Arctic

Climate Change the Arctic and the United Kingdom directions for future research

A Tyndall Centre initiative in association with the Polar Regions Unit, Foreign and Commonwealth Office

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Contents

Page no.

Cold Facts

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The Arctic of Today

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The Arctic of the Future

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Implications for the UK, an Arctic Neighbour

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Integrated Research, Providing Choices for the Future

5

Knowledge Gaps and Emerging Issues

6

Adding value to UK Research

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Background In May 2002 the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change

University of Aberdeen), Professor Graham Bentham

Research, in association with the Foreign and

(School of Environmental Sciences, University of East

Commonwealth Office, hosted a one day symposium

Anglia), Dr Howard Cattle (Hadley Centre for Climate

“Climate Change and the Arctic and its implications for the

Prediction and Research), Professor Terry Callaghan

UK: Towards a New UK Research Agenda” in Norwich. The

(University of Sheffield and Abisko Research Centre,) as

objectives of this event were (i) to bring together key

well as panel discussion led by Dr Corell, Dr Neil Gilbert

members of the UK’s Arctic research and policy-making

(Polar Regions Unit, Foreign and Commonwealth Office),

communities and to raise awareness of the work of the

Dr Bill Hare (Greenpeace International) and Professor

Arctic Climate Impact Assessment and the UK’s

Duncan Wingham (Centre for Polar Observation and

engagement in this initiative (ii) to identify important

Modelling, University College London).

knowledge gaps and the extent to which the UK can help to address these deficiencies through co-ordinated

This document draws heavily upon the ideas and concepts

research; and (iii) to assist in formulating the UK’s future

presented by the speakers as well as contributions from

research effort in topics related to climate change and the

the other participants who attended the event.

Arctic. A list of participants is given on the back inside cover.

The production costs of this document were supported by the Polar Regions Unit of the Foreign and Commonwealth

The symposium was planned by a Steering Group

Office and the Natural Environment Research Council

consisting of Gillian Watson (Tyndall Centre and School of

(NERC).

Environmental Sciences, UEA), Dr Neil Gilbert (Polar Regions Unit, Foreign and Commonwealth Office),

Further sources of information:

Professor Liz Morris (NERC Arctic Science Advisor),

Arctic Council: www.arctic-council.org

Professor Steve Albon (Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Banchory), Professor Mike Hulme (Tyndall Centre and School of Environmental Sciences, UEA) and

Assessment (ACIA): www.acia.uaf.edu

Dr Neil Adger (Tyndall Centre and CSERGE, School of

International Arctic Science

Environmental Sciences, UEA).

Committee: www.iasc.no

The event benefited from presentations given by Dr Robert Corell (International Arctic Science Committee), Professor Julian Dowdeswell (Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge), Professor Mark Nuttall, (School of Sociology and Anthropology and Northern Studies Centre,

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Arctic Climate Impact

The Tyndall Centre: www.tyndall.ac.uk Foreign and Commonwealth Office: www.fco.gov.uk Natural Environment Research Council (NERC): www.nerc.ac.uk

Cold Facts Disturbing things are happening in the Arctic; temperatures

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These changes in the physical environment are already

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triggering change in the natural, social and economic character of the region. In short, climate change is significantly affecting the Arctic. It is happening NOW and is set to continue for the foreseeable future.

Temperature anomaly (deg C)

are rising, sea ice is thinning and permafrost is thawing.

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So what? In recent years, climate change has emerged as a major

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development issue for the Arctic region. It is recognised that climate change impacts and consequences will

Arctic-average surface temperatures (1851 to 2001), a

become stamped not only on the physical and natural

combination of surface air temperature over land and sea-

environment, but also on Arctic economies, regional

surface temperature over the oceans. Individual bars show

resources and peoples.

annual values as deviations from the 1961 – 1990 average; the curve emphasises variations over time-scales of at

The Arctic also plays a crucial role within the Earth System,

least 30 years. This data set was provided by the Climatic

for example through its role in the planetary energy

Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, UEA.

balance and through its interaction with the thermohaline circulation of the oceans. Present and prospective

Did you know?

changes in the Arctic will have consequences well beyond the region itself.

Climate warming is occurring faster in the Arctic than globally.

