Architectural Design Development.docx

1 Architectural Design Development Design Brief Background Theme park is the same with amusement park when it comes to functionality. However, a theme park consists of different themed areas or regions. Themes are made to create the illusion and feeling of another world or culture using architecture, landscaping, food, employees, music, and attractions. In a theme park, the rides only take second place to the environment or location they are placed in. The more the park is able to make the guests out of the ‘real world’ and into the fantasy, the more the label “theme” becomes true. The idea of a theme park is to attract guests and let them stay on the park and do everything they could ever want. The theme park can become a one-of-a-kind, one-stop shop from dream vacations (Beaudry, 2011). Statement of the Problem Almost all existing theme parks in and out of the country are depending on electricity from the local providers and fossil fuels resulting to negative environmental footprint. Some theme parks outside the Philippines are already using their own power plants to supply energy to the park. However, almost all of the theme parks in the Philippines still uses electricity provided by the local electric companies. Theme parks are places where people go to have fun and forget the problems, but the park itself should not be the reason for another problem for the places around it. This theme park will be powered by gravity, solar power, and other renewable resources. This can be a first step to a green, responsible, and efficient theme parks in the Philippines. Definition of Terms

2 Amusement Park. A large park equipped with such recreational devices as a merry-go- round, Ferris wheel, roller coaster, etc., and usually having booths for games and refreshments (Levine, 2017). Biodiversity. is the variety of life. It can be studied on many levels. At the highest level, you can look at all the different species on the entire Earth. On a much smaller scale, you can study biodiversity within a pond ecosystem or a neighborhood park. Building Footprint. is the area on a project site used by the building structure, defined by the perimeter of the building plan. Parking lots, parking garages, landscapes, and other non-building facilities are not included in the building footprint. Business District. the part of a city or town where there are many businesses. It is usually typified by a concentration of retail, commercial establishments, and office buildings. Carbon footprint. is historically defined as the total set of greenhouse gas emissions caused by an individual, event, organization, or product, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent. Environment. is the sum total of all surroundings of a living organism, including natural forces and other living things, which provide conditions for development and growth as well as of danger and damage. Kinetic Energy. kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed changes.

3 Motor-Free Theme Park. A park that uses the gravity and the weight of the person riding it to operate instead of using motors and electricity/fuel. Pollution. the introduction of harmful substances or products into the environment. These are substances that make land, water, air, etc., dirty and not safe or suitable to use. Sub-urb area. is an outlying part of a city or town, and is a smaller community adjacent to or within commuting distance of a city. Theme park. is similar to an amusement park in terms of its function, but is designed around a central theme. It is an area planned as a leisure attraction, in which all the displays, buildings, activities, etc. are based on or relate to one particular subject (Levine, 2017). Tourism. marketing of the enjoyable and other features of a travel destination, and provision of facilities and services for the pleasure travelers (tourists). Urban Sprawl. describes the expansion of human populations away from central urban areas into low-density, mono-functional and usually car-dependent communities, in a process called suburbanization. Walkability. is a measure of how friendly an area is to walking. This may mean that an area within a place is capable of being traveled, crossed, or covered by walking and is suited to or adapted for walking. Table 1 Objectives Project Objectives

Design Objectives

Design

Design Criteria

Considerations To provide architectural

To design a theme park that will be

Innovative Building Strategies,

The park should have facilities that will

4 solutions and ways to solve problems concerning power consumption.

powered by renewable energy and by human weight.

To provide solutions addressing the heat gain problems on theme parks especially during summer.

To provide spaces that reduce or rejects the heat from the sun that causes high temperature during peak hours.

To design a development that can serve as an icon that can boost tourism in the country.

To design a park with a theme that is unusual that will attract the people and can be a trademark of the place and a park that can be a reference of future theme parks in the Philippines

Sustainability, and collect energy Environment-friendly through movements architecture. like the kinetic tiles. The park should also be efficient by using rides that uses minimal or does not use electricity at all. The park should have open spaces with greeneries that will rejects the heat from the sun, brise soleil, green roof, covered walks and spaces. Monumental The park should Character integrate new rides Aesthetics that are not yet introduced in the Philippines. Creating a new identity that would make the park exciting and thrilling through the integration of the theme and concept.

