Artificial Life
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- Pages: 31
Artificial Life
Presented by:
Tejesh Kumar N
Presentation Outline
What is life? What is Artificial Life? Goals of Artificial Life History and pre-contributions Open problems in Artificial Life Computer viruses as Artificial Life Von neumann probe Current Research Artificial Life v/s Artificial Intelligence Applications Future ?? Bibliography
29/03/2006
2
What is Life? Is this Life????
29/03/2006
3
What is Life? ………..Or is this life??????
Or
Being famous……
Being notorious……
What is Life? Oxford: State of functional activity and
continual change peculiar to animals and plants before death, animate existence.
Webster’s: The quality that distinguishes a vital and functioning being from a dead body; an organismic state characterized by capacity for metabolism, growth, reaction to stimuli, and reproduction. Levy: A continuum, not binary values 29/03/2006 5
Properties associated with life
Self-reproduction, in itself or in a related organism. Information storage of a self-representation. A metabolism that converts matter/energy. Functional interactions with the environment. Interdependence of parts. Stability under perturbations of the environment Growth or expansion
29/03/2006
6
What is Artificial Life? A Perspective:
It is a way of imitating Nature in order to solve engineering problems. It includes simulation and emulation of living systems like plants, insect, or animals. It tries to achieve a new understanding of living systems, and of what is life.
29/03/2006
7
What is Artificial Life? A Definition: Artificial life is a field of study devoted to understanding life by attempting to abstract the fundamental dynamical principals underlying biological phenomena, and recreating these dynamics in other physical media – such as computers – making them accessible to new kinds of experimental manipulation and testing.
29/03/2006
8
Artificial life-properties
Ability to learn
Ability to evolve
Reproduction
Emergence ( result > sum of parts )
29/03/2006
9
Goals of ALife
Help in study of biological phenomena Help solve computational problems Study life in the computer, not in nature or laboratory Increase our understanding of nature Create self-reproducing machines Achieve intelligence in machines
29/03/2006
10
History and pre-contributions
One of the earliest thinkers of the modern age to postulate the potentials of artificial life, separate from artificial intelligence, was math and computer prodigy John Von Neumann.
29/03/2006
11
History and pre-contributions
Christopher Langton was an unconventional researcher. He succeeded in creating the first self-replicating computer organism in October of 1979, using only an Apple II desktop computer.
29/03/2006
12
Open problems of Artificial Life
"What is life?" "When can we say that a system, or a subsystem, is alive?" "What is the smallest system that we can consider alive?" "Why is nature able to achieve an open-ended evolutionary system, while all human models seem to fall short of it?" "How can we measure evolution?" "How can we measure emergence?" "How does simulation change the frontiers of science?" "What kind of legal rights should artificial life have?"
29/03/2006
13
Computer viruses as Artificial Life
Self-reproduction of viruses
One of the primary characteristics of computer viruses is their ability to reproduce themselves (or an altered version of themselves). Thus, this characteristic seems to be met. One of the key characteristics is their ability to reproduce. 29/03/2006
14
Computer viruses as Artificial Life
Virus metabolism This property involves the organism taking in energy or matter from the environment and using it for its own activity. Computer viruses use the energy of computation expended by the system to execute. They do not convert matter, but make use of the electrical energy present in the computer to traverse their patterns of instructions and infect other programs
29/03/2006
15
Computer viruses as Artificial Life
Functional interactions with the virus’s environment
Viruses perform examinations of their host environments as part of their activities. They alter interrupts, examine memory and disk architectures, and alter addresses to hide themselves and spread to other hosts. They very obviously alter their environment to support their existence. 29/03/2006
16
Computer viruses as Artificial Life
Interdependence of virus parts
Living organisms cannot be arbitrarily divided without destroying them. The same is true of computer viruses. Should a computer virus have a portion of its “anatomy” excised, the virus 17 would probably cease to function normally. 29/03/2006
17
Computer viruses as Artificial Life
Virus stability under perturbations
Computer viruses run on a variety of machines under different operating systems. Many of them are able to compromise (and defeat) anti-virus and copy protection mechanisms. 29/03/2006
18
Computer viruses as Artificial Life
Growth
Viruses certainly do exhibit a form of growth, the spread of viruses through commercial software and public bulletin boards is another indication of their widespread replication.
29/03/2006
19
Von neumann probe
Von Neumann rigorously studied the concept of self-replicating machines that he called "Universal Assemblers" - and which are most often referred to as von Neumann machines. While von Neumann never applied his work to the idea of spacecraft, theoreticians since then have done so. The idea of self-replicating spacecraft has been applied - in theory - to several distinct "tasks", and the particular variant of this idea applied to the idea of space exploration is known as a von Neumann probe. Other variants include the Berserker and an automated seeder ship.