It is important to consider the implications of Arctic climate change for the United Kingdom; although the UK is not an

The extent of Arctic sea ice has shrunk by about 5

Arctic rim nation, climate change and its impacts in the

per cent in the last 20 years and its thickness in

Arctic merit particular attention in the UK because:

some areas by 40 per cent. Some model simulations suggest an ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer as early

the UK has sizeable commercial, environmental and

as the 2050s.

strategic interests in the Arctic which will be affected by climate change;

Permafrost covers more than 20 per cent of the

the UK can expect a number of direct and indirect

world’s land surface, including most of Alaska and

environmental, economic and social impacts in the

more than half of Canada and Russia.

short-, medium- and long-term arising from climate change in the Arctic;

The Greenland Ice Sheet holds ice representing enough water to raise global sea levels by 7m –

Many questions remain to be answered about the extent

sufficient to flood much of London.

of future Arctic climate change and its consequences, not only for the Arctic region itself, but also for the world at

The Arctic is thought to hold a quarter of the global

large. The UK is well-placed to make a significant and co-

petroleum resources yet to be discovered,

ordinated research contribution to the international

estimated at 130 billion barrels of oil.

understanding of the processes and consequences of climate change in the Arctic.

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The Arctic of Today The Arctic region covers the ice-

Did you know?

bound Arctic Ocean and neighbouring seas, as well as Iceland, Greenland and the

Observations show that Arctic regional climate is

northern fringes of the North

changing, although not necessarily uniformly.

American, European and

Specific examples include:

Asian land masses. Interests in the region can be characterised as:

Average surface air and upper soil temperatures are rising, particularly during springtime. There are, however, significant spatial variations in temperature

Environmental The Arctic

trends (see plot below left).

environment is shaped by low temperatures and extreme seasonality. It supports a

Overall both the extent and thickness of sea ice are

unique biodiversity and is of critical importance for

reducing, although in certain areas sea ice is

migratory birds. Large stretches of the region can be

accumulating.

counted amongst the world’s few remaining pristine wilderness areas.

Ice-melt is increasing over the Greenland Ice Sheet. Glaciers are retreating across the region.

Economic The principal Arctic industries are currently fishing, timber, mining of mineral ores, oil and gas and,

Levels of UV radiation are increasing as the polar

increasingly, tourism and renewable energy.

stratospheric ozone is depleted.

Social and cultural Much of the region is sparsely

The distribution of vegetation is changing. Woody

populated built up of small, often very isolated

scrub is expanding in Alaska and tundra is being

communities. There are, however, several major

displaced by taiga throughout Arctic Europe and

population centres (for example, Tromsø, Murmansk,

Russia.

Arkhangelsk, Barrow and Iqaluit). The Arctic is home to several groups of indigenous peoples each of which retain

Permafrost thaw is accelerating; unstable ground

a rich heritage of cultural traditions.

conditions are leading to damage to infrastructure, for example, buildings, roads, airport runways and

Strategic The region is crossed by important air

pipelines.

transportation corridors, however, sea transportation routes are extremely restricted due to the presence of sea

Seasonal peaks in Arctic river discharges are

ice.

becoming earlier and freshwater flows into the Arctic Ocean are increasing.

Arctic Temperature Trends (1966-1995)

Novel weather conditions are being experienced, for example thunder and lightning are reported for the first time by communities in northern Canada.

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Ice travel is being restricted due to safety concerns linked to thinning ice; communications/transport are increasingly impacted.

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Source: Abisko Scientific Research Station

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The Arctic of the Future The Arctic in a future, warmer world will be significantly

as others attracted by improved infrastructure and

different to today. Changes are likely to include:

transportation networks. Large demographic changes such as these would bring widespread and significant

Environmental Changes will occur in average and

social and cultural changes to indigenous people.

extreme temperatures, precipitation, cloud cover, sea-ice extent, snow cover and permafrost extent. The

Strategic As accessibility improves and activity

consequences of these new environmental conditions in

increases, the Arctic region has the potential to become a

the region will be far-reaching and will include effects on

future political hotspot. Existing tensions over the extent of

Arctic plant and animal biodiversity and species distribution.

internal waters could escalate as nations compete for the

For example, significant loss of sea ice would have a

right to the region’s natural and physical resources.

devastating impact on Arctic wildlife such as the polar bear, which requires the presence of sea ice to enable it to hunt for seals. On land, more frequent extreme events may displace or even locally eliminate keystone species like reindeer (caribou).