Design Philosophy “A good architecture is the one that speaks to the minds and feelings of the users.” Architecture should not only be pleasing to the eyes of the people. I can say that architecture is truly effective when it can affect the feelings of the users. It is hard to design a structure that is aesthetically pleasing, but it is much harder to design a structure that can capture the hearts of the users. Design Concept Multiplex

5 A multiplex is a complex of movie theaters showing films simultaneously in one place. The first multiplexes showed perhaps four movies at once, and were considered innovative. Then, the six, eight, and ten-theater businesses became more common.

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Figure # Inside a Multiplex theater.

Innovations and Building Technologies Applied

Figure #. Pavegen. Retrieved from http://www.pavegen.com/about/

6 Pavegen is a custom multifunctional flooring system. As people step on the tiles, the weight of the person causes electromagnetic induction generators which results in a rotary motion that generates electricity. Pavegen utilizes commercial vinyl as a top surface for the flooring system. The resilient flooring exceeds international safety standards with high slip resistance for its entire life cycle. Offering four types of construction flooring including smooth, rubber, resin and safety this will allow for seamless integration into any indoor or outdoor location. Consumer behavior can be understood by measuring footfall intensity and identifying the number of people walking within a designated area. The Pavegen system continuously monitors footfall, providing the ability to predict peak timings and prime locations. The unique design also monitors directional flow to provide a comprehensive analysis of movement patterns.

Figure #. Pavegen Diagram. Retrieved from http://www.cyrielkortleven.com/cool-projectpavegen/ Technology alone won’t make cities perform more efficiently. It’s about changing behaviors. Pavegen’s combination of physical interactivity and rich data is helping to bring smart cities to life. With over 150 installations worldwide including the recent arrays in Washington DC’s Dupont Circle, cities and brands are recognizing the value of people power.

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Figure #. Solatube. Retrieved from http://greenhomeohio.com/solatube/solatube-daylightingsystems-vs-other-daylighting-options/ The Solatube daylighting system utilizes innovative technology, engineering insight and quality materials to amplify natural light and bring it into the building. With evolutionary technology, design, and quality materials, Solatube provides an abundance of clean and clear natural light for any interior space. From the exterior level, light is collected from the rooftop dome, which utilizes Raybender 3000 technology to redirect low angle sunlight and reject overpowering mid-day sunlight. Solatubes are equipped with light tracker reflectors to capture daylight efficiently, redirecting it down the tube. At the ceiling level, the dual lens array technology allows you to customize your day lighting experience. The interior of the Solatube is lined from top to bottom with Spectra Light Infinity, a film which is widely recognized as having the highest reflectivity of any comparable product in the world. As a result, the Solatube day lighting system delivers an abundance of clean white light into any interior space. Inside your home, an effect lens adjusts the light to offer warm and soft colours while a diffuser lens controls light diffusion in the room. Sophisticated designer details allow the Solatube day lighting system to be customized to match any room's decor.

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Figure #. Brise Soleil Solar Shading System. Retrieved from http://www.rensonuk.net/brisesoleil-solar-shading-shutters-united-kingdom_4.html Brise-soleil solar shading systems can be produced using solar PV panels and are proving a very logical and popular addition to all kinds of buildings. Whether new or as a retrofit option, it offers architects and contractors a versatile and practical solution to managing solar radiation, whilst combining performance with visual appeal. It generated renewable energy, reduces the reliance on mechanical cooling systems, and allows high levels of natural light reducing the need for artificial lighting.

9 Figure # Permeable Paving Technology. Retrieved from http://www.greenbuildermedia.com/blog/10-steps-forward-best-green-building-innovations-ofthe-past-decade Permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP) are installed with layers of varying-sized stone or aggregate underneath that filter and direct stormwater to underground aquifers. Permeable paving mimics the way natural land absorbs water. Which means any rain that falls on your patio, walkway or driveway seeps back into the ground or the nearest storm drain. With Belgard, you never have to choose between pretty and practical. Innovative products like our Permeable Pavers offer the designed outdoor space you want, with the added benefit of water management. The surface of Permeable pavers can be made perfectly flat, with the stone reservoir being contoured to direct water wherever it needs to go. In fact, with a few added design features, the system can be used for water harvesting, with water being usable for irrigation or washing your car. Permeable paver benefits to homeowners 

