Apego Al Lugar

Medio Ambiente y Comportamiento Humano 2000, 1(1), 57-73



ISSN 1576-6462 ©Editorial Resma, 2000

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Estilos de apego al lugar

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M. Carmen Hidalgo

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59

Estilos de apego al lugar

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61

Estilos de apego al lugar

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62


   
          

M. Carmen Hidalgo

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Resultados

(QSULPHUOXJDUVHSUHVHQWDQORVUHVXOWDGRVUHODWLYRVDORVHVWLORVGH DSHJRDGXOWR\DFRQWLQXDFLyQORVUHIHULGRVDORVHVWLORVGHDSHJRDOOXJDU 3RU~OWLPRFRPSUREDPRVODUHODFLyQHQWUHDPERV Estilos de apego adulto

3DUD DQDOL]DU ORV UHVXOWDGRV VHJXLPRV HO PLVPR SURFHGLPLHQWR XWLOL]DGRHQORVHVWXGLRVVREUHDSHJRDGXOWR(QSULPHUOXJDUOOHYDPRVD FDER XQ DQiOLVLV GH FRPSRQHQWHV SULQFLSDOHV FRQ URWDFLyQ YDULPD[ FRQ ODVUHVSXHVWDVGHORVVXMHWRVDORVLWHPVGHODHVFDOD/RVUHVXOWDGRV VHPXHVWUDQHQOD7DEOD&RQREMHWRGHDSRUWDUFODULGDGDOD7DEODVH KDQ VXSULPLGR ORV YDORUHV LQIHULRUHV D  /RV SULPHURV FLQFR LWHPV FRUUHVSRQGHQ D OD GHILQLFLyQ GH HVWLOR VHJXUR GHO tWHP  DO  FRUUHVSRQGHQ DO HVWLOR HYLWDWLYR \ GHO tWHP  DO  VRQ ORV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV DO HVWLOR DQVLRVR &RPR SXHGH YHUVH WRGRV ORV LWHPV H[FHSWR XQR HO tWHP Qž  0H VLHQWR D JXVWR GHSHQGLHQGR GH RWURV  VH KDQ DJUXSDGR HQ HO VHQWLGR HVSHUDGR 6H REWXYLHURQ WUHV IDFWRUHV FRQ YDORUHVSURSLRVVXSHULRUHVD(OSULPHUIDFWRUUHFRJHORVFLQFRLWHPVGH DSHJR DQVLRVR PiV XQR GH ORV GH DSHJR VHJXUR (VWH IDFWRU H[SOLFD HO GHODYDULDQ]D(QHOVHJXQGRIDFWRUVDWXUDQSRUHQFLPDGHORV FLQFRLWHPVGHDSHJRHYLWDWLYRH[SOLFDQGRHOGHODYDULDQ]D(OWHUFHU IDFWRUUHFRJHFXDWURGHORVFLQFRLWHPVGHDSHJRVHJXURDIDOWDGHOLWHP QžTXHSXQWXyHQHOSULPHUIDFWRU(VWHWHUFHUIDFWRUH[SOLFDHOGHOD YDULDQ]D /RV WUHV IDFWRUHV H[SOLFDQ FRQMXQWDPHQWH FDVL HO  GH OD YDULDQ]DGHDSHJR (VWRV UHVXOWDGRV VRQ DFRUGHV FRQ ORV REWHQLGRV SRU RWURV DXWRUHV 0LNXOLQFHU \ FROV  0LNXOLQFHU \ (UHY  0LNXOLQFHU \ 2UEDFK   H[FHSWR HQ OD FRORFDFLyQ GHO LWHP Qž  TXH DSDUHFH HQ HVWRV WUDEDMRVHQHOIDFWRUGHDSHJRVHJXUR(QQXHVWURFDVRODGHVFRORFDFLyQ GHHVWHtWHPSXHGHVHUGHELGDDYDULRVIDFWRUHV(Q SULPHUOXJDUKDEUtD TXH GHVFDUWDU TXH VH GHED D OD WUDGXFFLyQ GHO tWHP HVWRV DXWRUHV HPSOHDQXQDWUDGXFFLyQKHEUHDGHODYHUVLyQLQJOHVD TXL]iVUHGDFWDGR HQRWURVHQWLGRRFRQDOJXQDOHYHPDWL]DFLyQ(OLPLQDGDHVWDSRVLELOLGDG KDEUtDTXHRSWDUSRUPRGLILFDUORRVXVWLWXLUORSRURWURPiVDSURSLDGR 64


   
          

M. Carmen Hidalgo



Tabla 3. Análisis factorial de los estilos de apego adulto Items F. I 1.Me resulta fácil estar cerca de otros 0,5510 2.Me siento a gusto dependiendo de otros 3.Me siento bien con otros dep. de mí 4.Me preocupa que otros me abandonen 5.Me gusta que los demás estén cerca

