Applying Integrated Ecological Planning And Alit For Developing Countries

Green Imp act Indonesia Integrated U rban, D rainage and Environm ental Planning and D esign CP: Gu nawa n Ta nuwidjaja MSc, Env, Mg t, (NUS) B.Arch (ITB) Email: g u nteit b@ ya ho o.com, Web:ht tp://g reeni mpac tind o. word press.com/ab ou t/

Applying Integrated Ecologi cal Planning a nd Adaptive Landscape Evaluation Tool for Developing Countrie s i n the Framework of Sustainable Spatial Planning and Development, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, I ndone sia 1

W ritten by : Tanu widjaja, Gun awan. & 2 Malon e-L ee, L ai Choo.

1

MSc. Env ironment al Managem ent (NUS), S. T. (ITB) Urban Planner & Researcher, Green Impact Indonesia, Integrated Urban, Drainage and Environmental - Planning and Design Studio Mobile: +62 812 212 20842 Em ail: gunt eitb@y ahoo.com 2

Ph.D. (Toky o), Masters U rban Planning (Sydney ), B.Sc R eal Est ate (NUS) Direct or of Centre f or Sust ainable Asian Cities School of Design and Env ironm ent, National U niv ersity of Singapore Em ail: sdem alon@nus. edu.sg Presented in:

Abstr act. Developing countries, like Indonesia, f ace great dev elopm ent press ure due to economic developm ent f or great num ber of populations. Various env ironmental problems later emerge due to unplanned, unc ontrolled and uns ustainable land use dev elopment as well as sev ere env ironm ent al destructions. The need f or integrated ec ologic al planning actually emerges from this concern. The integrated ec ological planning could be def ined as “Planning proc ess that cons ider the ecological condition, env ironm ental carry ing capacity , and other s ocial economy that af f ect the location. Lat er on, int egration of

2

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

infrastructure planning such as water management, mass transportation, waste management, energy conserv ation, etc. Involvement of stakeholders would be integrated in the proc ess application. “ The real ecological planning application f ace constraints s uch as the lack of political will, lack of expertise, tools, res earch, and funding in gov ernment as well as cons ultants. But still t he int egrated ec ological planning should be applied to ac hiev e the more s ustainable dev elopm ent as well as to conserv e of strategic or important ecological areas. One of the important steps of ecological planning is the landsc ape evaluation methodology . The ev aluation method researc h was started in 2005, f or National Univ ersity of Singapore, MSc Environmental Managem ent program. Later t hrough real applic ation, we redef ine the method with real application in other planning projects in ot her countries. Our researc h involv es identify ing the k ey elements of all ev aluation methods, which were lat er distilled and ref ined to build on Adaptive Landscape Evaluation Tool or ”ALi T”. The strengths of sy stem lie mainly in establishing evaluation met hods, adaptiv e list of data, and scoring thres holds t hat embraces sustainable land dev elopm ent principles. The method was validated in Bintan Buyu, Bintan Island, Indones ia and prov en to be applicable f or loc al gov ernm ent. While the criteria and other scoring system would need to be adjust ed to eac h dif f erent cases. The proposed sy stem is comprehensive y et manageable and practic able. It encom pass es f our important elements as part of the development and evaluation process, namely, initial sec ondary data collection, rapid survey to v erify critical data, m ulti-disc iplinary analysis with Geographic Information System (GI S), and lastly , stakeholders’ inputs. The authors believ e that ALi T can be a very useful tool for reducing environmental destruction while acc om modating economic dev elopment in dev eloping countries. We understands that there are c onstrains in method application due to lack of politic al will as well as limited f unding to gather all env ironmental, social and economic al as pects. Bec ause of that, the v ision f or dev eloping Sust ainable Spatial Planning must be made f irst bet ween stak eholders of the region comprising Public, People and Priv ate (Government, the People and the Priv ate sect or). And Integrat ed Spatial Planning with Focus on Ec ological Approach would be t he near-f uture t rend for the World. Keywords: Integrated Ecological Planning, Landsc ape Evaluation, Land Evaluation, Sust ainable Planning, Sustainable Land Development.

Applying Integrated E cological Planning and Adaptive 3 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia

1

Introduction

In the p re sen t yea r, t he wo rld face s extreme en vironmental problems that threat en it s livelihood. The problem s are re sou rce depletion, global clim ate change, extinction of plant s a nd anim als, lo ss of wildlife habitats, increasing pollution, and povert y (M iller, 2003). We believe that the se environmental issues were ca u sed by 2 main factors, which were exponential population growth and the ri se of anth ropo cent ri sm and liberalism. First, the world’s population ha s increased e xponentially from 2.521 billion in 1950 to 6.782 billion in 2009. With the current population gro wth, it wa s predicted to reach 9 billion by 2040 and to put more pre ssu re to the Ea rth. Further, the world’s population wa s not dist ributed eq ually according to a vailability of resource s. Thi s al so stre sse d to ce rtain areas on Earth. 1 Secondly, we al so believe that ant hrop ocentri sm and liberalism justify hum an conduct to the un sustainable development. The anthropocent ri sm sugg ested that “human beings a re the cent ral of the universe and the nature is creat ed only to se rve hum an interest. ” This wa s pa rallel to Liberalism which uph eld “the a utonomy of the individual and political liberties”. Unfortunately, the se principal s we re u sed to justify the ext rem e exploitation of the earth . 2 The current economic system wa s al so foun d unsu stainable because of speculative and inefficient production; over-utilisation of non-ren e wable reso urces and exce ssi ve pollution. Therefore, seve re re sou rce depletion, biodiversity loss and increasing pollution happened. Similarly to that, environmentalist s believed that if the im pact of great population, un sust ainable con sum ption pattern and technological advan cem ent in the wo rld were combined, enorm ou s environmental im pact would occur. And finally, it would increase Ea rth’s environm ental vulnerability index (Miller, 2003, Kaly et all, 2004; Kaly et all, 2005).

1

http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/popclockworld.htm l, estim ated by U nited States Census Bureau on 5th Septem ber 2009; http://au.encarta.m sn.com /encyclopedia_1461501471/Population_Explosion.htm l; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Population-m ilestones.jpg 2 http://dictionary.ref erence.com/; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/; http://www.m erriam-webster.com/

4

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

Figure 1 Population Dens ity Map of the World. (So urce: http://sedac .ciesin. org /wdc/ map _gallery.js p; Ce nter f or In tern ational Earth Scienc e Infor mati on Ne twor k (CIESIN) Colu mbia Uni versit y, a nd Centro Int ernaci onal de Agriculture Tropical (CIAT), Grid de d Pop ulatio n of Th e W orld (GP W) Versio n).

Figure 2 The C om bined Env ironment al Impact of Population, Cons um ption Pattern and Tec hnologic al Advancem ent to the World. (Sources: Miller, 200 3)

Applying Integrated E cological Planning and Adaptive 5 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia

Figure 3 Env ironmental Vulnerability Index Map of the W orld. (So urce: http://sedac .ciesin. org /wdc/ map _gallery.js p; K al y et all, 2004).

Land, a s o ne earth’s resources, also faces de velopment pressure. Due to its limited supply and speculation activities, many important natu ral area s were sacrificed for land developm ent. Eventually, this increa sed rate s of defore station and dese rtification wo rldwide (Millennium Eco system Assessm ent, 2005 )

6

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

Figure 4 The World’s Def orestation in 2000. (Source: Millennium Ecos yst em Assessmen t, 2 00 5; htt p://i mag es.wri.org ).

Figure 5 The World’s Ant hropogenic Biomes (Land D ev elopment) in 2000. (So urce: htt p://sed ac.ciesin .org/wdc/map_g allery.jsp; Ellis, E.C. and N. Rama n kut t y, 200 8).

Applying Integrated E cological Planning and Adaptive 7 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia Understanding the complexity of the developing count rie s cont ext, we decided to evaluate the environm ental issue s in the count rie s fu rthe r in this paper. Be side tho se facto rs mentioned abo ve, povert y al so created great land and natu ral a rea conversion in the developing cou ntrie s. Unfo rtunately, the se de veloping countries are m ostly located in the “biodiversit y hot spot ” and affected by greater biodive rsity lo ss. (Mulongoy K.J. & Chape S., 2004; UNEP-WCM C, 2002 - Wo rld Atla s of Biodiversity; UNDP 2004 - Human De velopm ent Report 2004)

Figure 6 Distribution of GDP per capita in 1995. (Source: S achs & Malan ey, 2002).

8

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

Figure 7 Relationship bet ween Biodiv ersity Hotspot Location and Dev eloping C ountries. Legend: Developing C ountries HDI = 0.27 – 0. 75. (Sources: http:// maps.grida. no; Mulongo y K.J. & Ch ape S. , 2 00 4; UNEP- WCMC, 20 02 World Atlas of Bi odi versit y; UNDP 20 04 - Human De velo pment Rep ort 2 004)

One of real exam ple of e xten si ve defore station an d biodiversity loss is Indone sia. Ext ensive defo restation has happened since 1950 s. In 1998, it was repo rted that fort y percent of the forest s, which wa s repo rted in 1950, had been cleared. From 162 million ha fore st, only 98 million ha fore st was left (FAO - Global Fore st Resources Asse ssme nt, 2005 ). Fu rther, other repo rt s sho wed th at 1,708,750 to 1,871,500 ha of f ore sts we re defo rested annually. While 147 spe cies of mamm als (including orangutan, tiger, rhino ceros, an d elephant ), 114 bird s, 28 reptile s, 91 fishe s and 28 inve rteb rate s h ad become extinct in the process. (WRI et all. (2002) - State of the Fo re st Indone sia; WRI e t all. (2000 ) - Trial by Fire; FA O - Global Fo rest Re sou rce s Assessment 2005) The exten sive defore station also redu ced of biodiversit y richne ss in Indone sia. There a re 3 m ain centre s of specie s richne ss in Indone sia, which are Irian Jaya (with high spe cies richne ss and endemism ), Kalimantan (with high sp ecie s richness but m oderate endem ism ), and Sulawe si (with m oderate specie s richness and high endem ism ). So Indone sia’s biodiversity was affected trem endou sly by unsu stainable land developm ent (WRI et all., 2002 - State of t he Fore st Indo nesia; W RI et all., 2000 - Trial by Fire).