Reduce water demand by paving over grassed areas

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Aid landscaping by reducing erosion that occurs when grass is dry or dead

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Eliminate standing water where mosquitoes can breed

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Lasts much longer than conventional paved surfaces

Permeable paver benefits to communities 

Filter water back underground to recharge local groundwater supplies

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Maintain base flows in rivers to keep ecosystems self-sustaining

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Minimize heat island effect when using highly reflective, light-colored pavers

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Reduce water use for landscaping

Figure #. Sloan Hybrid Urinal. Retrieved from http://www.constructiondive.com/news/top-10green-building-products-for-2016/409462/ Waterless urinals have emerged as an option to significantly reduce water usage. However, they also are more susceptible to build-up and poor maintenance, according to Wilson. The Sloan product offers a new type of urinal that uses "Jetrinse Solution Technology" to send one gallon of water through the system every 72 hours. That feature eliminates the need for constant maintenance that other waterless urinals require, and uses only about 120 gallons of water per year. The Hybrid Urinal is powered by a Li-ion battery and has an eight-year lifespan. Although it sends water through the urinal every 72 hours, the product reduces the amount of water and time required for maintenance. "It could potentially save more water than waterless urinals," Wilson said. "We expect hybrid will change the game." Table # Type of Occupancy General Classification of Use/Character of

Principal

Use Accessory

Conditional

Zoning Classification

11 Occupancy of Bldg./Structure Division H-4 (Recreational, tourism estate developments or tourism-oriented establishments)

1. Stadiums 2. Reviewing Stands 3. Amusement parks/Theme parks 4. Boxing Arenas 5. All types of Division H-1 resort complexes 6. All other types of amusement and entertainment complexes. Note. Adapted from PD 1096 National Building Code of the Philippines Table 7.1 Schedule of Principal, Accessory, and Conditional Use/Occupancy of Building/Structure. Retrieved from PD 1096. Table # Development Guidelines for Subic Bay Freeport Zone Design Intent

Aesthetics/Appearance Orientation Building Height/Building Bulk Building Entrance and Exit Lot Occupancy/Open Space Requirements

Yard Requirements

Lot entrance/Exit

The building massing, plan configuration, and allocation of open space shall relate to those adjacent parcels to compose a unified image of Subic Bay Freeport Zone. Mandatory repainting of all building/s within SBFZ shall be done every (3) three years. Building frontage must face the major road or its immediate access. The maximum height allowed is 60.00 meters. Multiple story building, towers, radar and similar structure shall subject to a clearance from Air Transportation Office (ATO). There shall be at least one entrance and at least one for exit. Maximum building occupancy shall be 60% of the lot, and the remaining shall be allotted to open space and on-grade parking. In no case shall a part of a building be less than the prescribed yard requirement. The following minimum yard or setback required shall be observed. Front 5 meters Rear 3 meters Right 3 meters Left 3 meters There shall be at least one entrance and at least one exit.

12 Shoreline Easement Parking Space

Landscaping and Street Furniture Mobile Storage Vans, Similar Equipment Signs and Sign Structures Shoreline Slope Protection Building Separation

Easement shall be at a minimum of 20 meters from shoreline. Parking space requirement shall conform to the requirements of the National Building Code (PD 1096) and all other existing laws and regulations. Off-Street parking is strictly prohibited. All open areas shall be landscaped, paved appropriately to harmonize with the existing environment, enhance appearance, and preserve the land value. Not allowed. All 20-footer to 40-footer container or other similar equipment shall not be used as permanent storage. Design and installation of all signage shall be subject to approved Guidelines for Signs and Sign Structures in Subic Bay Freeport Zone. The shoreline shall be adequately protected from soil erosion.

A minimum of 5.00 meters building to building setback shall be provided. Note. Adapted from Development Guidelines for Subic Freeport Zone.

