously been funded by another agency, please list and furnish information for immediately preceding funding period. USE ADDITIONAL SHEETS AS NECESSARY

ATTACHMENT 6 CURRENT AND PENDING FORM This form must be completed for the Principal Investigator and for each Co-Principal Investigator. Failure to provide

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this information may result in disqualification of your proposal. Other agencies to which this proposal has been/will be submitted. Investigator: Ken Rainwater Support:

Current

Pending

Submission Planned in Near Future

*Transfer of Support

Project/Proposal Title: Assessment of General Circulation Models for Water-Resources Planning Applications Source of Support: Texas Water Development Board Total Award Amount: $90,918

Total Award Period Covered: 3/2009-9/2011

Location of Project: Lubbock Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project. 0.25 Support: Current Pending Submission Planned in Near Future

*Transfer of Support

Project/Proposal Title: Climate Change Impacts on Water Supply in West Texas Source of Support: Bipartisan Policy Center Total Award Amount: $54,188

Total Award Period Covered: 8/2009-7/2010

Location of Project: Lubbock Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project. 0.25 Support: Current Pending Submission Planned in Near Future Project/Proposal Title:

*Transfer of Support

Design of Monitoring Program for Water Yield Enhancement Program

Source of Support: Texas State Soil & Water Conservation Board Total Award Amount: $100,000

Total Award Period Covered: 1/2009-12/2010

Location of Project: Lubbock Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project. 0.25 Support: Current Pending Submission Planned in Near Future

*Transfer of Support

Project/Proposal Title: Experimental Investigation of the Impacts of Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Quality and Treatability of Groundwater Source of Support: WateReuse Foundation Total Award Amount: $127,904

Total Award Period Covered: 24 months

Location of Project: Lubbock Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project. 1.0 Support: Current Pending Submission Planned in Near Future

*Transfer of Support

Project/Proposal Title: Influence of U.S. Department of Agriculture Programs on Ecological Services Provided by Playa Wetlands in the High Plains Source of Support: U.S. Geological Survey Total Award Amount: $160,738

Total Award Period Covered: 6/2007-12/2010

Location of Project: Lubbock Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project.

O.25

*If this project has previously been funded by another agency, please list and furnish information for immediately preceding funding period. USE ADDITIONAL SHEETS AS NECESSARY

LUBBOCK WATER UTILITIES SUPPORTING LETTER

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BUDGET The total budget for this project is $187,079, with $127,904 requested from Water Research Foundation and $59,175 provided by the PI and Co-PI from Texas Tech University as in-kind contribution. The fund requested from the Foundation is broken down in Table 2.

Table 2. Fund requested from Water Research Foundation First year

Second year

Total

6,803 24,124

6,803 24,124

13,606 48,248

2,000 4,000 1,000 2,000 1,500

2,000 0 1,000 0 1,500

4,000 4,000 2,000 2,000 3,000

Subtotal Indirect

41,427 19,263

35,427 16,473

76,854 35,736

Tuition Total

7,657 68,347

7,657 59,557

15,314 127,904

Personal Senior Graduate Student Consumables Chemicals Containers Membranes Others Travel

The details of the budget can be found in the WRF Universal Budget Form and the bases and justifications for the requested amounts in different categories are provided in the Budget Narrative. Both documents are submitted with the proposal as stand along items.

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RESUMES LIANFA SONG, Ph. D. CONTACT Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Texas Tech University 10th and Akron, Room 203H, Box 41023 Lubbock, Texas 79409-1023 EDUCATION Peking University, Beijing, China Peking University, Beijing, China University of California, Los Angeles

Tel:

(806) 742-3598 (O) (806) 783-8987 (H) Fax: (806) 742-3449 Email: [email protected]

Physical Geography Environmental Science Environmental Engineering

B.S. 1982 M.S. 1984 Ph.D. 1993

APPOINTMENTS: 2007- Present 2000-07 1996-99 1995-96 1993-94 1984-89

Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas Assistant Professor and Associate Professor (from Jan 1 2002), Environmental Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Research Associate, Environmental Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee Postdoctoral Researcher, Civil Engineering, UCLA, California Lecturer, Environmental Engineering and Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing

RESEARCH INTERESTS: Membrane filtration processes in water quality control Physical and chemical processes in water and wastewater treatment Colloidal phenomena in aquatic systems Water chemistry PUBLICATIONS: Five Related Publications 1. Liang, S., C. Liu, and L. Song, “Two-step optimization of pressure and recovery of cross flow reverse osmosis desalination process”, Environmental Science & Technology, 43 (9), 2009, 32723277. 2. Maung, H.O. and L. Song, "Effect of pH and ionic strength on boron removal by RO membranes", Desalination, 246, 2009, 605-612. 3. Song, L. and K.G. Tay, "Performance prediction of a long crossflow reverse osmosis membrane channel", Journal of Membrane Science, 281 (1-2), 163-169, 2006. 4. Song, L. and S.W. Ma, “Numerical studies of the impact of spacer geometry on concentration polarization in spiral wound membrane modules”, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 44 (20), 7638-7645, 2005. 5. Chen, K.L., L. Song, S.L. Ong and W.J. Ng, “Prediction of membrane fouling in full-scale RO process”, Journal of Membrane Science, 232, 63–72, 2004. Five Other Significant Publications

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Song, L., “A new model for the calculation of the limiting flux in ultrafiltration”, Journal of Membrane Science, 144, 173-185, 1998. Song, L., “Flux decline in crossflow microfiltration and ultrafiltration: mechanisms and modeling of membrane fouling”, Journal of Membrane Science, 139 (2), 183-200, 1998. Song, L., and M. Elimelech, “Theory of concentration polarization in crossflow filtration”, Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 91, 3389-3398, 1995. Song, L., P.R. Johnson, and M. Elimelech, "Kinetics of colloid deposition onto heterogeneously charged surfaces in porous media", Environmental Science & Technology, 28(6), 1164-1171, 1994. Song, L. and M. Elimelech, "Dynamics of colloid deposition in porous media: modeling the role of retained particles", Colloids and Surfaces A, 73, 49-63, 1993.

SYNERGISTIC ACTIVITIES: Invited seminars or presentations •

Keynote speaker at the Leading-edge Strategies and Technologies for Sustainable Urban Water Management on Sept 16-20 2006 at HKUST, Hong Kong. • Invited speaker at International Congress on Membranes and Membrane Processes (ICOM), August 21-26, 2005, Seoul, Korea. • Invited speaker at the 2008 IWA Membrane Research Conference, Amherst, Massachusetts, August 10-13, 2008 Short Courses Organized or Taught • Physical and Chemical Wastewater Treatment, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, October 31 - November 1, 1997. • Fundamentals of Industrial Water and Wastewater Treatment, German Institute of Science and Technology, Singapore, March 17-21, 2003 Consulting to industry • “Pilot Test and Evaluation of NOVO-MOTIAN PVDF Hollow Fiber Membrane as Pre-treatment of RO process”, NOVO Environmental Technology Service Pte Ltd, Singapore, June - December, 2003. • “CFD study of spacer arrangement to reduce membrane fouling in spiral wound UF module”, GramTech, Singapore Pte Ltd, January-May, 2004. Reviewer for Scholarly Journals Environmental Science & Technology, Journal of Membrane Science, Journal of Environmental Engineering, Water Environment Research, Water Research, Desalination, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Environmental Engineering Science, Chemical Engineering Communications, Chemical Engineering Science COLLABORATORS & OTHER AFFILIATIONS Graduate advisor: Menachem Elimelech, Yale University Postdoctoral Advisor: John McCarthy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee. Graduate students: Gurdev Singh (U. of Ottawa, Canada), Liang Shuang (Shandong U, China), Tay Kwee Guan (NUS, Singapore), Ma Shengwei (U. of Cyprus), Zhou Wenwen (CK-Life, Hong Kong), Yuan Liangyong (Dayuan, Singapore), Zou Yang (E-lab, Singapore), Chen Kai Loon (Yale), Vincent Ng (Hong Kong), Zhang Miaomiao (CH2M, Seattle) Postdoctoral Fellows: Sheng Pingxin (Singapore), Zhang Jinchang (Beijing U. of Chem. Tech.), Zhang Guojun (Beijing U. of Tech.), Dr. Hu Xiang (Beijing U. of Chem. Tech.). 22

KEN A. RAINWATER, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, D.WRE Address Home:

Work:

Phone:

3113 81st Street Lubbock, Texas 79423 806-745-7943

Water Resources Center Texas Tech University Lubbock, Texas 79409-1022

e-mail:

[email protected]

Phone: Fax:

(806) 742-3490 (806) 742-3449

Biographical Sketch Ken Rainwater is the Director of the Texas Tech University Water Resources Center and a Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. He is a registered Professional Engineer in Texas and has a B.S. in Civil Engineering from Rice University (1979), and M.S. (1982) and Ph.D. (1985) in Civil Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin. Ken has 22 years of experience in water resources and environmental engineering. He teaches courses in environmental engineering, engineering hydrology, water systems design, groundwater hydrology, groundwater contaminant transport, and water resources management. His research expertise is in problems of groundwater quantity and quality, remediation of soil and groundwater contamination, and water resources management. His research has been funded by the Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Energy, Department of Defense, Bureau of Reclamation, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, and Texas Water Development Board. He has been honored with several teaching award at Texas Tech, including with the Abell Faculty Teaching Award and the President’s Excellence in Teaching Award. Education B.S.C.E. M.S.C.E. Ph.D.