Applying Integrated E cological Planning and Adaptive 9 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia

Figure 8

Natural Forest Cov er Change in Indonesia, 1985 – 1997.

(Sources: WRI et all., 200 2 - St ate of the Fores t In do nesia)

Figure 9 Forest Cov er and 1997-1998 Forest Fires in Western Indonesia. (Sources: WRI et all., 200 0 - Trial b y Fire, Forest)

10

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

Tabel 1 Forest Area and Def orestation, 1985 – 1997 (Governm ent of Indonesia and W orld Bank Estim ates). (So urces: WRI et all., 2 002 - St ate of the Forest Indo nesi a)

Figure 10 Biotic Ric hness: Percent of World’s Species Found in Indonesia. (So urces: WRI et all., 2 002 - St ate of th e Forest Indo nesia)

It can be con cluded, that major problem s such a s re source depletion, great population, high population den sity and poverty a re very often faced b y de veloping count rie s. Beca u se of that sustainable developm ent approa ch become s ve ry crucial. And it ha s to be implem ented starting with the adoption of su stainable spatial planning practice. On the cont ra ry, the im plementation of sustainable spatial planning faced a lot of obst acles in developing countrie s. Lack of political wills,

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 11 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia limited government budget, lim ited tim eframe for p roject e xecution, corruption and po verty we re the major hindrances. On the ot her hand, sustainable spatial planning and development co ntrol i s the only solution for su stainable developm ent. One su cce ssful practice i s Singapore. (Wong T-C. et all, 2008). The Singapore planning was done with m eticulous effo rt of the Government and achieving Singapo re ’s model of su stainability (Wo ng TC. et all, 2008). Enhan cing the city condition, the government furt her prepared seve ral su stainable st rategie s such as Singapore’s Green Plan, and Singapo re’s Su stainable De velopm ent Blueprint. 3

Figure 11 The Singapore Sust ainable City Model. (So urce: Wo ng T-C. et all, 2008, redra wn b y Ta nuwidj aja G.).

Hi storically, the sust ainable spatial planning wa s invented in b y Ian McHarg. He invent ed Ecological Planning, which defined a s, “Comprehensi ve land use planning which co n sider the so cial, legal, 3

http://app.m ewr.gov.sg/web/C ontents/C ontents.aspx?C ontId=1342 http://app.mewr.gov.sg/data/Im gCont/1292/sustainbleblueprint_forweb.pdf

12

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

econom y, the need, aspiration and perception of the futu re use r,” (McHa rg, 1 992; M cHarg, 1998 ). Ba sed on the pre vious wo rks, we de veloped the “Integ rate d Spatial Planning with Focu s on E cological Approach”, which could be defined as “Planning process which con side r the ecological condition (biodiversit y), environmental capacity, a nd social -econom ic conte xt that influence the site. Fu rther, in the planning process, integration of infrast ruct ure planning such as water resource m anagem ent, etc m ust be evaluated and im plemented. Lastly, but not least the sta keholders’ pa rticipation must be facilitated in all decision making pro cess.” And this co ncept could be de scribed in the following figure.

Figure 12 The Integrated Spatial Planning with Ecological Approach.

And the re a re the critical point s in the app roach, which a re: Condu cting m ultidisciplinary landscape e valuation to determine the con servation area and mitigate m ajor environmental im pact to the site. Con serving of critical ecological area that are important for ecology and other en vironm ental se rvices

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 13 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia Evaluating of local natural re sou rce s, such a s wate r reso urce s, infra st ructu re p rovi sion s etc. La stly but not lea st, det ermining the ca rrying capacity of p otential area for development. Therefo re, a simple land scape evaluation tool i s need ed to suppo rt the concep t above which suitable fo r de veloping count ries. The tool m ust be sim ple enough for the users without com promising its validity. Further, it should pre scribe the su stainable recomm endation and cater sta keholders pa rticipation.

1.1

Des cription

This re search was conducted to develop integrated landscape evaluation m ethod for planners and gove rnm ent autho rities of developing count ries. Meanwhile, to validate the tool’s applicability, the authors cho se the ca se in Bintan Island, Indone sia. It was unde rta ken to understand it s limitations and fu rthe r refinement. And it was cond ucted following these ste ps: To develop integrated method of land scape evaluation, the autho rs t ried to identify the key elements of se veral pa st evaluation method s. And we evaluated their st rength, wea kne sse s and po ssible a rea for development with the current te chnology. These previou s re sea rch es in land scape evaluation o r site e valuation are: 1. Approa che s fo r Gene ral A rea s : McHarg (1 992); A nderson (2000); Aylward (2000 ) 2. Approa che s fo r Rural and Natural Area s: Covent ry-Solihull-Warwick (1971); A.O.N.B. (Penning – Ro swell, 1975); Blacksell and Gild (1975); Rat cliffe (1977 ); Li, Wang, Liang & Zhou (2 006) 3. Approa che s fo r Urban A rea s: Wei ss, Donn elly and Kai se r (1966); White (1985); Freem an (1999); Briffet (2001 ); Balm ori & Benoit (2003) Di stilling the relevant methods and crite ria, the authors p rescribed the landscape evaluation tools nam ed ALiT, the a cron ym for Adaptive Landscape E valuation Tool. “Alit” in Sund ane se language (native language of West Java, Indone sia) means “sm all or simple”. This was

14

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

parallel to our intention to deliver a sim ple evaluation m ethod for developing count ries. We fu rther re fined and validated the m ethods du ring application. And later we also integrate d input s from st akeholders in Bintan and experience s with Singapore’s Urban Planning Consultant in various developing count ries. 4

1.1.1 Landscape Evaluation Method Broadly, the re are eight stage s of ALiT (Ad aptive Land scape E valuation Tool), which a re: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Defining the Pu rpo se, Scope & Context of the E valuation Criteria Selection Secondary Data Collection GIS Databa se Pro cessing Rapid Su rve y of Critical Areas (Reconnai ssance S urvey especially for Biological Aspe ct) 6. Expert Con sultation (Sem i-Delphi Consultation) 7. GIS Analysi s (including Ecological Factors, Othe r Natu ral Fact ors and S ocio - Economic Facto rs) 8. Sta keholde rs Evaluation (Sta keholders Participation)

4

http://www.jurong.com/; Gunawan has practiced as Urban Planner with Jurong Consultant Pte Ltd , Planning D ivision f or 2 years

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 15 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia

D EFINING P URPOSE . SCOPE , CON TEXT

CRITERIA SELECTIO N

SECOND ARY D ATA CO LLECTION

GIS DA TABASE

RAP ID SU RVEY

EXP ERT CO N SULTA TION (SEMI-D ELPHI)

OTH ER NA TURAL FACTORS AN ALY SIS (GIS , QUA NTITATIV) E

CO N SERVA TION A REA

ECOLOGICAL FA CTO RS AN ALY SIS (G IS, Q UA NTITATIV ) E

EXP EN SIVE A REA FOR D EVELOP MEN T

SO CIA L & ECON O MIC FA CTO RS A NALYSIS (GIS )

D EVELOP MEN T W ITH SPECIAL TREATMEN T

MO ST SU ITA BLE FO R DEVELOPMENT

STA KEH OLDERS EVALU ATIO (FO N CU S GRO UP D ISCU SSION)

- RECO MMEN DATION O F LA ND - CON U SESSERVATION P LA N - D EVELOP MENT PLAN

Figure 13 ALiT’s (Adaptiv e Landscape Ev aluation Tool) Methodology .

16

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

And we would describe the m ethodology of ALiT in detail below.

1.1.1.1 Defining the Purpose, Scope & Context of t he Evaluation Dete rm ining the purpo se and t he scope of evaluation is a crucial step for ALiT application. Because it would help dete rmining the suitable m ethod, reso urce allocation as well a s evaluation tim e frame. We sugge st compulso ry purp o se, which are: -

evaluating and protecting area fo r con se rvation predicting and reducing environmental impact s from adjacent and future development

Two additional alternative pu rposes a re suggested, such a s: -

determ ining the suitability of certain development to ce rtain location selecting the mo st suitable location for ce rtain development (site selection)

Originally, we adopted the possible land u se of ALiT from Anderson (2000), McHa rg (1992) and Singapo re’s Enviro nmental Pollution Control Act (Code of Practice s on Pollution Control, 2000). But con sequently, we sim plified them into categorie s of re sid ential, indust rial and comm ercial & institutional faciliti es for simpler application. While other spatial uses we re still under tho rough and further research.

1.1.1.2 Criteria Selection & Secondary Data Collection Originally, sixteen general criteria we re selected to repre sent the environmental functions and socio-e conomic consideration s. The se criteria we re adapted f rom previous work of McHarg (1992,1998), White (1985), Rat cliffe (1977), Ande rson (2000 ), Balm ori and Benoit (2003). These criteria were later divided into three grou ps rep re senting ecological facto rs, othe r natu ral facto rs and socio-e conomic fa ctors. The strat egy wa s conducted to redu ce the po ssible bias of the e valuation result. This strategy was adopted b y Freem an (1999 ) but with simpler criteria. Group 1 Data Set wa s p repa red to measu re the e cological value and con serve natural area s. The ecological value is m ainly repre sented by eco system type which i s not sim ilar in every location. Othe r factors if

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 17 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia available such a s patch size, rarity of plant and animal specie s, ecological connectivity and water bodies’ buffer would reinforce the accu rate re sult s. Group 2A Dat a Set wa s prepared t o mea sure the suitability for development relating to construction an d cataclysm co st s. Tho se criteria are the exi sting land use, topog raph y (especially slope), geolog y, soil type s, hydrolog y, clim ate, and re sou rce s. They are al so con side red as important crite ria because of con sid eration of hazardo us p otential such as flooding, hurricane, typhoon, land slide, erosion, et c. Later on, Group 2B wa s added to the criteria. This group include criteria related to physi cal facto rs, such a s accessibility and existing infra st ructu re, which require major inve stm ent s if needed. The authors realise that additional parameter can be included, fo r exam ple access to rail, port s airp ort s an d logistic wa rehou ses for indu strial area suitability for othe r application, such as new indust rial area. Following on, Group 3 Data Set wa s p repa red to measu re social and econom ic a spe ct s. The y a re political-legal factors, eco nom ic factors, and social factors. Som e of the factors ca n record social-economic condition such a s high crim e rate, or are endemic for ce rtain disea se s, etc. that needed by t he policy m ake rs. Finally, the human senso ry a spect, com pri sing vi sual quality and ot her pollution were included in Group 3. These criteria are useful in finding locations for tou ri sm areas, ho tel s, reso rts or high-end residential developments that require be tter visual quality. Ideally, we believe tha t all data de scribed ab ove should be collected. But learning that only limited data are often available in developing cou ntries context , we sugge sted the e valuators collecting critical data, such a s: ecological, topographical, geology, soil type s, hyd rology and ot her potential natural cata st rophe s. These data m ust be available whet her as second ary data o r the rapid primary a sse ssm ent re sult. Ad ditionally, further detailed studies are still needed to p roduce m ore accurate analysi s.