Table # Design and Construction Standards Fire Prevention

Electrical Requirements

Fencing (A)

Fencing (B)

All aspects of fire prevention shall be in accordance to the Fire Code that is in effect within the place/country. (RA 9514) Shall comply with the Electric Code in effect in the place/country. (Philippine Electrical Code) General - All amusement devices shall be provided with fences or other apparatus and controls as may be necessary to do the following: 1. Confine operating staff and patrons within the boundaries of the device to safe areas. 2. Ensure the safety of persons in the vicinity of the amusement device, but not immediately participating in the activity of the amusement device; and 3. Ensure the safety of the operating staff. When fences and gates are designed and manufactured to

13 provide protection to spectators and riders, they shall be constructed to meet the following minimum requirements: 1. They shall be a height of at least 42 inches above the surface on which the inspectors and riders stand. 2. They shall be constructed in such a fashion so as to reject a four inch ball at all openings; 3. They shall be designed, constructed, and erected to inhibit overturning by spectators; 4. Where used, entrance, exit, and loading gates shall open away from the ride or device unless equipped with a positive latching device; 5. Gates shall be designed such that if opened during the amusement ride cycle, the gate will not come into contact with the amusement ride or cause a hazard to riders; and Fences and gates shall be constructed as to inhibit spectator contact with the ride or rider contact with fences or gates, or both. Means of Access and Egress Safe and adequate means of access to and egress from a ride shall be provided. Stairways or ramps and connecting landings or platforms shall be provided where the entrance to or exit from a ride is not at grade. Warning Signs (a) On rides that expose a rider to high speed, substantial centrifugal force or a high degree of excitement, the owner shall post a conspicuous warning sign at the entrance of the ride advising the public of the potential risk to riders. (b) The signs required shall be in sharply contrasting colors and be legible to a person of normal vision standing at a point of entrance to the ride. Note. Retrieved from 520 CMR: Department of Public Safety on Amusement Devices

14 RA 9514 Revised Fire Code of the Philippines. Chapter 2. Fire Safety in Buildings, Structures and Facilities A. Every building or structure, new or old, designed for human occupancy shall be provided with exits sufficient to permit the fast and safe escape of occupants in case of fire or other emergency. The design of exits and other fire safety construction shall be such that reliance for safety to life in case of fire or other emergency will not depend solely on any single fire safety construction. Additional safeguards shall be provided for life safety in case any single safeguard is ineffective due to some human or mechanical failure. B. Every building or structure shall be designed, constructed, equipped, maintained and operated to avoid danger to the lives and ensure safety of its occupants from fire, smoke, vapor and fumes, during the period of escape from the building or structure. C. Every building or structure shall be provided with exits of kind, number, location and capacity appropriate to the individual building or structure, with due regard to the character of the occupancy, the number of persons exposed, the fire protection available and the height and type of construction of the building or structure, to afford all occupants convenient facilities for escape. D. Every exit of buildings or structures shall be arranged and maintained to provide free and unobstructed egress from all parts thereof at all times. No lock or fastening device that would prevent escape from the inside of any building shall be installed except in mental, penal, or correctional institutions where personnel are continually on duty and effective provisions are made to evacuate occupants in case of fire or other emergencies. E. Every exit shall be clearly visible. The route to the exit shall be conspicuously marked in such a manner that every occupant of a building or structure will readily know the direction of escape. Each route of escape, in its entirety, shall be so arranged or marked that the way to a place of safety outside is unmistakable. Any doorway not constituting an exit shall be marked to minimize its possible confusion as an exit. Likewise, passage constituting a way to reach an exit shall be marked to minimize confusion. F. All means of egress shall be provided with adequate and reliable illumination. G. Fire alarm systems or devices shall be provided in every building or structure of such size, arrangement, or occupancy, to provide adequate warning to occupants. H. Every building or structure, section, or area thereof of such size, occupancy and arrangement such that the reasonable safety of a number of occupants may be endangered by the blocking of any single means of egress due to fire or smoke, shall have at least two means of egress remote from each other, so arranged as to minimize any possibility that both may be blocked by any one fire or other emergency conditions. I. Every vertical way of exit and other vertical openings between floors of a building shall be suitably enclosed or protected to afford reasonable safety of occupants while using exits and to prevent spread of fire, smoke, or fumes through vertical openings from floor to floor before occupants have entered exits. Division 3. Classification of Occupancy