29/03/2006
20
Von neumann probe Self-replicating spacecraft In theory, a self-replicating spacecraft could be sent to a neighbouring star-system, where it would seek out raw materials (extracted from asteroids, moons, gas giants, etc.) to create replicas of itself. These replicas would then be sent out to other star systems, repeating the process in an exponentially increasing pattern. The original "parent" probe could then pursue its primary purpose within the star system. 29/03/2006 21
Artificial Life v/s Artificial Intelligence Artificial Life
Artificial Intelligence
• Concept : Late 1980s
• Concept : 1960s
• Grounded in Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics.
• Pursued primarily in Comp. Sci, Engineering &Psychology.
• Studies Intelligence as part of Life itself. • Views life-as-it-could-be
29/03/2006
• Studies Intelligent behavior in isolation. • Views life-as-it-is
22
Current Research
Boids – studying the flocking nature of birds and schools of fish. Floys - artificial organisms that are given certain properties and then allowed to “live” within a controlled environment or simulation. Genetic algorithms and fractals that work on solving mathematical problems.
29/03/2006
23
Applications
Information With the information age we are bombarded with staggering amounts of data. The process of filtering out data that is useful information is a very time consuming practice and not one that conventional programs can do extremely well. With artificial life software, the work can be done to a great extent by the program, in dynamic, efficient new ways. 29/03/2006
24
Applications
The Military The military naturally will want to use the most cutting edge, advanced technology available to enable it to kill better than the enemy. Neural networks have been developed that identify photos of tanks as either American or Soviet. Through a process of identifying series' of photos and learning from its mistakes, systems have been developed that can identify whether a tank is American or Soviet from a photograph 29/03/2006
25
Applications
Space Exploration Using robots like the ones created by Rodney Brooks, unmanned space missions to other planets and moons in our own galaxy, or even other galaxies, will be able to explore alien worlds
29/03/2006
26
Applications
Biology
By simulating life in a simplified way, biologists can study the behavior of simple life giving clues and insight into the motivation and behavior of real life. The striking similarities and differences of artificial life can enable scientists to better understand microorganisms, diseases, viruses, even ourselves. 29/03/2006
27
Future??? Bionic man
?
Intelligent systems
Artificial life
Homo Erectus 29/03/2006
Homo Sapiens Us
After us ?
evolution
28
Bibliography
www.alife.org Artificial life-Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia.htm www.santafe.edu www.wisegeek.com www.zooland.com Artificial Life:An overview by Christopher G Langton Artificial Life:The Quest for a new creation by Steven Levy
29/03/2006
29
Questions
???? 29/03/2006
30
Thank you
Presented by:
Tejesh Kumar N
Presentation Outline
What is life? What is Artificial Life? Goals of Artificial Life History and pre-contributions Open problems in Artificial Life Computer viruses as Artificial Life Von neumann probe Current Research Artificial Life v/s Artificial Intelligence Applications Future ?? Bibliography
29/03/2006
2
What is Life? Is this Life????
29/03/2006
3
What is Life? ………..Or is this life??????
Or
Being famous……
Being notorious……
What is Life? Oxford: State of functional activity and
continual change peculiar to animals and plants before death, animate existence.
Webster’s: The quality that distinguishes a vital and functioning being from a dead body; an organismic state characterized by capacity for metabolism, growth, reaction to stimuli, and reproduction. Levy: A continuum, not binary values 29/03/2006 5
Properties associated with life
Self-reproduction, in itself or in a related organism. Information storage of a self-representation. A metabolism that converts matter/energy. Functional interactions with the environment. Interdependence of parts. Stability under perturbations of the environment Growth or expansion
29/03/2006
6
What is Artificial Life? A Perspective:
It is a way of imitating Nature in order to solve engineering problems. It includes simulation and emulation of living systems like plants, insect, or animals. It tries to achieve a new understanding of living systems, and of what is life.
29/03/2006
7
What is Artificial Life? A Definition: Artificial life is a field of study devoted to understanding life by attempting to abstract the fundamental dynamical principals underlying biological phenomena, and recreating these dynamics in other physical media – such as computers – making them accessible to new kinds of experimental manipulation and testing.
29/03/2006
8
Artificial life-properties
Ability to learn
Ability to evolve
Reproduction
Emergence ( result > sum of parts )
29/03/2006
9
Goals of ALife
Help in study of biological phenomena Help solve computational problems Study life in the computer, not in nature or laboratory Increase our understanding of nature Create self-reproducing machines Achieve intelligence in machines
29/03/2006
10
History and pre-contributions
One of the earliest thinkers of the modern age to postulate the potentials of artificial life, separate from artificial intelligence, was math and computer prodigy John Von Neumann.
29/03/2006
11
History and pre-contributions
Christopher Langton was an unconventional researcher. He succeeded in creating the first self-replicating computer organism in October of 1979, using only an Apple II desktop computer.