18

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

1.1.1.3 GIS Dat abase Processing After data collection, the data ha ve to be proce ssed dire ctly. We su gge st the evaluators to recon sider the p rocessing method based on the purpose; availability of skill set s, tool s or soft wa re a nd time. We believe th at GIS (Geographic Inform ation Syst em ) software should be u sed to produce m ore accurate dat a. On the other hand considering the lim itation in developing countries, we p rovided t wo m ajor m ethods for ALiT su ch a s: GIS databa se and manual databa se.

Under the GIS flo w, there are several alternative steps identified: a. Selecting and using GIS Soft wa re (such a s Arc View GI S 3.1) for databa se m anagement and analysi s b. Purcha sing a ba seline vector map from rem ote se n sing service provide rs c. If the vector map unavailable, other topog raphical m ap could be digitised with GIS soft ware (Autocad, Mapinfo etc) d. Digitising othe r factors into GI S data set (grid or shapefiles) e. Continuing to analysi s pha se Under the manual flow, we find that M cHa rg’s t ransp arent laye r m ap could be u sed to produce con servation and developm ent suitability maps (McHarg, 1998 ). We also note improvement of thi s m ethod with assi stan ce of t he late st computer g raphic soft ware application (su ch as Photoshop and Power point).

1.1.1.4 Rapid Survey Con side ring budget a nd time con straint s, the rapid su rvey is sugg ested to be fo cu sed in the critical area s. These areas could be area s with high biodiversity & high scenic values; and a rea s to be developed in the n ear future. And the se location s a re better to be identified first f rom aerial image or se conda ry data (GI S or land u se m ap). Fu rther, other im portant po ssible acce ss or mode of tran sport al so should be surveyed. The se a rea s a re port s, m ajor roads (according to the road s classifications), railways, light rails, airpo rts, as well as major com mercial – institutional facilities.

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 19 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia Other poten tial hazard s al so mu st be identified, su ch a s: wetland s, flood prone areas, slope s with potential landslide, polluting indu strie s, hazardous material sto rage, etc. This inform ation is im portant especially for residential and com mercial – institutional facilities. Ha ving tried seve ral survey m ethod s in A LiT application, we re com mend com bination of McHa rg t ransparent m ap s (M cHa rg, 1992), pho tograph s, video documentation, GP S set, a nd survey tables. These method s are found to be effe ctive, well-do cum ented and shorter in time wise.

1.1.1.5 Expert Consult ation ( Semi Delphi) Interpretation of the seconda ry data should be co nduct ed involving a team of expert s. A team, com prising of a Planner, Land scape Ecologist, Con servationi st, Hyd rologist, Civil Engineer, Geologist, and SocioEconom ic Scienti st, should be recruited. Later on, all data need to be interpreted and t ranslated into ranking criteria following the sustainable principals by the team. The principals we re al ready p re scribed in the previou s work o f M cHarg (1992), White (1985), Ratcliffe (1977 ), Ande rson (200 0), Balmori and Benoit (2003). And sample of ran king criteria is pre sented in the following table. Tabel 2 No

Sample of Ranking Criteria f or ALiT Criteria

H ighest C onservation Value

Most Suitable for Development

Highest C onserv ation Value More than 10 ha

Lowest Conserv ation Value Less than 0.4 ha

Threatened and Endangered Species Good

N o Species Found

Less than 15 m

More than 165 m

Threatened and Endangered Species

N o Species Found

Group 1 A

Vegetation

A1

Ecosystem Type

A2

Patch Size

A3

R arity of Plant Species

A4

Ecological C onnectiv ity

A5

R iparian & Beaches Buffer

B B1

Fragm ented

Animal R arity of Animal Species

20

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

This approach wa s originally pre scribed by M cHa rg (1998). Late r, we adopted differe nt app roach of sco ring method similar to Freem an (1999). La stly, we redefine the scoring interp retation validity with more assi stan ce of Sem i-Delphi discu ssio n. Adopting Environmental Im pact Asse ssm ent, we differentiate the important criteria with m ajor environmental im pact from other norm al criteria (Morri s and Therivel, 1995). Thi s concept i s t ran slated into t wo type s of scoring scale s. The first scale (0 t o 30) i s dedica ted for criteria with m ajor im pact (major-weighting). The se cond scale (0 t o 3) is pre scribed for the one s with m inor im pact (m inor-weighting).

Figure 14 Cons erv ation and Dev elopment Suitability Scale in ALiT.

We also produce new app roach in scoring technique, which de scribed 0 or zero re pre senting the high conse rvation areas or tot ally unsuitable area fo r development. On the cont rary we p re scribed 30 or 3 rep resenting the m ost suitable area for developm ent. Tabel 3

Criteria Int erpret ation f or ALiT C riteria Interpretation

No 1 2

C onservation

D evelopment Suitability

H igh C onservation Value Medium Conservation Value

N ot Suitable for D ev elopm ent Expensiv e for D ev elopm ent

Major W eighting

Minor W eighting

0–9

0

10 -19

1

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 21 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia 3

Low C onservation Value, Partial Hum an Intervention

Suitable f or D ev elopment with Special Treatm ent

20 – 29

2

4

N o C onservation Value, Massiv e H uman Intervention

Most Suitable f or D ev elopm ent

30

3

22

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

Tabel 4

Sample ALiT Scoring f or Bintan Ecological Dat a

(Legend: Italic text showed Indonesian translation) No

C ategory (K ategori)

A

Vegetation (Flora)

A1

Ecosystem Type (Tipe Ekosistem)

A2

C riteria Score (Nilai Kriteria)

W hich specific to Bintan (Spesifik untuk Bintan) Bare Earth (Tanah Terbuka) Mining (Pertambangan) H um an Settlem ent (Permukiman)

30 30 25

Agriculture (Pertanian)

20

Scrub (Padang) Marsh (Rawa) Plantation (Kebun)

20 15 15

Abandoned Plantation (Kebun yang Ditinggalkan)

12

Secondary Forest (Hutan Sekunder) Mangrov e C oral Reef (Terumbu Karang)

10 5 0

Fresh Water Swam p Forest (Hutan Rawa Air Taw ar)

0

Prim ary Forest (Hutan Primer)

0

Patch Size (Luas Ekosistem) 0-0.4 ha

2

0.4 -1 ha 1 -10 ha > 10 ha

1 0 0

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 23 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia Tabel 5

Sample ALiT Scoring f or Bintan Ecological Dat a continued

Legend: Italic text showed Indonesian translation No

A3

A4

A5

C ategory (K ategori)

R arity of Plant Species (K elangkaan Flora) N o D ata (Tidak ada Data)

C riteria Score (Nilai Kriteria)

2

C omm on Species (Spesies Biasa) Endemic Species to Large Area (Spesies Endemik pada Daerah yang Luas) Endemic Species to Sm all Area (Spesies Endemik pada Daerah yang Sempit)

2 2

Threatened and Endangered Species (Spesies Langka dan Terancam Langka)

0

1

Ecological C onnectivity (Konektivitas Ekologi) Good (Baik)

0

Fragm ented (Tidak baik)

2

R iparian & B eaches Buffer (Buffer untuk Sungai, D anau, R awa dan Pantai) 0 - 15 m

0

15 - 50 m 50 - 165 m > 165 m

0 1 2

B

Animal (Fauna)

B1

R arity of Animal Species (Kelangkaan Fauna) N o D ata (Tidak ada Data) C omm on Species (Spesies Biasa) Endemic Species to Large Area (Spesies Endemik pada Daerah yang Luas) Endemic Species to Sm all Area (Spesies Endemik pada Daerah yang Sempit) Threatened and Endangered Species (Spesies Langka dan Terancam Langka)

2 2 2 1 0

We decide to bring Bintan ’s case to explain the rationale of selecting 0 sco re for the high con servation area s. Further, to mea su re a total con servation score o r de velopment suitability for one a rea, all the critical criteria or facto rs of the location should be calculated f ollowing the se calculations.

24

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

Tabel 6

Score C alculation f or ALiT

Cons erv ation suit ability score (Group 1 sc ore)

= f actor A score * f actor B sc ore, etc

Dev elopment suit ability score (Group 2 or 3 sc ore)

= f actor C sc ore * factor D score * f actor E score, etc

So for e xample, if the area is a prim ary fore st in Bintan; with patch size of 0.4 ha; po sse sses certain endem ic spe cie s of plant s t o small; not connected with e cological corridor (f ragm ented); located at 1 65 m distance f rom the b each; and po sse sse s one endemic species of animals to large area. The individual factor score would follow this t able. Tabel 7

Sample of Score Calculation f or ALiT f or Ecological Score

No

C ategory (K ategori)

A

Vegetation (Flora)

A1

Ecosystem Type (Tipe Ekosistem) Prim ary Forest (Hutan Primer)

A2

Patch Size (Luas Ekosistem) 0-0.4 ha

A3

2 1

Ecological Connectivity (Konektiv itas Ekologi) Fragm ented (Tidak baik)

A5

0

R arity of Plant Species (Kelangkaan Flora) Endemic Species to Sm all Area (Spesies Endemik pada D aerah y ang Sem pit)

A4

C riteria Score (Nilai Kriteria)

2

R iparian & Beaches Buffer (Buffer untuk Sungai, D anau, R awa dan Pantai) 50 - 165 m

B

Anim al (Fauna)

B1

R arity of Anim al Species (Kelangkaan Fauna) Endemic Species to Large Area (Spesies Endemik pada D aerah y ang Luas)

1

2

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 25 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia The con se rvation score of the area would be able to calculated as follow Con servation sco re (Group 1 score )

= A1 * A2 score sco re

* A3 * A4 sco re score

* A5 * B1 sco re score

=0 =0

*1

*1

*2

*2

*2

So, it can be con cluded that the primary f orest pat ch i s not suitable for any developm ent. Further, similar principal also would be able to be applied in development suitability. Flood prone a rea s, high potential area s for land slide and earthquake are not suitable for development acco rding to ALiT.