Rice University The University of Texas at Austin The University of Texas at Austin

1979 1982 1985

Professional Positions Cost Engineer, Petrochemical Division, Brown and Root, Inc., Houston, Texas, 1979-80. Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 1985-91. Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 1991-2002. Joint Faculty, Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 1992-. Professor, Civil Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 2002-. Director, Texas Tech University Water Resources Center, 2002-. Professional Societies American Society of Civil Engineers American Geophysical Union Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers Delegate, Universities Council on Water Resources Professional Registration Registered Professional Engineer, State of Texas No. 65348 Board Certified (Water/Wastewater), American Academy of Environmental Engineers Diplomate Water Resources Engineer, American Society of Civil Engineers Recent Related Publications

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Swift, A., Rainwater, K., Chapman, J., Noll, D., Jackson, A., Ewing, B., Song, L., Ganesan, G., Marshall, R., Doon, V., and Nash, P. 2009. “Wind Power and Water Desalination Technology Integration,” Final Report, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado. (in press with Reclamation polishing) Rainwater, K.A., 2007. ”Engineering Evaluation of Perched Groundwater Treatment System Expansion,” Final Report, BWXT-Pantex, LLC, Amarillo, Texas, 53 p. Berge, M.D., Harkins, D., Rainwater, K.A., Stovall, J.N., and Barber, F., 2004. “Groundwater Management Plan for Mustang Station Power Plant,” Conference Proceedings, High Plains Groundwater Resources: Challenges and Opportunities, Texas Tech University Water Resources Center, Lubbock, Texas, pp. 124-133. Jackson, W.A., Anandam, S., Anderson, T., Lehman, T.M., Rainwater, K.A., Rajagopalan, S., Ridley, M., and Tock, W.R., 2005. “Occurrence of Perchlorate in the Texas Southern High Plains Aquifer System,” Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, NGWA, Vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 137-149. Rainwater, K.A., Jackson, W.A., Ingram, W., Lee, C.Y., Thompson, D.B., Mollhagen, T.R., Ramsey, R.H., and Urban, L.V., 2005. “Field Demonstration of the Combined Effects of Absorption and Evapotranspiration on Septic System Drainfield Capacity,” Water Environment Research, Vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 150-161. Rajagopalan, S., Anderson, T.A., Fahlquist, L., Rainwater, K.A., Ridley, M., and Jackson, W.A., 2006, “Widespread Presence of Naturally Occurring Perchlorate in High Plains of Texas and New Mexico,” Environmental Science and Technology, Vo. 40, no. 10, pp. 3156-3162. [Response to Comment, Vol. 40, no. 22, p. 7102.] Rao, B., Anderson, T.A., Orris, G.J., Rainwater, K.A., Rajagopalan, S., Sandvig, R.M., Scanlon, B.R., Stonestrom, D.A., Walvoord, M.A., and Jackson, W.A. (2007). “Widespread Natural Perchlorate in Unsaturated Zones of Dry Regions,” Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 41, no. 33, pp. 44874832. Recent Funded Research Projects Co-principal Investigator (with A. Jackson and T. Anderson [TIEHH]), “Laboratory Demonstration of In Situ Treatment Effectiveness for Reduction of Perchlorate, TCE, and Chromium at Pantex Plant,” B&W Pantex LLC, 2008-09, $115,776. Co-Principal Investigator (with A. Swift), “Great Plains Wind Power Test Facility,” Department of Energy, 2006-07, $1,485,000. Principal Investigator (Task 2 with L. Song, A. Jackson, A. Morse, and P. Nash), “Great Plains Wind Power Test Facility,” Department of Energy, 2008-, $688,000 (total project $1,968,000). Prinicipal Investigator (with A. Swift and W.A. Jackson), “Wind Power and Water Desalination Technology Integration,” Bureau of Reclamation, 2005-06, $99,735. Co-Principal Investigator (with A. Swift), “DOE Integrated Wind-Water System,” Department of Energy/Texas State Energy Conservation Office, 2005-07, $50,000. Co-Principal Investigator (with J. Johnson [AAEC], D. Willis [AAEC], D. Ethridge [AAEC], K. Mulligan [Geog], and E. Fish [NRM], “Ogallala Initiative: Sustainable Rural Economics Through New Water Management Technologies,” Department of Agriculture, 2007-2009, $1,000,000.

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