15 A building or structure shall be classified as follows: 1. Assembly a. Assembly occupancies include, but are not limited to, all buildings or portions of buildings used for gathering together of fifty (50) or more persons for such purposes as deliberation, worship, entertainment, eating, drinking, amusement, awaiting transportation, or similar uses. b. Assembly occupancies include: theaters; assembly halls; auditorium; exhibition halls; museum; restaurants; drinking establishments; places of worship; classrooms of 50 persons and over capacity; libraries; internet shops of over 50 persons capacity; dance halls; club rooms; skating rinks; gymnasiums; cockpit arenas; bowling facilities; pool rooms; armories; passenger stations and terminals of air, surface, underground, and marine public transportation facilities; recreational facilities; piers; court-rooms; conference rooms; and mortuary chapels or funeral homes. c. Restaurants and drinking establishments with an occupant load of less than 50 persons shall be classified as mercantile occupancies. d. Occupancy of any room or space for assembly purposes by less than fifty (50) persons in a building of other occupancy and incidental to such other occupancy shall be classified as part of the other occupancy and subject to the provisions applicable thereto.

Section 10.2.5.2 General Provisions - Minimum Width The width of any means of egress shall not be less than nine hundred fifteen millimeters (915 mm) except when specifically provided under Division 8 to Division 17 of this Chapter. - Number of Means of Egress 1. The number of means of egress from any balcony, mezzanine, storey, or portion thereof shall not be less than two (2), except when specifically permitted in Division 8 through 17 of this Chapter. 2. When the occupant load for any storey or portion thereof is more than five hundred (500) but not more than one thousand (1000), the means of egress shall not be less than three (3); in excess thereof, the means of egress shall not be less than four (4). 3. The occupant load of each storey considered individually shall be required to be used in computing the number of means of egress at each storey, provided that the required number of means of egress is not decreased in the direction of exit travel. 4. No doors other than hoistway door, the elevator car door, and doors that are readily openable from the car side without a key, tool, special knowledge, or special effort shall be allowed at the point of access to an elevator car.

Measurement of Travel Distance to Exits 1. The maximum travel distance in any occupied space to the nearest exit shall not exceed the limits specified for individual occupancies by Divisions 8 through 17 of this Chapter. Maximum travel distance shall be determined as follows: a. The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface

16 along the center line of the natural path of travel, starting from the most remote point subject to occupancy, curving around any corner or construction with a thirty (30) centimeter clearance therefrom, and ending at the center of the doorway or other point at which the exit begins. Where measurement includes stairs, it shall be taken in the place of the tread nosing. b. In the case of open areas, distance to exits shall be measured from the most remote point subject to occupancy. In case of individual rooms subject to occupancy by not more than six (6) persons, distance to exits shall be measured from the floors of such rooms provided the path of travel from any point in the room to the room door does not exceed fifteen meters (15 m). 2. Where open stairways or ramps are permitted, as a path of travel to required exit, such as between mezzanines or balconies and the floor below, the distance shall include the travel on the stairway or ramp, and the travel from the end of the stairway or ramp to reach an outside door or other exit, in addition to the distance to reach the stairway or ramp. Where any part of an exterior way of exit access is within three meters (3 m) horizontal distance of any unprotected building opening, as permitted by Section 10.2.5.5 for outside stairs, the distance to the exit shall include the length of travel to ground level. BP 344 Implementing Rules And Regulations (IRR) Amendments Minimum Requirements For Accessibility A.

General Provisions

1. Accessible Ramps

1.1 1.2

Changes in level shall require a ramp except when served by a dropped sidewalk, curb ramp, an elevator, or other mechanical device. Accessible ramps shall have the following facilities and features: 1.2.1 Minimum clear width of 1.20 m. 1.2.2 Gradient not steeper than 1:12.

17 Figure #. Retrieved from BP 344 Implementing rules and regulations (IRR) amendments minimum requirements for accessibility.

Figure # Retrieved from BP 344 Implementing rules and regulations (IRR) amendments minimum requirements for accessibility.

1. Curb Ramps

1.1

Curb ramps shall only be allowed when it will not obstruct a sidewalk/walkway or in any way lessen the width of a sidewalk/walkway or lessen the level/turning area of 1.50 m x 1.50 m. Curb ramps shall only be allowed if the width of sidewalks/walkways

are more than 3.30 m with a corresponding curb height of 150 mm, otherwise dropped sidewalks shall be used. 1.2

For drop off points for persons with disabilities at loading bays, the minimum width of a curb ramp should be 900 mm.