1.1.1.6 GIS Analysis GIS an alysi s i s sta rted with co nve rsion of attributes abo ve into sco res by databa se soft ware o r GIS scripting. Later on all GIS data should be com piled and calculated in three g roup s. Sim ilar cla ssification of data set s, we al so p ropose d categori sing sco ring into 3, which are Group 1 sco re for the ecological value; group 2 score fo r suitability in other natural asp ect and gro up 3 score fo r suitability in so cio–econom ic aspect. The conse rvation thre shold need s to b e rede fined again in the expert panel. The threshold is not fixed, but from conve ntion s of the expe rt s, producing balance con se rvation and de velopment recomm endation. Fo r example, the threshold in Bintan was adju sted to 47%. It was selected in the view o f con serving important a rea and re comm ending less e cological im portant area for development, such a s scrubland, agriculture, m ining, barren ea rth. For compari so n, Freem an (19 99) recomm ended score 14 of total 3 0 for con servation th resh old in Leeds case o r 46%. After setting the th re shold, we could find area s with low ecological sco re which could be suitable for development. Potential suitable area s fo r developm ent need to be e valuated for ot her factor suitability. And thre sholds would need to be set fo r each score (score 2 and score 3 ). Finally the analysi s would produce 3 recomm endation of area, su ch a s: very suitable area for development,

26

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

suitable area with certain treatment, area that expensive to de velop and area not suitable for th e developm ent.

Tabel 8 Sample of Threshold of Cons ervation and Dev elopment Suit ability No

1 2

1 2 3 4

Criteria Interpretation Group 1 Score (C onservation) for Bintan C ase Proposed f or conservation R ecomm ended for developm ent, need further Group 2 and 3 assessm ent Group 2 and Group 3 Scores (Development Suitability) N ot Suitable for D evelopment Expensiv e for Developm ent Suitable f or D evelopm ent with Special Treatm ent Most Suitable f or D evelopm ent

Criteria Score

0 - 47% 47.1 - 100%

0 – 33.3% 33.3 – 66.6% 66.6 – 99.9% 100%

Fu rther, su stainable planning and de sign concept mu st be prepared for area t hat a re e xpensi ve for development and suitable but need certain treatment. For example, barre n land in Bintan could be de veloped, but with the caref ul soil erosion p revention. Another example, proper stru ctu ral system with adaptation to the ea rthquake i s needed for development in the earthqua ke p rone areas.

1.1.1.7 St akeholder Evaluation Sta keholde r evaluation of the interim landscape evaluation result s is needed. It wa s proposed to e nsu re the acceptan ce of the local com munities, governm ent a s well a s p rivate sectors an d redu ce the social impacts f rom the plan. Participato ry approach wa s originally developed in UK and USA. This process wa s later introduce d to the developing count rie s b y the n ongovernment organi sation, such a s A DB, GTZ, USAI D and JICA, to po stdisa ste r areas su ch a s Aceh (Nanggroe A ceh Daru ssalam Province,

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 27 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia Indone sia). Although still facing difficulty, these processes were generally accepted in Indo ne sia and quite succe ssful. 5 The difficulties of implem enting participatory planning are the limitation of project time (e specially government-funded and inte rnational-fund ed) and po ssible conflict of intere st s. Fu rthe r, we al so found th at the fut ure spatial development information could create land sp eculation in the countrie s with liberal land m arket, such a s India, Indone sia, Vietnam, etc. But we still believe that the sta keholde rs’ participation still would bring po sitive im pact s to th e com muniti es and sustainable spatial planning. Finally, we would like emphasi se t hat afte r ALiT im plementation, an Integrated Spatial Plan should be prepa red by prof essional consultant s. Fu rther to validate ALiT applicability, we will describe its application in Bintan I sland, Indone sia.

1.1.2 Applicat ion of ALiT (Adaptive Landscape Evaluation Tool) in Bint an Buyu ALiT was applied to re view the e cological condition a s well a s the fea sibility of Bintan Buyu Developm ent, Bintan Island, Indone sia. The area wa s o riginally designated by Bintan Regency Go ve rnment as the new Di strict Cent re (nam ed as Banda r Se ri Bintan) in 2004. Facing resi sta nce from Cent ral Gove rnm ent becau se of co nse rva tion status of the area, the Local Governm ent conduct ed fea sibility re-evaluation with our team a ssi stance. Although the development wa s rejected by the Cent ral Government, we are glad to participate becau se our ability to mitigate the impacts and to produce su stainable spatial development scena rio. And we fo cuse d our evaluation in m easuring the conservation value and re sidential suitability of the location which described accordingly. First, a gen eral survey and interviews for collecting secondary data were conducted. The p roce ss involved Bintan Planning Agency (BA PPEDA); 5

http://www.relief web.int/library/docum ents/2005/brr-idn-22sep.pdf http://www.adb.org/D ocum ents/Reports/39127-IN O/FactSheets/village-plans.pdf http://www.pdfcoke.com /doc/13103851/Participatory-Planning-in-Aceh-U RDIGTZ-Sem inar2526-July -2008 http://indonesia.usaid.gov/en/Article.361.aspx http://www.jica.go.jp/indonesia/english/activities/pdf/JICAinAceh.pdf

28

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

Stati stics Agen cy (BP S); Fore st ry Age ncy (Dinas Kehutan an; Public Works Agency (Dinas PU); and Inve stm ent Coordination and Regional Promotion Board (BKP MD) of Bintan. The m ost -updated critical GIS data set s we re collected from the Public Works Department (199 3). Other maps we re al so collected f rom Indone sian National Geological Re sea rch Cent re and National Water Re sources Cen tre in Bandung, W est Ja va, Indone si a. And this allowed the application of GIS soft wa re (Arc Vie w GIS 3 .1). The data late r were scanne d, geo-referenced and co nve rted to shape-files (SHP ). A comprehensi ve site su rvey wa s condu cted with team of four person s, com pri sing 1 Urban Planner, 2 Biologists and 1 Civil Engineer (Go vernment Officer), in June 200 6. It was exe cuted using ALiT’s recomm ended tools. And we found it very effective and accurate because of adequ ate experti se and tool s. In the survey, some point s for biological assessment were selected rep resenting each ecotype. Many important ecotype s had been converted to agricultu re land or hum an set tlement based on 1993’s e cotype s. Thi s finding actually highlighted the importance of latest remote sen sing im age data in evaluation process. Unfo rtunately, be cau se of funding lim itation, the data wa s not collected. GIS databa se analysi s wa s late r condu cted focusing only on Ecological sco re a nd Re side ntial De velopm ent Suitability for oth er natu ral factor sco re. The an alysi s was co nduct ed involving of m ultidisciplinary team con sisting of Principal Urban Planne r and Re searche r, Land scape Ecologi st, Con se rvationist , Hyd rologist cum Drainage Enginee r, and Civil Engineer cum Geologist. Du ring the analysi s p roce ss, we we re al so assi sted by 2 Senior GIS e xpe rts f or GIS d atabase proce ssing and analysi s f rom National Unive rsit y of Singapo re. All data later were collected and processed following the criteria priority and significance in the evaluation pro ce ss. Tabel 9

Data Proc essed in Bintan Buyu Ev aluation.

(Legend : Y = Yes, N = No)

No

Criteria

Av ailability

Considered in the Gene-ral Analysis

Calculated in ALi T Scoring

R eason

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 29 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia

No

Criteria

Av ailability

Considered in the Gene-ral Analysis

Calculated in ALi T Scoring

Y

Y

R eason

Group 1 A

Vegetation

A1

Ecosyste m T ype

Y

A2

Patch Size

N

A3

Rarity of Pl ant Sp ecies

N

A4

Ecolog ical Connectivit y

Y

Y

Y

A5

Riparian & Be ach es B uffer

Y

Y

Y

B

Animal

B1

Rarity of Animal Sp ecies

Y

Y

Y

Partial d ata a vailable

30

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

Tabel 10 Data Proc essed in Bintan Buyu Ev aluation. (Legend : Y = Yes, N = No)

No

Criteria

Considered in the Gene-ral Analysis

Calculated in ALi T Scoring

Y

Y

Y

Av ailability

R eason

Group 2A C

Existing Land Use

C1 C2

Comp atibilit y with Existing Lan d Use Existi ng Facility Ad eq uacy

D

Topography

D1

Ele vatio n

Y

Y

Y

D2

Slope

Y

Y

Y

N

E

Geology

E1

Foundati on Streng th

Y

Y

Y

E2

Earthq ua ke and Volc anic Z one

Y

Y

N

E3

Anticline, S ynclin e, an d Fa ult

Y

Y

N

F

Soils

F1

Foundati on Streng th

Y

Y

Y

F2

Erosion by S oil Type

Y

Y

Y

G

Inland Hydrology

G1

Recharg e Are as

Y

Y

Y

G2

Aq uifer Prod ucti vit y

Y

Y

Y

G3

Y

Y

Y

G4

Surfac e Waters an d Flood Zone Catch ments Are as

Y

Y

Y

H

Marine Hydrology

H1

Marine Fea tures

Beca use similar fac tor affec ting th e site

N

I

C limate

I1

Hurricane, T ypho on

Y

Y

N

I2

Ann ual Rai nfall

Y

Y

N

I3

Rainy Days in 1 year, Damp ness, A ver ag e Temp erature, Mo nthl y Temp erature, Wind Pa ttern , Sun Ang le and Traject ory

Y

Y

N

J

R esources

J1

Mining Resources

Y

N

Beca use almost si milar factor aff ecting the site

Beca use not e valuat ed for Mining

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 31 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia

32

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

Tabel 11 Data Proc essed in Bintan Buyu Ev aluation. (Legend : Y = Yes, N = No)

No

Criteria

Av ailability

Considered in the Gene-ral Analysis

Calculated in ALi T Scoring

R eason

Group 2B N

Location

N1

Distance from th e Main Roa d

Y

Y

Y

N2

Y

Y

N

N3

Averag e Dista nce from Oth er City within Area Averag e Dista nce from Regional a nd Int erna tional Centre

Y

Y

N

O

C irculation

O1

Inland Trans port

Y

Y

Y

O2

Wat er Transp ort

Y

Y

Y

P

U tilities

P1

Availability o f Utilities Facilit y

Y

Y

Y

Beca use similar fac tor affec ting th e site

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 33 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia Tabel 12

Data Process ed in Bintan Buy u Evaluation.