Stored up trouble? The Arctic currently stores globally significant quantities of: water locked within the Greenland Ice Sheet, small

HadCM3 predictions of September Arctic sea ice by the

ice caps, glaciers and permanent pack ice;

2080s under a “high emissions” scenario (Source: Hadley

carbon accumulated within the Arctic ecosystems;

Centre)

methane held in permafrost and in methane hydrate deposits in marine sediments.

An ice-free Arctic Ocean a future of opportunities?

Even relatively minor changes in Arctic climatic conditions could trigger the release of extra water into

Explorers have long sought to link Europe, eastern

the world’s oceans and large quantities of additional

North America and the Orient via the shortest possible

carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere.

sea route – across the Arctic. After centuries of effort two such routes have been identified – the

Economic In an ice-diminished future Arctic, improved

Northwest Passage, which passes west of

accessibility is likely to encourage commercial

Greenland, through the islands of Arctic Canada and

development. Under some scenarios the region’s

along the coast of Alaska, and the Northern Sea

economy could grow significantly through full exploitation

Route (also known as the Northeast Passage) which

of the Arctic’s rich reserves of petroleum and mineral ores.

skirts the coast of Siberia. Both are currently open for

Other industries such as fishing are also likely to expand.

very limited periods to specially reinforced vessels

Arctic shipping routes are likely to open up attracting

escorted by icebreakers.

increasing numbers of cargo vessels to the region. Heightened economic activity in the region would also

Global climate models, however, predict substantially

threaten to encroach upon wilderness areas and increase

less Arctic sea ice in future. Research suggests that

the risk of environmental damage such as pollution

both the Northwest Passage and the Northern Sea

incidents.

Route could be open to deep draft vessels with no reinforcement every summer by as early as the 2050s.

Social and cultural A booming economy is likely to

Both routes have the potential to become commercially

trigger a rapid growth in the Arctic population with an influx

feasible for summer shipping before 2080 and could

of workers and their families as Arctic commercial and

cut sailing distances between northwest Europe and

support industries are established and developed as well

northeast Asia by up to 40 per cent.

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Implications for the UK, an Arctic Neighbour The UK lies just beyond the Arctic’s fringe. As a nation, the UK has a strong tradition of Arctic exploration and maintains a long-held interest and involvement in

Feeling the effects of climate change in the UK

environmental, social, economic and military developments

As a close neighbour of Arctic Europe, the UK can expect to

in the region. The UK has also been actively engaged in

experience a number of direct or indirect effects of climate-

Arctic research in several disciplines for many years.

related changes in the Arctic over the short-, medium- and longer-term. Examples include:

The UK’s current commercial interests in the region are wide-ranging and include fishing and exploration, extraction and processing of petroleum products and mineral ores. The UK’s insurance industry is also a world leader in underwriting Arctic activities, covering major items of infrastructure (for example pipelines) and other industrial developments throughout the region. The UK has also retained a strategic political engagement in the Arctic. The UK is an observer state to both the Arctic Council and the Barents Euro-Arctic Council.

Short-term (less than 25 years) UK population’s exposure to UV radiation will increase by a combination of depletion of Arctic ozone and climate change related effects (for example changes in cloud cover, increasing average and extreme temperatures and changes in recreational behaviour). The interplay between climate change and the chemistry of the Arctic atmosphere will have a direct bearing on the risks of malignant melanomas for the UK population. Medium-term (within 50 years) Climate-related changes to Arctic habitats, such as

The Arctic Council

reductions in tundra area and shifts in the timing of spring growth periods, are likely to have substantial impacts on

The Arctic Council is a high-level intergovernmental forum

breeding success of Arctic-breeding bird species which

that provides a mechanism to address common concerns

would have serious implications for numbers of migratory

and challenges of the Arctic region. The Arctic Council has

birds in the UK.

Members drawn from the eight Arctic-Rim States and

Opportunities for UK companies to exploit rich and newly

importantly is open to participation from up to eight

accessible Arctic reserves of petroleum, mineral ores and

Indigenous Peoples organisations. Key objectives of the

fish. This will need to be set against new priorities –

Arctic Council are to:

nationally and globally – for a less polluting energy economy

promote co-operation among Arctic States on issues of

and more sustainable industrial development.

sustainable development and environmental protection;

The UK insurance industry will need to adjust to escalating

oversee and co-ordinate working groups established

claims associated with climate change related incidents,

under the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy;

for example repair and clean-up following Arctic pipeline

co-ordinate a sustainable development programme

fractures caused by subsidence due to melting of

e.g. trade, transport, education and health matters;

permafrost, but will also be presented with new

disseminate information, encourage education and

opportunities as Arctic activities increase.

promote interest in Arctic related issues.