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Fig. B.2.1

Table 6. Basic Accessibility Requirements Accessibility Ramps

- It should have a minimum clear width of 1.20 meters and a gradient not steeper than 1:12

Stairs

-Uniform risers of 150mm (maximum) and treads of 300mm (minimum) shall be used. -Tread surfaces shall be of slip-resistant material; nosings shall be slip resistant to further minimize slipping. -Slanted nosings are preferred than protruding nosings so as not to pose difficulty for people using crutches or braces whose feet have tendency to get caught in protruding nosings.

Stairs

-Handrails shall be installed at 900mm and 700mm above stair treads. A 300mm long extension of the handrail should be provided at the top and bottom of stairs.

19 -Stair handrails shall be continuous throughout the entire length and extend not less than 300mm beyond the top and bottom step. Slip-resistant Materials

-Slip-resistant materials shall have a coefficient of friction of 0.60 for level surfaces of 0.80 for sloping surfaces.

Handrails and Grab Bars

-Handrails shall be required for accessible ramps for changes in grade higher than 170mm. These shall be installed at both sides of ramps and stairs. -Handrails may be provided at dropped sidewalks but should not be installed beyond the width of any crossing so as not to obstruct pedestrian traffic. -Handrails shall be installed at 900mm and 700mm above stairs.

Signage

-The International Symbol of Access shall be composed of a white symbolized figure of a person in a wheelchair with a square background in UN Blue Color. -The symbolized figure shall always face the right. -Provide directional arrows when the space/area function being referred to is facing left.

Parking

Where parking spaces are required to be provided, the number of accessible parking lots for vehicles driven by persons with disabilities or vehicles with passengers with disabilities shall be in accordance to Table #.

Note. Data presented above are basic minimum requirement of the Accessibility Law that is subdivided with facilities with specified conditions. Adapted from Melodic Therapy: Musical Theme Destination Facility 2015. Retrieved from BP 344 Implementing Rules and Regulations Amendments Minimum Requirements for Accessibility.

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Table #. Accessible Parking Slot Requirements Total Number of Parking Slot Required Slots 1-25 26-50 51-75 76-100 101-150 151-200 201-300 301-400 401-500 501-1000 1001-over

Number of Accessible Parking 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2% of total spaces 20 + 1 for each 100 or a fraction thereof over 1000 Note. Data presented above are requirement for accessible parking slot. Adapted from Melodic Therapy: Musical Theme Destination Facility 2015. Retrieved from BP 344 Implementing Rules and Regulations Amendments Minimum Requirements for Accessibility.

Structural Concepts

21 Figure #. Hyperbolic Paraboloid Structure The iconic form of L’Oceanografic was derived through continued geometric investigation. Called “La Flor” (The Flower) by townspeople, a continuous interior space is enclosed by a singular sculptural surface. Light spills through the glass apertures that infill each vault, highlighting the roof form. The roof is a circular array of four curved-edge hypar saddles that intersect at the center point, resulting in an eight-sided groined vault. The plan is radially symmetric with a maximum diameter of 139 feet. Groins spanning 106 feet between supports. Trimmed at the perimeter to form a canted parabolic overhang, the shell simultaneously rises up and out at each undulation. The force paths from these overhangs act in the opposite direction from forces along the arched groin, reducing outward thrust.

Figure # Roof Plan and Bar Arrangement The largest membrane forces are carried along the intersections between the forms, called the groins. This areas are thickened by creating hidden steel reinforced “V” beams. The rest of

22 the structure has minimal reinforcing to address creep and temperature effects, but essentially works entirely in compression. The symmetrical plan and innovative use of “V” beams allows edges free of stiffening beams, revealing the radical thickness of the 4cm (1 ½”) shell.

Figure #. Structural Section A section through Los Manantiales shows the parabolic arch along the groins and the inverted arch through the highpoint of each vault.