(Legend : Y = Yes, N = No)

No

Criteria

Av ailability

Considered in the Gene-ral Analysis

Calculated in ALi T Scoring

Y

Y

N

Y

N

R eason

Group 3 K

Politics and Legal Factors

K1

K2

Municipal G o vern ment Economic an d Hu ma n Resources C apacit y Future Gover nment Pla n

Beca use similar fac tor affec ting th e site Because the Master Plan was ca ncelled

L

Economic Factors

L1

Lan d Market Pricing

N

L2

Lan d O wnership

N

L3

Regional Gross D omestic Produc t Tren d

Y

Y

N

Beca use similar fac tor affec ting th e site

M

Social Factors Y

Y

N

Because dat a onl y availabl e in ge neral and similar factor affecting the sit e

Y

N

M1

Hig her Educa tion Level

M2

Middle E duca tion Level

Y

M3

Criminalities L evel

N

M4

Population Densit y

Y

Y

N

M5

Numb er of Pa tients a nd Deaths b y Diarrho ea Numb er of Pa tients a nd Deaths b y De ng ue/Malaria

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

N

M6

Q

H uman Sensory

Q1

Visual Q ualit y

N

Q2

Other Pollutio n

N

Because dat a onl y availabl e in ge neral and similar factor affecting the sit e

Becau se we fo und that only limited num bers of da ta were available for Bintan Bu yu, we decided to f ocu s the e valuation to a vailable data and com pleting som e critical data with primary su rve y.

34

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

From the application, we also found that some data we re only available in regional scale, not in the local scale. Therefo re, we decided including the data in general evaluation, but not in cluding them in the total scoring calculation. This was implem ented for simpler ALiT application. Further, only the most si gnificant data we re di scu sse d in thi s paper. The ecological condition of the Bintan Buyu wa s o riginally adopted from 1993’s Natural Re sou rce s Inventory (by Bintan Planning Agen cy, cited in BKPMD 20 05) and validated by prim ary rapid biological assessment. Bintan Buyu was hist orically occupied by the ag riculture comm unities in 1950’s. In 1991 by Pre sidential Decree No. 32 (Keputu san Pre siden No 32, 1991), the area wa s designated a s protecte d catchment s area, but it wa s im plemented without land acqui sition and com munity participation. This later cau sed the con servation plan fail, leaving agriculture activities and creating rural - nat ural a rea patchwork (cited in Riau I slands Planning Agency and CV Geometric Tehnik, 2005).

Figure 15 Ecosy stem Ty pe of Bintan Buy u. (Sources: Riau Isl ands Pla nning Agenc y, 200 4; c orrected in th e Rapi d Biol ogical Assess ment, 2006)

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 35 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia Bintan Buyu’s ecological condition was com po sed of seve ral eco -t ype s. First, t he highest ecological areas f ound we re co ral reef, m angrove, prim ary fo re st , and fre sh wat er swam p fore st. We sugge sted t hese to be con served because of im portant function s, such as ha bitat for plant and animal, coa stline protection, wa ste assimilator, wate r purification, and nursery ground fo r marine life and birds (Whitten et al., 2000). Fu rther, area s with the second highe st ecological value were the second ary fo re st s, m arshes and abandoned plantation s. They held certain fun ctions o f habitat for biodiversit y but t hey we re still in the reco ve ry proce ss afte r hum an inte rvention s. Fo r example, the team found Banded Leaf M on keys in the a bandoned plantation s which could be con side red a g ood habitat. The third e cotype s, with the se cond lowe st ecological values, were agricultural land and scrubland in the area. The se areas could be con side red a s a man-m ade environm ent and po sse ssed low biodiversity, which we re the dragonflies and bird s. Therefo re, the se area s were po ssible for d evelopment. On the cont rary som e patches of scrub should be prese rved fo r local species habitat. Finally, the team found som e very low ecological value areas, which we re could be developed, if the development was perm itted. They were the mining or ex-m ining area s and b arren ea rth. Meanwhile, two im portant endem ic species were also foun d in the area. The Banded Kingfishe r (Lacedo pulchella) and Ba nded Lan gur (Presb ytis sia men sis rhionis) are t wo examples of the endemic spe cie s.

36

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

Figure 16 Elevation of Bintan Buy u. (Source : Bin tan Reg ency Public Wor ks Depart me nt, 19 93)

Figure 17 Slope of Bintan Buy u. (Source: Binta n Reg e nc y P ublic Wor ks Depart me nt, 19 93)

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 37 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia Topographically, Bintan Buyu area was located on the altitude of 0 to 255 m from sea level. Bintan Mountain (Gunung Bintan) the highe st point of the a rea and with 15-45 pe rcent slope. It held im portant function s of wate r cat chm ent s and wildlife habitat. Therefore, thi s area wa s not suitable for de velopm ent (Bintan Reg ency Public Works Department, 1993 ). Meanwhile, exten sive the lowland a rea s, with 0-1 pe rcent slope, were identified in the location. These areas were often vege tated by mangrove, fre sh wate r swam p fore st and m arshe s. And the y were not definitely suitable for developm ent becau se of poo r soil st rength, extreme land subsi dence, and very high cost of inf ra st ru ctures especially for landfill and flood protection.

Figure 18 Geological Lay ers of Bint an Buy u. (Source: Kusna ma et .al., 1994)

38

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

Figure 19 Soil Ty pes of Bintan Buyu. (Source: A kus et.al., 199 4)

The Geological layer found in Bintan Bu yu a rea wa s Ande site, Goungon Fo rmation, and Alluvium (Kusnama, et al., 1994). Areas with Ande site layer were not suitable for de velopm ent due to the ro ck laye r ha rdne ss and expen sive excavation cost. M ean while, area s with the Alluvium layer were not suitable for developm ent due to poor strength and po ssible soil ero sion. So, o nly areas with Goungon Formation were found feasible for development. Bintan Buyu, were cat egorised a s the Zone VI e arthquake ha zard. Or it wa s consid ered safe f rom earth qua kes or t sunam is. An d no anticline, syn cline, st rike slip fault, or normal fault were found affecting the area (Ku snama, et al., 1994). And it means that the area possessed higher development suitability, but the sco re wa s e xcluded from calculation because similar attribute in the area. Bintan Buyu’s soil wa s composed of 2 t ype s, which were Alluvium and coa stal deposit, (con si sting of g ravel, sa nd, clay an d m ud deposit); and Acid intrusive rocks - gra nite (Akus et al., 1994). The Alluvium soil was

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 39 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia found to be m ore vulnerable for e rosion and weake st for foundation strength.

Figure 20 Catchm ents Area of Bintan Buy u. (Source: A kus et. al., 1994).

There were th ree main rivers in the a rea, of Bintan Rive r, Kangboi River, and Anculai Rive r. 3 major cat chment s and 1 minor cat chm ent s were also identified. In 1991, these cat chm ent s were de signa ted as prot ected catchm ent s area, but appa rently thi s st rategy wa s not effectively implem ented (Riau I sland s Planning Agency and CV Geometric Tehnik, 2005). And the plan wa s not com patible anymore becau se of th e present of polluting activities, such as mining in Lom esa, Bintan Buyu. The polluting developments we re also n ot com patible with residential development. Bintan’s economy depends heavily on industry, m ining, trade and touri sm se ctors with tot al Regional Dome stic Product 1,053.84 Billion Rupiah (B KPM D, 2005). So the developm ent of new district centre should be adapted to the real econ om ic condition and environmental capacity.

40

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 41 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia Tabel 13 Table 10. Bintan’s Regional Domestic Product in 2003 – 2004. (Source: BPS, 2 004)

2003 No

Sectors

Annual Increase

2004

Billion Rupiah

% to Regional Domestic Product

Billion Rupiah

% to Regional Domestic Product

% 13.14 11.51

1 2

Agriculture Mining

54.11 259.28

5.65 27.08

61.68 290.48

5.85 27.56

3

Industry

383.17

40.02

412.81

39.17

6.94

4 5

Energy Construction Trade and Tourism Transportation and C ommunication Finance Serv ices

1.78 43.71

0.19 4.57

2.08 49.83

0.20 4.73

17.48 13.78

122.96

12.84

135.20

12.83

9.23

48.03

5.02

54.24

5.15

12.47

19.63 24.72

2.05 2.58

21.51 26.01

2.04 2.47

8.81 4.53

6 7 8 9

Total

Legend:

957.39

The highest contributor to R egional Dom estic Product

1,053.84

9.24

The lowest contributor to R egional D om estic Product

We also noted the population of Bintan Buyu increa sed 0.88% annually. In April 2006, local population wa s re cord ed rea ching 2,065 persons (Teluk Bintan Di st rict Office, 2006). Most of local population worked in agriculture and fi shers se ctors. On the ot her han d, no detailed local social data was available cau sing e valuation difficulty. It can be concluded that the Bintan Bu yu comm unity depended heavily in agriculture and fi sherie s. Meanwhile, if the location wa s developed, new econom ic activitie s m ust be int roduced with investments to suppo rt the new di st rict centre.

42

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

Figure 21 Bintan’s R oad Net work. (So urce: Bint an R egenc y Public Wor ks Ag e ncy and Riau Isl an ds Pla nni ng Ag ency, 2004)

Bintan Buyu wa s locat ed cent rally in the island but poorly connected (by dual-lane a sphalt road ) with oth er a rea in 2006. In the futu re, a coa stal ring road along would be const ructed co nnecting the area. Unfo rtunately, the road wa s not planned con sidering the ecological condition and affe cted the important forest s in the a rea (Riau I slands Planning Agency, 2004). Further, Bintan Bu yu was not served by pro per public tran spo rtation and infra stru ctu res. The se eventually would require heavy inve stm ent s if the city was de veloped. Other description of the area, such as Inland Hyd rology, atmospheric condition, potential re sources, Lo cation, Circulation, Utilities, Politics and Legal Fact ors, Economic Fa ctors, Social Fa cto rs, Hum an Se n so ry, etc; we re de scribed in our com plete re sea rch report (Tanuwidjaja G., 2006 ).

