Applied Anatomy Unit I

Applied Anatomy Unit I  Course Overview  Textbooks, Units and Exams  Reference Positions – anatomical  Planes and Axes  Basic Movements  Degrees of Freedom

PEH 321 Applied Anatomy

 Introduction Study of the musculoskeletal structure of the living human body; segments and their movements; bones and their articulation; muscles and their attachments and actions; and systemic nerves and their innervation and function. Special emphasis is placed on musculoskeletal analysis of basic exercises and movement patterns.

Course Delivery  Division of Distance Education - Blackboard  Syllabus posted in Blackboard  Topic Outline with Reading Assignments posted in Course Documents  Labs posted in Assignments  Practice Quizzes posted under quizzes

Textbooks

Units and Exams  Unit I Foundation of Human Movement Exam I Week 3  Unit II Structural-Functional Relationships of the Upper Extremity – Exam 2 Week 6  Unit III Structural-Functional Relationships of the Lower Extremity – Exam 3 Week 8  Unit IV Structural-Functional Relationships of the Trunk and Nervous System – Exam 4 with Final Week 10,11

Anatomy vs. Functional Anatomy  Anatomy  Structure of the body  Focus on structure  Example: Study of biceps brachii  Functional Anatomy  Body components necessary to achieve goal  Focus on function  Example: Analysis of bicep curl

Skeleton  Axial  Head  Neck  Trunk  Appendicular  Upper extremities  Lower extremities

Insert figure 1-16, only the part labeled with the segments of the axial and appendicular skeleton.

Reference Positions  Anatomical position  Standard reference point  Palms face front  Fundamental position  Similar to anatomical position  Arms more relaxed  Palms face inward  Relative angle  Included angle between two segments

Relative Position      

Medial – toward midline of the body Lateral – away from midline of the body Proximal – toward point of attachment Distal – away from point of attachment Superior – toward the top of the head Inferior – toward the bottom of the feet

Relative Position    

(cont.)

Anterior – front, ventral Posterior – back, dorsal Ipsilateral – on the same side Contralateral – on opposite sides

Planes & Axes  Plane  Flat, two-dimensional surface  Cardinal planes  Planes positioned at right angles and intersecting the center of mass  Axis of rotation  Point about which movement occurs  Perpendicular to plane of motion

Cardinal Planes  Sagittal  Left & right halves  Mediolateral axis  Frontal (coronal)  Front & back halves  Anteroposterior axis  Transverse (horizontal)  Upper & lower halves  Longitudinal axis  Many other planes exist

Flexion & Extension  Flexion  Decreasing joint angle  Extension  Increasing joint angle  Hyperflexion  Flexion beyond normal range  Hyperextension  Extension beyond normal range

Abduction & Adduction  Abduction  Moving away from midline  Adduction  Moving toward midline  Hyperabduction  Abduction past 180° point  Hyperadduction  Adduction past 0° point

Other Movement Descriptors  Rotation  Medial (internal) or lateral (external)  Right/left for head & trunk  Lateral flexion  Head or trunk only  Example: head tilts sideways  Circumduction  Movement in a conic fashion

Movement of the Scapulae Elevation – raising the scapula (shrug) Depression – lowering the scapula Protraction – move scapulae apart Retraction – move scapulae together Upward rotation – bottom of scapula moves away from trunk, top moves toward  Downward rotation – return to normal     

Specialized Movement Descriptors  Horizontal adduction  Combination of flexion & adduction  Horizontal abduction  Combination of extension & abduction  Supination – turn palms frontward  Pronation – turn palms backward  Radial flexion – hand toward thumb  Ulnar flexion – hand toward little finger

Movement Descriptors of the Foot  Plantarflexion  Increase angle between foot and shank  Dorsiflexion  Decrease angle between foot and shank  Inversion  Lift medial edge of foot  Eversion  Lift lateral edge of foot

Pronation & Supination of the Foot  Pronation & supination of the feet are not the same as inversion & eversion  Pronation of the foot  Dorsiflexion at the ankle  Eversion in the tarsals  Abduction of the forefoot  Supination of the foot  Plantarflexion at the ankle  Inversion in the tarsals  Adduction of the forefoot

Degrees of Freedom  Degree of freedom  Number of planes in which a joint has the ability to move  1 degree of freedom  Uniaxial  Example: Elbow  2 degrees of freedom  Biaxial  Example: Wrist  3 degrees of freedom  Triaxial  Example: Shoulder

Movement Illustrations  For the following illustrations can you describe the joint movements, planes and axes  For the last four illustrations of softball throws can you identify key differences between skilled and less skilled and between highly skilled, skilled and less skilled.