Figure. Diagrid System. Retrieved from http://kweehow.blogspot.com/2014/05/past-brace-tubenew-diagrid-newest.html

23 Diagrid structures of the steel members are efficient in providing solution both in term of strength and stiffness. But nowadays a widespread application of diagrid is used in the large span and high-rise buildings, particularly when they are complex geometries and curved shapes. Diagrid structures of the steel members are efficient in providing solution both in term of strength and stiffness. But nowadays a widespread application of diagrid is used in the large span and high rise buildings, particularly when they are complex geometries and curved shapes. Module Geometry of Diagrid Structural System: 1. Diagrid Optimal Angle The diagonal member of the diagrid carries both shear and moment. So the optimal angle of placing of the diagonals is dependent of building height. The optimal angle of the columns for maximum bending rigidity in the normal building is 90 degree and for the diagonals for shear rigidity is 35 degree. It is assumed that the optimal angle of the diagrid falls in between the both. Usually adopted range is 60 -70 degree. As the height of the building increases the optimal angle also increases. 2. Diagrid Module Dimensions The module dimensions are majorly two: 11. Height: The height of the diagrid depends on the number of floors stacked in one module of diagrid. The common number of floors stacked for module of the diagrids are 2 to 6. 2. Base of the module: The base on which the diagrid is formed usually depends on the height and the optimal angle of the diagrid. Diagrid Structural System Node Design

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Figure #. Node Design The nodes are the important part of the design of the diagrid system. All the diagonal sections are connected to each other by the help of nodes. These nodes are designed for two types of loads, vertical load and horizontal shear. These nodes are joined to the other sections by welding or bolting. It is made sure that very less amount of weld is to be used in the joining. The vertical load is transferred in the form of axial loads from the diagrid members that are placed above the nodes to the gusset plate and stiffeners, then to the diagrid members below the nodes. The horizontal shear is also in the form of axial loads in the diagrid above the nodes, but here one is in compression and another is in tension. The transfer of load is from above the node member to the gusset plate and stiffener and then from gusset plate and stiffener to the members below the node in pair of compression and tension. Due to this load transfer path, the shear forces developed at the location of bolt connection is very high under the time of lateral loads. This may be the shear zone or weak zone of this structure during the earthquakes, the designing of the bolt connections is to be done carefully.

25 The advantages of the diagrid in the construction of the structure majorly improves the aesthetic view of the building. The use of diagrid reduces the steel up to 20% compared to brace frame structure. It doesn’t need technical labor as the construction technology is simple. The diagrid makes the maximum use if the structural material is used. When glass material is used with the diagrid, it allows generous amount of light inside the structure. These structures have majorly column free exterior and interior, free and clear, unique floor plans can be implemented. Architectural Space Programming Table # Space Programming

Space Requirement s

A. Private Spaces Sales Department

Finance Department

Function Activities

This is responsible for selling products by implementin g sales plans and supervising sales staff This is responsible for all the day to day transactional accounting for business, its cash flow, and advising

Zoning

Furnitu Accessibl Guidelines in re / e to the Space Fixture following Allocation / s occupants Floor Area / Dimensions

Private

It should be located near the marketing and finance department.

Private

It should be near the sales and marketing department, and the chief executive’s office.

Remark s/ Figures

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General Service Department

Engineering Department

Human Resource Department

and sourcing longer term financing. This is Private responsible for services that are applicable for the whole workplace such as insurance, medical, payroll, personnel, and security. This is Private responsible for leading and supervising a team of engineers as they develop, test, modify, and create solutions to technical problems. This is Private concerned with the issues of managing people in the organization and the process of recruiting suitable candidates for the organization.

It should be the center of the administratio n area, nearest to the HR Department.

It should be located near the Design and Creative Department.

It should be located near the Gen. Services Department.

27 Parks and Relations Office

Ticketing Office

Marketing Department

Design and Creative

This is responsible in maintaining the organization’ s image and of communicati ng its message to its customers, investors and the general public. This is responsible for all ticketing concerns and where ticketing agents are. This area is responsible for advertising, promotions, public relations and sales. It also includes research and development, pricing, distribution, customer service, sales and communicati ons This area is responsible

Private

It should be located near the HR office.

Private

It should be located near the ticketing booth.

Private

It should be near the sales and finance department.