1.1.3 Discussion The re search concluded that Bintan Buyu wa s a fragmented natural area with some important biological area s. The rem aining ecological areas needed a serious con servation and enhancement st rategy. Further, this

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 43 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia strat egy could be com bined with sustainable eco -touri sm. This ha d been implem ented successfully by B anyan Tree Re sort s and Hotels in northe rn a rea of Bintan I sland. We al so recomm ended pre serving an d improving seve ral areas of scrubland, fore st, riparian area to im prove ecological connectivity of the area. Seve ral area s in the North ern of Bintan Buyu were recomm ended for development due to low e cological value s.

Figure 22 Bintan Buy u’s Group 1 Sc ore (C ons erv ation Sc ore).

44

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

Figure 23 Bintan Buy u’s Cons erv ation Area.

The evaluation of other natural factors wa s f urthe r re comm ended for po ssible area s of development in the Nort h. However, critical threat s, such a s landslide pot ential, flooding potential and land sub side nce, m ust receive p rope r attention. Finally, the spatial plan m ust be prepa red carefully with integration with othe r infra structure s.

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 45 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia

Figure 24 Bintan Buy u’s Group 2 (Other Nat ural Fact ors) Score for Residential.

46

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

Figure 25 Bintan Buy u’s Group 2 Suitable Area f or Residential.

To be able to a chieve a su stainable township in Bintan Buyu, it is important to set the population according sustainable principal. There we re t wo po ssible recomm endations identified. The first m ethod was sugge sted by McHarg’s with lim iting developm ent to le ss ecological important area s (M cHa rg 1998 ). The scrub, agriculture and some of plantation areas, ap pro xim ately 10.5 sq km in the northern of Bintan Buyu, we re suggested for development. Later with multiplying the area with sust ainable population density, we could produce population num ber. McHarg recom mended another wa y to su stainable population setting. He sugge sted limiting the city population following the city ecological carrying capacity. This wa s p rescribed for Wilmington and Dover, con side ring se wage di spo sal capacity, ground wate r supply and rese rvoir wate r supply. Re spe ctively, he sugge sted a population of 33,100 people for the resp ective city (McHa rg 1998 ). First, we de cided to follow the se cond re com mendation using local rainwate r sup ply capa city. With calculating the lowe st m onthly rainfall in Bintan, area of Bintan River catchment s, runoff coefficient, we could produce m inim um am ount of possible available rain-wat er. Assuming 30% of the flow was utilised by the municipal water supply, we could pre scribe sustainable to wnship’s population of Banda r Seri Bintan of 57,000 pe rson s. But combining both m ethods, the aut hors recom mended 57,000 populations (19,000 hou sing unit s) to be settled in the less ecological important area s in the Northern area of Bintan Buyu. Further assum ing only 50% of the areas were designated as resid ential, the average residential den sity could reach 109 person s/ ha, with a low to m edium rise de velopment. Later, p roposed developm ent type could be elaborated following mixedused neighbourhood unit concept with 400 - 600 m radius adapt ed from Perry’s Neighbourh ood (Urb an Planning Guide, 1986). Thi s option was recomm ended becau se of limited economic capacity of the developing countrie s. Fu rthe r public utilities and integrated wa ste managem ent should be p rovided fo r the area.

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 47 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia

Figure 26 Propos ed Fiction Scenario of Dev elopm ent of Bandar Seri Bint an.

La stly, sta keholde rs’ evaluation wa s conducted in 2006. It involved of Bintan Planning Agency and p rivate se ctor, Banyan Tree Reso rts Bintan. The positive a s well as negative re sponse wa s re ceived. First, the po sitive re sponse came from the private secto r who agreed to support the re com mendation and help disseminate this concept to the local Gove rnm ent. On the othe r hand, the Bintan Government di sagreed with our recomm endation and pursued other development or original alternative. But con sequently, the Central Go vernment cancelled the de velopm ent of Bandar Se ri Bintan becau se of th e cat chments con servation regulation.

1.1.4 Evaluation of ALiT approach. ALiT implementation in Bintan was considered successful. The evaluation method wa s found feasible by Office r of Bintan Planning Agency, becau se of simple ALiT application and improving capacity of local planning agency.

48

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

On the other hand, seve ral obst acle s were found in implem enting the process, including expen si ve GI S so ft ware and rem ote sen sing data. For example, Arc Vie w GIS 3. 1 soft wa re would cost around US$ 7,500, while SPOT (rem ote sen sing ) images wo uld cost US$ 3,000. The se we re the m ain challenges for its application. The im portant factor of land sca pe evaluation is evaluato r. The authors suggest including a team com prising at least of a civil engineer, planner and ecologi st for compreh en sive application. It i s sugge sted to pre scribe an ecologically balanced recomm endation. The team m ust wo rk integrally and each of the expert s m ust po sse ss skill set . The skill set needed are compre hension the lo cal ecology; knowledge of exi sting land use and it s potential, geological condition, soil type s and hyd rology regimes; u nderstanding of social and econom ic potentials and ot her con straint s in the location. The authors believed the importance of screening p roce ss for hazardous potential. The rationale is to reduce t he environmental destru ction s and cost s f rom natural di sa ste rs. The ca ses of the hurricane in Ne w Orlean s, t sunam i and earthqua ke in A ceh signify this need.

1.2

Conclusion

Landscape evaluation proce ss i s an im portant step to t he su stainable land developm ent. The evaluation of the previous method s re vealed the importance of selecting the e valuation criteria, pro per weighting, rapid survey, m ulti-disciplinary and stakeholde rs app roach in solving the problem . ALiT (Adaptive Land scape Evaluation Tool) ha s been made specifically for such context s. The tool’s st rengths could be found at five distingui shing stages. The first i s the criteria (f acto rs) selection. Thi s is important to achieve effective comprehensi ve evaluation. The second is the expert con sultation for setting sco res and weight s fo r the fa cto rs. This st ep actu ally validates the biase s from subjective analysi s. The third is rapid survey to complete the absen t of data, with multidisciplinary team . The fourth i s the st akeholders’ e valuation. The authors believed that participation of the people, p ublic and p rivate sectors would guaran tee better realisation of the development. Lastly,

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 49 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia the method also red uce s result bias by using t hre e data set s for evaluation, which are ecological, natu ral and so cio-econom ic facto rs.

1.3

Reference

1.3.1 Books a. “A strat egy f or the sub-region”, Coventry-Solihull-W arwickshire SubRegional Planning Study Group, Suppl. R ep. No. 5 Countryside (1971). b. Akus U.T., Sunary a Y., Setiadi H., and Sukris na (1994), Hy dro-geological Map and Report, Tanjung Pinang, 1016, 1017, Scale 1: 250.000, Geological Researc h and D evelopm ent Centre. c. Anderson L. T. (2000), Planning the Built Env ironment, Planner Press, Chic ago, USA. d. Ay lward B. (August 2000), Land Use, Hy drologic al Function and Ec onomic Valuation, UNESCO Sy mposium/ Workshop Forest-W ater-People in the Humid Tropics, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, edited by Bonell M. and Bruijnzel L.A., publis hed by Cambridge U niversity Press. e. Balmori D. and Benoit G. (eds.) (2003), The LAND Code: Guidelines f or Env ironment ally Sustainable Land Dev elopment, Yale School of Forestry and Env ironmental Studies, USA. f . Bint an R egency Public W orks Department, 1993, GIS Map g. BKPMD Kab. Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands Regency Inv estment Coordination and Regional Promotion Board). (2005), Potential Inv estment Researc h Report (Pengk ajian Peluang Investasi Potensi/ Unggulan D aerah) h. Blacksell M. and Gilg A.W. (Nov 1975), “Landsc ape Evaluation in Practic e – the Cas e of South-East Dev on”, Trans actions of Institute of British Geographers, number 66. i. BPS Kab. Kepulauan Riau (Statistic Bureau Riau Island) (2004), Riau Islands Statistics, 2004 j. Brif f et C. (2001), “Is Managed R ecreational Us e Compatible with Eff ective Habitat and Wildlif e Occurrence in Urban Open Space Corridor Sy stems?” in Landscape R esearch 26 (2) pp. 137-163. k. Code of Practice on Pollution C ontrol (2000 Edition) (wit h amendments in Feb 2001, Jun 2002 and Feb 2004). l. Conley , D. (2008), You may ask y ourself: An introduction to thinking like a sociologist, W.W . Norton and Company . New York p392 m. Economic and Social C ommiss ion f or Asia & the Pacif ic (2004), "Off icial Statistics and its Development in Indonesia", Sub Committee on St atistics: First Session 18–20 February 2004. p19. n. Ellis, E.C. and N. Ramankutty (2008), Putting People in the Map: Ant hropogenic Biom es of the World. o. Freeman C. (1999), “Dev elopment of A Sim ple Method f or Site Surv ey and Assess ment in Urban Areas”, Landsc ape and U rban Planning: 44, pp. 1-11. p. International Monetary Fund (2007), R eport f or Selected Countries and Subjects (GD P), World Economic Outlook D atabase, April 2007..