Long-term (beyond 50 years) Weakening of the thermohaline circulation through injection

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The UK is a State Observer to the Arctic Council. In doing

of increased amounts of freshwater through the Arctic. This

so UK Ministers recognise the importance of maintaining

has the potential to disrupt ocean currents in the North

an influence in the high north; of providing support to the

Atlantic and under some scenarios could alter UK and

Arctic states in meeting the objectives for the Arctic

northwest European climate significantly, possibly eventually

Council, and of the potential scientific and commercial

inducing lower winter temperatures. The risks associated

opportunities that the Arctic holds. The Foreign and

with such perturbations remain very poorly known.

Commonwealth Office (FCO) is lead Government

Loss of Greenland ice-mass contributes to sea level rise,

Department, with attendance at Senior Arctic Official and

thus exacerbating problems of coastal inundation and

Ministerial meetings provided by the FCO’s Polar Regions

erosion at vulnerable points around the UK coastline. This is

Unit (PRU).

a very long-term impact since the Greenland Ice Sheet

For more information visit the Arctic Council web site at www.arctic-council.org

responds to multi-decadal warming trends over a period of many centuries.

Integrated Research, Providing Choices for the Future The challenge Climate change in the Arctic poses many interlinked environmental, social and economic questions and

The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment

challenges, but it is just one of many drivers of change in the Arctic; political restructuring and liberalisation,

The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) is an

globalisation, changes in land use and energy technologies

international research initiative being conducted under

will also have substantial effects on the region. The effects

the auspices of the Arctic Council. The goals of ACIA

of, and responses to, climate change must therefore be

are to:

considered within this broader context.

estimate and synthesise knowledge on Arctic climate variability, climate change and increased UV radiation

Uncertainties surrounding future climate change will

in the Arctic, and their consequences;

continue to be large, but it is essential to start to plan now

provide useful and reliable information to

and to make decisions that allow the consequences of

governments, organisations and peoples of the

climate change to be managed through the pursuit of

Arctic region in order to support policy-making

desirable long-term environmental, social and economic

decisions;

objectives. Such decisions can best be informed through

input to the continuing work of the Intergovernmental

programmes of integrated assessment and research.

Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

Taking an integrated approach to research

The initiative involves the close collaboration of experts,

Integrated assessments draw together findings from a

peoples of the Arctic region and others impacted by

wide range of traditional research disciplines (for example

changes across the Arctic region. It aims to integrate

physical sciences, life sciences, engineering sciences,

both scientific and indigenous knowledge and is being

social sciences and economics) and organises them in a

conducted within the context of other developments

coherent way. At the same time, the value and relevance

and pressures on the Arctic environment, its economy,

of the research findings can be optimised by close

regional resources and peoples. Detailed and synthesis

engagement and dialogue between the researchers and

reports of the findings of the scientific analysis and

those affected, such as community organisations, industry

indigenous insights as well as a set of policy/action

representatives, planners and decision-makers at a local,

recommendations are expected to be delivered in 2004.

regional, national and international level. The Arctic Climate

A number of leading Arctic and climate change experts

Impact Assessment is one example of such an activity

in the UK have been, or continue to be, involved in the

(see Box right).

ACIA initiative, which represents a sound basis for further integrated research on the topic.

Integrated assessments, however, need to be complemented by programmes of underpinning trans-

Further information is available at the ACIA

disciplinary research that pay due attention to the science

web site at www.acia.uaf.edu.

of integration. This is not just an exercise in piecing together elements of knowledge from different disciplines, but of co-designing research activities from the beginning using insights from natural and social sciences and allowing the resulting common methodology to deliver qualitatively different research findings to emerge. This mode of research is being increasingly recognised as essential in relation to questions global change and sustainable development and the Arctic is a prime candidate for applying such emerging methods, as recognised by the European Science Foundation in its 2002 Global Change

© BP p.l.c. (2003)

Forward Look: “An integrated programme of research in

the Arctic and sub-Arctic Basin … is identified as a flagship programme ..” (ESF, 2002)

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Knowledge Gaps and Emerging Issues It is generally acknowledged that we still have a limited understanding of many aspects of the Arctic system, and

Assessing vulnerability to change and the capacity to adapt

that predictions of the extent and nature of future climate-

When and how often are critical thresholds likely to be

related changes in the Arctic remain subject to

exceeded in future?

uncertainties.