29/03/2006
12
Open problems of Artificial Life
"What is life?" "When can we say that a system, or a subsystem, is alive?" "What is the smallest system that we can consider alive?" "Why is nature able to achieve an open-ended evolutionary system, while all human models seem to fall short of it?" "How can we measure evolution?" "How can we measure emergence?" "How does simulation change the frontiers of science?" "What kind of legal rights should artificial life have?"
29/03/2006
13
Computer viruses as Artificial Life
Self-reproduction of viruses
One of the primary characteristics of computer viruses is their ability to reproduce themselves (or an altered version of themselves). Thus, this characteristic seems to be met. One of the key characteristics is their ability to reproduce. 29/03/2006
14
Computer viruses as Artificial Life
Virus metabolism This property involves the organism taking in energy or matter from the environment and using it for its own activity. Computer viruses use the energy of computation expended by the system to execute. They do not convert matter, but make use of the electrical energy present in the computer to traverse their patterns of instructions and infect other programs
29/03/2006
15
Computer viruses as Artificial Life
Functional interactions with the virus’s environment
Viruses perform examinations of their host environments as part of their activities. They alter interrupts, examine memory and disk architectures, and alter addresses to hide themselves and spread to other hosts. They very obviously alter their environment to support their existence. 29/03/2006
16
Computer viruses as Artificial Life
Interdependence of virus parts
Living organisms cannot be arbitrarily divided without destroying them. The same is true of computer viruses. Should a computer virus have a portion of its “anatomy” excised, the virus 17 would probably cease to function normally. 29/03/2006
17
Computer viruses as Artificial Life
Virus stability under perturbations
Computer viruses run on a variety of machines under different operating systems. Many of them are able to compromise (and defeat) anti-virus and copy protection mechanisms. 29/03/2006
18
Computer viruses as Artificial Life
Growth
Viruses certainly do exhibit a form of growth, the spread of viruses through commercial software and public bulletin boards is another indication of their widespread replication.
29/03/2006
19
Von neumann probe
Von Neumann rigorously studied the concept of self-replicating machines that he called "Universal Assemblers" - and which are most often referred to as von Neumann machines. While von Neumann never applied his work to the idea of spacecraft, theoreticians since then have done so. The idea of self-replicating spacecraft has been applied - in theory - to several distinct "tasks", and the particular variant of this idea applied to the idea of space exploration is known as a von Neumann probe. Other variants include the Berserker and an automated seeder ship.
29/03/2006
20
Von neumann probe Self-replicating spacecraft In theory, a self-replicating spacecraft could be sent to a neighbouring star-system, where it would seek out raw materials (extracted from asteroids, moons, gas giants, etc.) to create replicas of itself. These replicas would then be sent out to other star systems, repeating the process in an exponentially increasing pattern. The original "parent" probe could then pursue its primary purpose within the star system. 29/03/2006 21
Artificial Life v/s Artificial Intelligence Artificial Life
Artificial Intelligence
• Concept : Late 1980s
• Concept : 1960s
• Grounded in Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics.
• Pursued primarily in Comp. Sci, Engineering &Psychology.
• Studies Intelligence as part of Life itself. • Views life-as-it-could-be
29/03/2006
• Studies Intelligent behavior in isolation. • Views life-as-it-is
22
Current Research
Boids – studying the flocking nature of birds and schools of fish. Floys - artificial organisms that are given certain properties and then allowed to “live” within a controlled environment or simulation. Genetic algorithms and fractals that work on solving mathematical problems.
29/03/2006
23
Applications
Information With the information age we are bombarded with staggering amounts of data. The process of filtering out data that is useful information is a very time consuming practice and not one that conventional programs can do extremely well. With artificial life software, the work can be done to a great extent by the program, in dynamic, efficient new ways. 29/03/2006
24
Applications
The Military The military naturally will want to use the most cutting edge, advanced technology available to enable it to kill better than the enemy. Neural networks have been developed that identify photos of tanks as either American or Soviet. Through a process of identifying series' of photos and learning from its mistakes, systems have been developed that can identify whether a tank is American or Soviet from a photograph 29/03/2006
25
Applications
Space Exploration Using robots like the ones created by Rodney Brooks, unmanned space missions to other planets and moons in our own galaxy, or even other galaxies, will be able to explore alien worlds
29/03/2006
26
Applications
Biology
By simulating life in a simplified way, biologists can study the behavior of simple life giving clues and insight into the motivation and behavior of real life. The striking similarities and differences of artificial life can enable scientists to better understand microorganisms, diseases, viruses, even ourselves. 29/03/2006
27
Future??? Bionic man
?
Intelligent systems
Artificial life
Homo Erectus 29/03/2006
Homo Sapiens Us
After us ?
evolution
28
Bibliography
www.alife.org Artificial life-Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia.htm www.santafe.edu www.wisegeek.com www.zooland.com Artificial Life:An overview by Christopher G Langton Artificial Life:The Quest for a new creation by Steven Levy
29/03/2006
29
Questions
???? 29/03/2006
30
Thank you
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