50

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

q. Kaly U.L, Pratt C.R..& Mitchell J. (2004), Manual: How to Use t he Env ironment al Vulnerability Index (EVI). SOPAC Tec hnic al R eport 383. r. Kaly U.L., Pratt C. & Mitchell, J. (2005), The Env ironmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) 2004. SOPAC Technical Report 384. s. Kus nama, K. Sutisna, T.C. Amin, S. Koes oemadinata, Sukardi, B. Hermanto (1994), Systematic Geological Map, Indonesia Sheet Tanjung Pinang, 1016, 1017, Sc ale 1: 250.000, Geologic al Res earch and Dev elopment Centre, Bandung Indones ia. t. Li A., Wang A., Liang S. and Zhou W . (2006), “Eco-env ironmental Vulnerability Ev aluation in Mount ainous Region Using R emote Sensing and GIS – A C ase St udy in the Upper R eac hes of Minjiang Riv er, China”, Ecological Modelling: 192 (1), pp. 175-187. u. Mc Harg I. (1992), Design W ith Nature, John Wileys & Sons, Inc, New York. v. Mc Harg I. (1998), Steiner Frederick R. (ed) To Heal the Earth, Select ed Writings of Ian L. McHarg, Island Press, Was hington D.C. w. Millennium Ecosystem Ass essm ent (2005), Ec osystems and Human W ellbeing: Biodiv ersity Synthesis. W orld Resourc es Institute, Washington, DC. x. Miller G.T. (2003), Env ironmental Scienc e, Working With Earth, 10th edition, Brooks/C ole Thomson Learning USA. y. Morris P. & Therivel R. (1995), Methods of Env ironment al Impact Assess ment, The N atural and Built Env ironm ent Series 2, London z. Mulongoy K.J. & Chape S. (2004), Prot ected Areas and Biodiversity : An Ov erview of Key Issues CBD Secretariat and UNEP-WC MC, February 2004. Biodiv ersity Series No 21. aa. Penning – Ros well E.C. (1975), “Constraints of The Application of Landsc ape Ev aluations”, Transactions of the Institut e of British Geographers: 66 (N ovember), pp. 149 - 155. bb. Ratclif f e D.A. (1977), A Nature C ons erv ation Rev iews, v ols. 1 and 2, Cam bridge Univ ersity Press, Cambridge. cc. Riau Islands Planning Agency (2004), Revision of 2006-2015 General Regional Plan Riau Islands Regency (R anc angan Umum Tata Ruang Wilayah Kab. Kepulauan Riau) dd. Riau Islands Planning Agency and C V Geometric Tehnik (2005), Res earch and Mapping of Water Rec harge and Catchments Potentials in Riau Island Regency (Kajian dan Pemetaan Pot ens i Daerah R esapan dan Tangkapan Air H ujan di Kab. Kepulauan Riau). ee. Sac hs J. & Malaney P. (2002), “The economic and social burden of malaria” in Nature 680-685, p 415, ff. Saragedin, I. (2002), “W orld Pov erty and Hunger: A C hallenge f or Sc ience”, Scienc e, 296 pp. 54-58 gg. Tanuwidjaja G. (2006), Dev eloping a Landscape Evaluation Tool in Dev eloping Countries, Cas e St udies Bint an Island, Indonesia, Diss ertation of Master of Science in Env ironmental Managem ent, National Univ ersity of Singapore. hh. Teluk Bintan District Of f ice (2006), Dist rict Statistics D ata 2005

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 51 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia ii.

UNDP (2004), Human D ev elopm ent Report 2004: C ultural liberty in today ’s div erse world jj. UNEP-W CMC (2002) W orld Atlas of Biodiversity , kk. Urban Planning Guide (1986) (ASC E Manuals and R eports on Engineering Practice; no 49), American Society of Civ il Engineers, New Y ork. ll. Weiss S.F., Donnelly T.G. and Kaiser E.J. (1966), “Land Value and Land Dev elopment I nf luence Factors: An Analy tical Approach f or Explaining Policy Alternativ es” in Land Economics: 42 (2), pp 230-33. mm. White E.T. (1985), Site Analysis: Diagramming I nformation f or Arc hitectural Design, Arc hitectural Media, USA. nn. Whitten T., Dam anik S.J., Anwar J., and Hisy am N. (2000), Ecology of Sumatra, Periplus, Singapore. oo. Wong T-C., Yuen B., and Goldblum C. (Eds.) (2008), Spatial Planning f or a Sust ainable Singapore, Springer in Ass ociation wit h t he Singapore I nstitute of Planners. Singapore; pp. World Bank (2006), "Indones ia at a Glanc e,.Indonesia Developm ent Indic ators and Data.” qq. World Bank (2006), "Making the New Indonesia Work f or t he Poor Ov erview" (PDF ). Press release. rr. World C omm ission on Environm ent and Dev elopment (1987), Our C omm on Future, Report of the World Com mission on Env ironm ent and Dev elopment, Published as Annex to General Ass em bly doc um ent A/ 42/427, Dev elopment and I nternational C o-operation: Env ironment August 2, 1987. ss. World Resources Institute (2001), World R esourc es 2000– 2001.W ashington DC: p. 246–248. tt. World Res ources Instit ute, Forest Frontiers Initiativ e, WW F-Indonesia & Telapak Indonesia Foundation (2000), Trial by Fire, Forest Fires and Forestry Policy in Indonesia’s Era of Crisis and Reform. uu. World Res ources Instit ute, Forest Watch Indonesia, Global Forest Watch (2002), Stat e of the Forest Indonesia. vv. World R esourc es Instit ute, U nited N ations Environm ent Programme, Unit ed Nations Dev elopment Program me, and the W orld Bank, (1996), World Resourc es: A Guide to the Global Environm ent: 1996-97, New York: Oxf ord U niv ersity Press, 1996, p. xi. ww. Wright R. & Nebel B. (2007) Env ironmental Scienc e, Toward A Sust ainable Future: International Edition, 10th Edition, Pearson Education, I nc, publishing as Benjamin Cummings

1.3.2 Website a. http://app.mewr.gov .sg/data/ImgCont/1292/sust ainbleblueprint_f orweb.pdf b. http://app.mewr.gov .sg/web/Cont ents/Contents.as px?ContId=1342 c. http://au.enc arta.ms n.com/ency clopedia_1461501471/Population_Ex plosio n.html; d. http://dictionary .ref erenc e.com/; e. http://en. wik ipedia.org/ wiki/;

52

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

f . http://en. wik ipedia.org/ wiki/File:Population-m ilest ones.jpg g. http://indonesia.usaid.gov /en/ Article.361. aspx h. http://www. adb.org/D ocuments/Reports/39127-IN O/F actSheets/v illageplans.pdf i. http://www.c ensus.gov/ipc/ www/popclock world. html, estimated by United States C ens us Bureau on 5t h Sept ember 2009; j. http://www. jica. go.jp/indonesia/englis h/activ ities/pdf /JICAinAceh.pdf k. http://www. jurong.c om/ l. http://www. merriam-webster.com/ m. http://www. relief web.int/library/documents/2005/brr-idn-22sep.pdf n. http://www.sc ribd.com/doc/13103851/Partic ipatory-Planning-in-AcehURDIGTZ-Sem inar-2526-July-2008

1.4

Acknow ledgments

We exp ress ou r highe st appreciation for: -

-

-

Team of expert s: P rof Han Sun Sheng, Dr. Ho Hua Ch ew, Dr Sim on Yanuar Put ra, Mr Be njamin Lee, Mrs Joyce Martha Widjaya, Mr Alfrendo Sa tyanaga and M s Anb arasi Boopal. Scientific Officer and Ex-Di recto r of Spatial Planning Directo rate II, Ministry of Public Wo rks, Indone sia: Dr,Ir.I. F.Poernom osidhi Poerwo,M.Sc,M CIT,M IHT Bintan’s Go vernm ent Agencie s’ staff s: Ms Yanti, M r Ahmad and Mr Buyung. Bintan People: Mr Udin, M r Bun Seng Banyan Tree Hotel s a nd Reso rt: Mr M ichael Kwe e, Mr. Mirza Pedju. Juro ng Con sultant s Pte Ltd: Mr Yue n Heng M un, Mr Alliste r Yong Winston, M r Loh K wo k Pheng, M rs Noorliza Ministry of Trade and I ndu st ry, Singapo re: M s Amanda Ong. Re search A ssi stants: Mr Deny St, M r Septian Hornas and Mr Agus Sudarm an.

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 53 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia

1.5

The Writer’s Description

1.6

I. Pe rsonal Information Full name

: Guna wan Tanu widj aj a

e-mail

: gunteitb@ yaho o.c om

website

: htt p://gree nimpacti nd o. wordpress.co m/

Mobile Phon e

: +62 812 2 12 20 8 4 2 (In do nesia)

Place of Birt h

: Ba nd ung

Date of Birth

: 08 of Aug ust 19 78

Sex

: Male

Nation ality

: Indon esia n

Mother Lang u age

: Indon esia n

Lang u age S kill

: Indon esia n, E ng lish

1.7

II. Education Backgrounds

Formal E ducatio n Name of Institution National Univ ersit yof Singapore

Singapore

Bandung Institute of Technology (Institut Teknologi Bandung)

Bandung / Indonesia

1.8

StudyT ime (Months/Years)

City/Countr y

1 year

Graduated from (Month and Ye ar)

Speci alization

October 2 006

MSc Environment Management

Jul y of 2 00 1

Bachelor of Archit ecture

GPA 3.8 6 from sca le of 5 2.7 3

5 year s

from sca le of 4

III. Informa l Educ ation

StudyT ime (Y ear s)

Name of Institution

Course Nam e & Speci alization

200 8

Sing apore Ins titute o f Pla nner

Spati al Pla nning for a Sust aina ble Sing apore (1-da y se minar)

200 8

Lee Ku an Yew Scho ol Of Public Policy

"Lesso ns Not to Le arn fro m American Cities" b y Prof Alan Altshuler (Half-d ay se min ar)

200 7

Nation al University o f Sing apore , Facult y o f E ng ineering , P AC (Profession al Activities Cen tre)

Short Course On "A – Z Of Oil & Gas To Petroche micals (3- da ys semin ar)

200 7

Sing apore Ins titute o f Pla nner

Destinati on Res orts, The Next Wa ve

54

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

StudyT ime (Y ear s)

Name of Institution

Course Nam e & Speci alization (1-da y se minar)

200 7

Sing apore Ins titute o f Pla nner, Malaysia Institut e o f Plann er a nd Universiti K eb angsa an Mal aysia

Semi nar o f Pla nning of Is kan dar Developme nt R egion (1-d a y semin ar)

200 1

The British Instit ute

IELTS Prep aration Co urse

200 0

Lang u ag e Cen ter ITB

Eng lish Writing Course

199 9

Gradasi Bulletin St ud ent U nion of Architect ure G unadh arma ( IMAGun adharma)

Journalistic Training

199 7

Architect ure De part ment ITB

AutoC ad R 14 Traini ng

199 3-19 95

Saint Ang ela’s Eng lish Co urse

Eng lish Course level C6 to C11

199 0-19 92

Saint Ang ela’s Eng lish Co urse

Eng lish Course l evel J2 to J5

1.9

IV. W orking Exper ienc e

Name of Institute/Companies

Contract Periods

City/ Countries

Position

Job Des cription

Green Impact Ind onesi a Integ rate d Urban, Drain ag e a nd Environme ntal Planning Consult an t