Will species adapted to harsh conditions prove inflexible when the environment becomes more benign?

At the meeting, a large number of widely ranging research

How vulnerable are biological systems, including

topics were suggested. These have been consolidated

humans, to increases in UV radiation?

and collated into five cross-cutting headings which could

How vulnerable is Arctic infrastructure to permafrost

be used to add focus to a co-ordinated programme of

melting?

research. Exemplar questions spanning the research disciplines are suggested for each heading. Establishing Arctic baseline information under current climatic conditions What is the background natural level of climatic and ice variability in the Arctic? What are the critical dynamics of Arctic ecosystems, especially during winter? How do indigenous Arctic communities define sustainable development? Defining critical thresholds, linkages and feedbacks in the Arctic system

Placing Arctic climate change in the Earth System context Why has climate warming been greater in the Arctic than globally? Is the Arctic a net sink or source of greenhouse gases? How fast will the Greenland Ice Sheet melt? How sensitive is the thermohaline circulation to freshwater exchange between the Arctic and the North Atlantic? How do global and Arctic changes interact? In addition, the following general observations were highlighted.

What are the key thresholds for change? How will climate change interact with other drivers of

Construction of a community integrated regional model

environmental/social change?

for the Arctic, representing physical, ecological and social

What types of events trigger changes in individual

processes and with trans-national ownership would be

and/or community behaviour?

highly beneficial. It is unrealistic for any single country to attempt to develop a model of this type on its own, but

Identifying the pivotal drivers of change

UK researchers and research groups could make very

What controls the magnitude and frequency of extreme

significant contributions to any multilateral project of this

events in the Arctic system?

nature.

What controls the distribution limits and population abundance of species and ecosystems?

The marginality of much of the Arctic for human activities

How will changes in species zoning impact on resource-

means that interactions between environmental changes

dependant communities?

and social responses are particularly sensitive. Arctic communities’ need to promote social-ecological resilience and to design adaptive responses for uncertain futures. The Arctic research community should investigate using equipment and methodologies and research tools developed by researchers in other fields. There is potential for applying these tools in an Arctic research context.

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Knowledge Gaps and Emerging Issues

(cont.)

UK strengths in relation to Arctic research The UK has a particularly strong tradition of excellence in

The UK has a strong background in Antarctic research -

climate modelling, glaciology and ecosystem science

much of this expertise and experience is directly

and research bridging natural and social sciences – there

transferable to Arctic systems.

is plenty of scope for UK scientists to apply high quality science and technology to Arctic problems.

The UK has substantial archival data and records relating to the Arctic that can be exploited for understanding

Many UK or expatriate UK scientists already lead/co-

historical changes.

ordinate international Arctic science projects. Examples include: the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX), DART

The UK has no Arctic territory and so UK researchers

(project on dynamic response of the forest-tundra

have a pan-Arctic approach.

ecotone to environmental change), the Land Arctic Physical Processes experiment (LAPP), CONVECTION

The Arctic represents a relatively well-bounded system

(project on mechanism of convection in the Greenland

about which it is possible to develop new integrated

Sea), GreenICE (Greenland Arctic Shelf Ice and Climate

models that represent both physical and social dynamics

Experiment), as well as selected International Arctic

and which allow relevant decision and policy makers to

Science Committee (IASC) projects and Arctic Climate

explore the implications of different scenarios. Such

Impact Assessment (ACIA) chapters.

scientific integration is an area where UK scientists have an international lead.

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Adding Value to UK Research The UK has an active Arctic research interest involving a

improved capacity for the development of and input to

number of research councils, government agencies,

bilateral (e.g. with Canada or Russia) or multilateral (e.g.

universities and higher education institutes and commercial

through the European Science Foundation or EU FP6)

organisations. Furthermore, the UK’s researchers are

Arctic programmes;

active in a broad range of disciplines and geographical

arctic research that is more closely allied to government

locations.

objectives and policy in the region; greater capacity to influence the international Arctic

But against this broad spectrum of Arctic research interest,

scene through enhanced scientific diplomacy.

is the UK handling its Arctic research effort in the most effective way?

