Assignment Of Aes 2.docx

Applications of atomic emission spectroscopy 1. Environmental 2. Clinical 3. Pharmaceutical 4. Agriculture 5. Petrochemicals 6. Other’s  Environmental Applications: Waters – sea, fresh, waste Plant materials Soils, Sludge's and sediments Airborne particulates Biological samples  Essential and Toxic elements: Essential major elements C N O P S Cl Na K Ca Mg Essential trace elements F I Se V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Mo Si Sn As Toxic elements Li Be Ba F Cl Br As Sb Bi Pb Sn Tl V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Cd Hg

 Clinical Applications The majority of samples analysed are taken from the main group of biological fluids, such as whole blood, plasma, serum and urine. Hard and soft tissues, such as bone, finger nails and hair

Flame based analysis for the major and minor essential elements, graphite furnace analysis for the trace elements and vapour analysis for the group of toxic.  Essential elements: Essential major elements Ca Mg Na K Essential minor elements Zn Cu Fe Essential trace elements Cr Mn Mo Co V Se Ni Toxic elements: Toxic elements are often defined as those that interfere with metabolic processes. The elements usually included in this group are as follows: Lead, Mercury, Arsenic, Thallium, Cadmium, Aluminum, Boron, Antimony.

 Pharmaceutical Applications: Samples of diclofenac sodium for Na, K, Ca and Al analysis Magnesium Stearate sample to be analyzed for Cd, Ni and Pb. Samples of vitamin tablets Se analysis Drug discovery and testing: Most Pharmaceutical Companies these days develop drugs which are targeted at specific cells in the body. These drugs must be tested for correct activity but more importantly for the absence of any adverse side reactions.Toxic and nutrition elements : Toxic metals  Pb, Cd, As, Hg, Al, Cr, Cu Nutrition elements  Ca, Mg, Na, K, P Micro-nutrients  Zn , Se, Mo, etc…

Process monitoring and control  Fe, other transition elements in frying oil  Ni in fat hydrogenation  Levels vary with process, typically 1000 – 10PPM

 Agriculture Applications : soil analysis provides a measure of a soil‘s potential to supply the necessary nutrients to plants. Plants may be sampled to monitor nutrient uptake efficiency and also to check for toxic metal accumulation for health reasons. Soil nutrient elements P, K, Ca, Mg Macro nutrients at % level Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn Micro nutrients at ppm level Al, B, Na, Mo, Se Other nutrient elements As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb Elements of toxic interest

 Petrochemical Applications: Measure refinery contaminant elements  Na, V, Fe, Ni by FlamePPM Measure fuel elements  Pb, Mn, usually low ppm-typically flame or furnace Measure lube oil elements  Fresh - Ca, Ba, Mg, Zn, Mo, Na (flame)  Used - Ag, Al, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Ti, Zn (often furnace) lubricating oils Every rotating mechanism in machinery of all types depends on their use for smooth operation. Like engines and gearboxes used in modern transportation, such as aircraft, ships, cars and lorries and heavy construction equipment.

Oils in use so that oil changes can be carried out in time to prevent excessive wear occurring in the components concerned.

Wear Metals Wear metal Indicated condition: 1 Silicon Indicates dust intrusion, usually from improper air cleaner service. Causes rapid engine wear and early failure. 2 Iron Indicates wear originating from engine block, cylinder, gears, wrist pins, rings (case iron), camshaft, oil pump, or crankshaft. 3 Copper Usually indicates wear in bushings, injector shields, valve guides ,connecting rods, or piston pins. 4 Nickel l Wear of plating on gears and certain types of bearings 5 Tin Wear of certain types of bearings and coatings of connecting rods and iron pistons Wear Metals Wear metal Indicated condition 6 Lead In diesel engines indicates wear of bearings. In petrol engines fuel blow by is indicated 7 Chromium Indicates ring wear or cooling system leakage if chromates are used as inhibitors. 8 Aluminum Indicates wear of pistons and certain types of bearings. 9 Molybdenum Indicates wear in certain types of bearing alloys and in oil coolers.