Ban du ng

Manager

Team L ead er and Urban Plann er

March 20 03 to no w

Ag ency f or Research and De velo p men t, Institu te of Water Resources, Ministry of Public W or ks, Repu blic of Ind onesi a,

Ban du ng

Urban Planni ng an d Manag e men t Expert

Assistant

Octob er 2 008 to no w

Jurong Cons ultants Pte Ltd ., Pl anning Division

Sing apore

Plann er

Physical Plann er

November 2006 t o Octob er 2 008

Nation al Par ks Board, Rep ublic of Sing apore

Sing apore

Intern

Researcher

July 20 06 to Aug 20 06

Ag ency f or Research and De velo p men t, Institu te of Water Resources, Ministry of Public W or ks, Repu blic of Ind onesi a,

Ban du ng / Indonesi a

Junior Research er

GIS E xpert Assistant (Arc View 3. 2), in Polder T ea m

Jan 200 5 Aug 20 05

Sat yamitra J asapuri Eng ineering

Ban du ng / Indonesi a

Junior Architect, Estimator

House, Fact ory and Café Desig n

Aug 20 03 Dec 20 04

PT. Trinitas B uana Utama

Ban du ng / Indonesi a

Junior Architect

Apart ment Desig n

Aug 20 02 Aug 20 03

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 55 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia Name of Institute/Companies

City/ Countries

Position

Job Des cription

PT. I mesco Dito

Jakarta/ In do nesia

Junior Architect

Junior Archit ect

Jan 200 2 – Aug 20 02

COMBINE

Ban du ng / Indonesi a

Junior Research er

Urban Develop me nt Research, especi ally on Urban G arbag e Manag e men t

Aug 2001 Jan 200 2

CV. Cipta Bina Saran a

Ban du ng / Indonesi a

Work Train ee

Junior Archit ect

May - J uly 200 1

ASPEK

Ban du ng / Indonesi a

Prog ram Facilitator Communit y Reco ver y Prog ram (CRP-HUI) in RW 11, Cibang kong District

Garbage Manag e men t , Mechanism Making and Controlling of Coop erati ve Credit Unit

Jan 200 0 Aug 20 01

1.1 0

Contract Periods

V. Resear ch, Planning & De sign W orks Name of Proj ect

Position

Year

Assistanc e f or Directorat e of Spati al Pla nning , Pu blic Wor ks Depart men t (20 09), Sustaina ble Urban Impro vemen t Progra m (SUSIP) - Exec uti ve Presen tatio n

Team L eader a nd Urban Plann er

Dec 20 09

Drainage Master Plan Revitalisatio n in Summareco n, K elap a Gading , J akarta, I ndonesia

Team L eader a nd Urban Plann er

Apr – Dec 200 9

Hospital Preliminar y Design and St ud y in Pang aleng an, West J ava , Indo nesia (Proposal to KPB S, Milk Produc er Coopera tive in Pang ale ng an)

Team L eader a nd Senior Architect

Apr – Aug 2 00 9

Communit y Bas ed Develop me nt R evitalisatio n in PT Newmont N usa Teng g ara, Su mba, N usa Tengg ara Barat, I ndon esia (Proposal)

Team Lead er a nd Environme ntalist

Aug 20 09

Under Gre en Impa ct Indonesia

56

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

Name of Proj ect

Position

Year

Tradition al Market Mapping , GIS Dat abase an d Anal ysis in th e fra mewor k of Impl ementi ng Preside ntial Decree No 112/2 007 on Develop ment of Tra dition al Market a nd Rel ocation of Modern Mar ket in In don esia (Proposal to Ministr y of Trad e of Republic of Ind onesia)

Team L eader a nd Urban Plann er

Aug 20 09

Integ rat ed Wat er Reso urces Manag ement Pla n f or Barang kal Ri ver, sub catchme nt of Bra nt as River Basin, i n relati on wit h S ocial Aspect a nd Instit ution Capacit y Building (Pro posal to JICA)

Team Lead er a nd Environme ntalist

Aug 20 09

“9 Pe arl” Element ary Sch ool in Ba ndung

Team Lead er a nd Architect

200 3

Proposal 9 9’ers Radi o Sc hool (Proposal)

Team Lead er a nd Architect

200 3

Preliminary Stud y a nd Brief Develop me nt Concept of QEZ3, Petroche mical Compl e x, Q atar

Plann er

200 7 to 2 008

Dera Bassi D etaile d Mast er Plan, Great er Moh ali Area, Punja b, Indi a

Plann er

200 7 to 2 008

Lib ya Africa Ec on omic City

Plann er

200 7 to 2 008

Wonog iri Industrial Par k, Ind onesi a (Guan xi Stat e Farm - Bio fuel Plan t)

Plann er

200 7 to 2 008

Master Pla n A n Ta y Industrial Servic e Ce ntre

Plann er

200 7

Master Pla n Zh angzho u Wat erfront City, Chin a

Assistant Plann er

200 6-20 07

Master Pla n AMRL Intern atio nal T ech City, T amil Nadu, India

Assistant Plann er

200 7

Plann er & Environment alist

200 6

Under Jurong Consultants Pte Ltd.

W ith MSc Env ironmental Management P rogram “Neotie wpia” Ec o Villag e Master Pla n in Kranji

Applying Integra ted Ecological Planning and Adaptive 57 Land scape E valuation Tool for Developing Count ries in the Frame work of Su stainable Spatial Planning and Developm ent, Study Ca se Bintan I sland, Indonesia Name of Proj ect

Position

Year

Sing apore Under SJP Engine ering BTC Café

Junior Architect

200 4

Kop omas Fac tor y

Junior Architect

200 4

Privat e Houses Ba nd ung

Junior Archit ect, Desig n Develop ment

200 3 – 2 004

Rental H ouses in B an du ng

Studi o Co ordina tor

200 2 – 2 003

Bukit Resi k Exclusi ve Apar men t

Studi o Co ordina tor

200 2 – 2 003

Site Pl an “S. Par ma n” Elite Housing

Studi o Co ordina tor

200 2

Junior Architect

200 2

Cibang kong Lo w Cost Housing , B and ung I ndon esia

Final Year Stud ent

200 1

Desig n Develop ment of KARANG SETRA Hotel, Spa and Cottag es, B andu ng Ind onesi a u nd er Cipta Bina Sarana

Junior Archit ect, Desig n Develop ment

200 1

Master Pla n o f Cipulir Housing Site Pla n, Ja karta und er Prof Ir. Da nisworo

Junior Architect

200 1

Under PT. Trinitas Buan a Utama

Under PT. Imes co Dito Privat e Houses i n Jakarta Freel ance Proj ect

1.1 1

VI. Awards, Pre stige, Activ ities, and Publi cation

Awa rds/ Prestige

Best Dissert ation Prizes fro m Sh ell, MEM National Uni versity of Sing ap ore, 20 06200 7 Shell Gra nt Bursar y Hold er in MEM Na tion al Uni versit y of Si ng apore , 2 00 5-20 06 Second C ha mpio n of Desig n Co mp etitio n o f I nfor mal Trad ers St and h eld b y Th e Municipal\ G o vern ment of Kot a B andu ng, Pra ksis dan IMA-Gunad har ma ITB Y ear 200 1

Activ itie s

Ban du ng Ind epen dent Li ving Ce nter (B ILIC) 200 3 - 2 004 : Vol untary Att en da nt for Difabl e (Disable) Person 200 3 : Coordi nat or Rese arch Tea m in Accessibilit y Issue for Difa ble (Disable) Person in Se veral Loc ation in Ba ndung Forum Gelar K ot a B and ung (City Devel opme nt Discussion Foru m) 200 2 : F oru m Gel ar Ko ta Secret ariat 200 1 : J uni or Rese archer Ikata n Ma hasiswa Arsite ktur Gun adhar ma IT B (Gu na dhar ma Stu dent Uni on of

58

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan. & M alone-Lee, Lai Ch oo

Architect ure Depart men t of ITB) 200 1 Me mb er of L egislative Bodies of IMA - Gu na dh arma Me mb er of Sustain able Hu man S ettle ment Discussi on Group Co ordin ator of TOR T eam of S ustaina ble Huma n S ettlement Se min ar 199 9 – 2 000 Co ordin ator of Gra dasi (Archit ect ure B ulletin of IMA-G) OSIS SMAK I BP K Pen abur (Stu dent Unio n o f B PK P enab ur Se nior High School) OSIS SMP St Alo ysius (Stu de nt Union of St Alo ysius Ju nior Hig h Sch ool) Publications

Integ ratio n o f Sustai na ble Pl anni ng Policy a nd D esig n of Lo w-Cost Ap artment , in the C ont e xt of S ustai nable Urba n De velop ment, National Se minar of Lo w-Cost Apart ment, Mar ana th a Uni versit y, Ba nd ung, I ndonesia, 2 009. Bambo os as Sus tainabl e a nd Aff orda ble Mat erial for Ho using as one o f alt erna tife mat erial of Low-Cost Ap artment , Nati on al Se minar of Lo w-Cost Ap artment, Maranat ha Universit y, Ban du ng , In do nesia, 2 009. Guidelin es f or De veloping P older S yste m in Indo nesia, Ag ency for Res earch an d Developme nt, Instit ut e of Water Resourc es, Ministr y of Pu blic Works, Republic of I ndo nesi a, 2 00 8-20 09 . Developi ng a L an dsca pe E valuatio n To ol for De veloping Countries, Case S tudies Binta n Isla nd, In donesia , MSc E nvironme nt Ma nag e me nt Pr og ram, Na tional Universit y of Singap ore (Best Dissertati on Award) Report of Res earch in Accessibilit y Iss ue for Difa ble (Disable) Perso n in Se veral Loca tion i n Ban dung Reports of B an du ng Urban Discussion F orum o n Urba n S olid W aste Man ag ement, Janu ary 2 002. Reports of B an du ng Urban Discussion F orum in Housing Needs, Aug ust 20 01. Thesis of Design St udio , Cas e o f L ow Eco no my Flat f or Cibang kong Villag e, Ban du ng , In don esia (Keluraha n Ciba ng kong ), The me Pa ttern Lang uag e Architect ure Seminar Re port of Ho using Devel opme nt B ased o n Lo w Ec onomy Pe ople .