Mechanisms to achieve this might include: establishing or identifying a UK Arctic focal point

Recommendation:

representing the range of UK Arctic interests and that

In addressing this issue the meeting recognised that there

has recognition from both the research councils and

were significant benefits to be gained from improved co-

from government (e.g. through an existing institution or

ordination on Arctic issues, including among the research

as a virtual centre as a partnership initiative across

community, industry and government.

several institutions); enhanced communication on Arctic issues through the

Benefits would include:

development of a UK Arctic research network;

enhanced opportunities for inter-disciplinary research

increased participation of the UK research community in

initiatives spanning the interests of several research

international programmes such as those of the Arctic

councils;

Council.

Credits and Acknowledgements Front cover: photo by Martin Johnson page 1: photo by John Sharp page 2: image by CAFF page 5: photos by BP p.l.c. and Martin Johnson page 6: photo by John Sharp page 7: photo by Martin Johnson page 8: photo by Martin Johnson

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Participants at May 2002 “Climate Change and the Arctic and its implications for the UK: Towards a New UK Research Agenda” meeting: Dr Neil Adger

Tyndall Centre and CSERGE and School of Environmental Studies, UEA

Professor Steve Albon

CEH Banchory

Dr Sheldon Bacon

Southampton Oceanography Centre

Dr Chris Baker

NERC

Dr Bob Baxter

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham

Professor Graham Bentham

School of Environmental Studies, UEA

Dr Grant Bigg

School of Environmental Studies, UEA

Dr Rob Brooker

UK Arctic Network (UKAN)

Mr David Brown

NERC

Professor Terry Callaghan

Abisko Scientific Research Station and University of Sheffield

Dr Howard Cattle

Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research

Alison Champion

Marine and Waterways Division, DEFRA

Dr Bob Corell

Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA)

Professor Trevor Davies

School of Environmental Studies, UEA

Professor Julian Dowdeswell

Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge

Dr Vincent Fleming

Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)

Dr Neil Gilbert

Polar Regions Unit, Foreign and Commonwealth Office

Dr Jenny Gill

School of Biological Sciences and Tyndall Centre, UEA

Dr Dougal Goodman

Foundation for Science and Technology

Dr Richard Harding

CEH Wallingford

Dr Bill Hare

Greenpeace International

Dr Mike Harrison

Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research

Dr Alex Haxeltine

Tyndall Centre and School of Environmental Sciences, UEA

Dr Karen Heywood

School of Environmental Studies, UEA

Professor Mike Hulme

Tyndall Centre and School of Environmental Sciences, UEA

Lord Julian Hunt

University College London

Professor Brian Huntley

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham

Dr Elaine Jones

Tyndall Centre and School of Environmental Sciences, UEA

Dr Malcolm Light

Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling (CPOM), University College London

Professor Liz Morris

NERC Arctic Science Advisor

Mrs Angela Morrison

NERC

Dr Larissa Naylor

Tyndall Centre and School of Environmental Sciences, UEA

Professor Mark Nuttall

Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Aberdeen

Dr Mike Richardson

Polar Regions Unit, Foreign and Commonwealth Office

Dr Clare Robinson

King’s College, London

Daniel Sherry

Polar Regions Unit, Foreign and Commonwealth Office

Professor Graham Shimmield

Scottish Association for Marine Science

Ms Alyce Tidball

1st Secretary, American Embassy

Dr Simon Torok

Tyndall Centre and School of Environmental Sciences, UEA

Dr Ian Townend

ABP Research

Professor Peter Wadhams

University of Cambridge

Dr Rachel Warren

Tyndall Centre and School of Environmental Sciences, UEA

Professor Andrew Watkinson

Tyndall Centre and School of Biological Sciences, UEA

Dr Andrew Watson

School of Environmental Studies, UEA

Ms Gillian Watson

Tyndall Centre and School of Environmental Sciences, UEA

Professor Duncan Wingham

Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling (CPOM), University College London

Dr Sarah Woodin

Department of Plant & Soil Science, University of Aberdeen

Dr Christoph Zöckler

UNEP-WCMC

Produced by the Tyndall Centre in association with the Polar Regions Unit and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Winter 2002/2003

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