Private

It should be located near

28 Department

Security Department

Janitorial Department

Chief Executive Office

Board Room

Meeting Rooms

with the conceptualiza tion, design, innovations, and technologies for the theme park. This is where Private the CCTV room for the whole themed park is housed. This is Private responsible for the overall maintenance of the theme park on a macro level. The Private president’s office with his assistants. This is provided for singular events such as business conferences and meetings. This is provided for singular events such as business conferences

Private

Private

the engineering department.

It should be near to the admin observatory.

It can be located anywhere in the Administratio n Zone.

It should be near the general services and finance department. It should be near the executive’s office and his associates.

It should be provided to areas where it is needed.

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Employee’s Locker room and Record Room.

Employee’s Lounge

Cafeteria

Utility and Storage

Pantry

Powder Room

and meetings. This is where the workers keep their records of attendance and where they put their stuffs. This is where employees can spend their break times. This is where all employees could eat during lunch time.

Private

It should be located near the Employee’s Lounge.

Private

It should be located near the locker rooms and cafeteria. It should be located near the employee’s lounge.

Private

This is an Private area where equipment not used in day-to-day activities is kept. It is a small Private room or closet in which food, dishes, and utensils are kept. It is a Private bathroom, especially one which does not have a bathtub or shower and is intended for

It is Strategically located where its distance from the spaces is walkable. It should be near the powder room per department.

It should be near the pantry per department.

30 use by guests.

Public/Semi Private Spaces Space Requirements

Ticketing Area

Entrance Photo Area

Small Commercial Stalls

Food Kiosks

Function Activities

It is an area for selling tickets for the rides. This is an area before the lobby that is intended for welcoming guests where they can take photos with the artistic elements, statues, and objects within the area. This is where the visitors can first spend their time or if they are hungry when they arrived, they may go here. This is a small structure having one or more

Zoning Furniture Accessible / Fixtures to the following occupants

Public

Guidelines Remarks in Space / Figures Allocation / Floor Area / Dimensions It should be adjacent to the lobby.

Public

It should be near the lobby.

Public

It should be located near the lobby.

Public

It is clustered in the zone.

31 sides open, which offers snacks and foods to the visitors. Comfort This is a room Rooms for personal hygiene activities, generally containing at minimum a toilet and sink. Souvenir Shop This is a store primarily selling souvenirs relating to a particular topic or theme. Small It is an area Commercial for business Stalls opportunities intended to generate a profit either from capital gain or rental income. Big It is an area Commercial for business Stalls opportunities intended to generate a profit, either from capital gain or rental income. Food Court It is an area within a building where there are many small restaurants

Semiprivate

It is located with tolerable distance from the entrance.

Public

It should be clustered in the zone.

Public

It should be near the foodcourt.

Public

It should be near the foodcourt.

Public

It should be near the commercial stalls and comfort room.

32

Movie Theater/ Cinema

Mechanical Room

Stairs

that share a large area of tables for their customers. It is an auditorium for viewing films for entertainment. This is a floor dedicated for all equipment that will sustain the building such as cooling towers, engine rooms, HVAC equipment, technical, chiller plants, sprinkler distribution. This is another option for going from one floor to another.

PWD Toilet Facilities

This is a powder room for persons with disabilities

Electrical Room

This is an area where all the electrical controls for a specific area

SemiPrivate

It is the first thing to see in the zone.

Private

Public

SemiPrivate

It is strategically located where its distance from the spaces is walkable. It is strategically located where its distance from the spaces is walkable. It should be near the other maintenance facilities

33 in the park is located.

34 References Beaudry, Max (March 10, 2011). What Is the Difference Between a Theme Park and an Amusement Park? Retrieved from http://ezinearticles.com/?What-Is-the-DifferenceBetween-a-Theme-Park-and-an-Amusement-Park?&id=6059409 Levine, Arthur (July 24, 2017) What is the Difference Between a Theme Park and and Amusement Park? Retrieved from https://www.tripsavvy.com/theme-vs-amusementparks-3225648 Pavegen. Retrieved from http://www.pavegen.com/about/ Sloan Hybrid Urinal. Retrieved from http://www.constructiondive.com/news/top-10-greenbuilding-products-for-2016/409462/ Wisegeek. What is a Multiplex? Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-amultiplex.htm