F. III 0.7799 0,7046 0,8838 0,8602

0,8626 0,8474 0,7430 0,7842 0,7685

6.Me siento mal estando cerca de otros 7.Me resulta difícil confiar en los demás 8.Me disgusta tener que depender 9.Los demás desean intimar más que yo 10.Me inquieta que otros se acerquen mucho 11.Los demás son reacios a intimar conmigo 12.Me preocupa que mi pareja no me quiera 13.Me preocupa que mi pareja me abandone 14.Desearía estar unido a otras personas 15.Mi deseo de unión hace que otros se alejen Var. explicada: 69,23%. n=261

F. II

0,8326 0,7527 0,7971 0,7758 0,7413

 $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ FDOFXODPRV HO DQiOLVLV GH FRQVLVWHQFLD LQWHUQD GH OD HVFDOD GH DSHJR DGXOWR (VWH DQiOLVLV QRV LQGLFD TXH OD VXEHVFDOD GH DSHJRVHJXURWLHQHXQDOSKDGH&URQEDFKGHLQFOX\HQGRHOtWHPQž  6L VH HOLPLQD OD FRQVLVWHQFLD DXPHQWD KDVWD  'H HVWD IRUPD WDQWRHODQiOLVLVIDFWRULDOFRPRpVWHGHILDELOLGDGDFRQVHMDQODHOLPLQDFLyQ GH HVWH tWHP SRU OR TXH VHUi VXSULPLGR SDUD SRVWHULRUHV DQiOLVLV /D FRQVLVWHQFLDLQWHUQDGHODVXEHVFDODGHDSHJRHYLWDWLYRDOFDQ]yXQYDORU DOSKD GH  \ GH  SDUD OD VXEHVFDOD GH DSHJR DQVLRVR (VWRV tQGLFHV VRQ VLPLODUHV H LQFOXVR VXSHULRUHV D ORV REWHQLGRV HQ RWURV WUDEDMRV3RUHMHPSOR0LNXOLQFHU\VXVFRODERUDGRUHVREWLHQHQtQGLFHVGH ILDELOLGDGHQWUH\ $SDUWLUGHODVSXQWXDFLRQHVGHORVVXMHWRVHQFDGDXQRGHORVLWHPV VH FRQVWUX\HURQ WUHV tQGLFHV GH DSHJR FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D FDGD XQR GH ORV HVWLORV (VWRV tQGLFHV VH FDOFXODURQ PHGLDQWH OD PHGLD DULWPpWLFD GH FDGD VXEHVFDOD $Vt LQLFLDOPHQWH D FDGD VXMHWR OH FRUUHVSRQGtDQ WUHV SXQWXDFLRQHVXQDGHDSHJRVHJXURRWUDGHDSHJRHYLWDWLYR\XQDWHUFHUD GHDSHJRDQVLRVR3RVWHULRUPHQWHVHDVLJQDEDDFDGDVXMHWRHOHVWLORGH DSHJR HQ HO TXH DOFDQ]DED XQD PD\RU SXQWXDFLyQ 'H HVWD IRUPD REWXYLPRV TXH HO  GH ORV VXMHWRV VH FODVLILFDED FRQ XQ HVWLOR GH DSHJRVHJXURHOHYLWDWLYR\XQDQVLRVR(VWRVSRUFHQWDMHV


   
          

65

Estilos de apego al lugar

VRQPX\SUy[LPRVDORVREWHQLGRVHQGLYHUVRVHVWXGLRV+D]DQ\6KDYHU 0LNXOLQFHU\FROVHWF  $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ FRPSDUDPRV HVWH UHVXOWDGR FRQ HO HVWLOR TXH ORV VXMHWRVUHFRQRFLHURQFRPRSURSLRDWUDYpVGHODVGHVFULSFLRQHV(QHVWH FDVR ORV HVWLORV REWHQLGRV IXHURQ  GH DSHJR VHJXUR  GH DSHJRHYLWDWLYR\GHDSHJRDQVLRVR(OUHVWR QRVHLGHQWLILFy FRQQLQJXQRGHORVWUHVHVWLORV(QOD7DEODVHSUHVHQWDQORVUHVXOWDGRV GHODVDXWRGHVFULSFLRQHV\GHODVUHDOL]DGDVDSDUWLUGHODVUHVSXHVWDVHQ OD HVFDOD &RPR SXHGH DSUHFLDUVH ORV SRUFHQWDMHV GH HVWLORV VHJXUR \ HYLWDWLYRVRQPX\DSUR[LPDGRVFRQORVREWHQLGRVHQODHVFDODH[LVWLHQGR XQD GLIHUHQFLD PD\RU HQ HO HVWLOR DQVLRVR 6RQ SRFDV ODV SHUVRQDV TXH UHFRQRFHQ GHSHQGHU GH ORV GHPiV \ GHVHDU LQWLPDU PiV FRQ HOORV PLHQWUDV TXH HQ OD HVFDOD HV SRVLEOH TXH HVWH HVWLOR SDVH PiV GHVDSHUFLELGR\ORVVXMHWRVFRQWHVWHQPiVDELHUWDPHQWH  Tabla 4. Porcentajes obtenidos para cada estilo de apego adulto. Escala Descripciones Apego seguro 53,8% 59,4% Apego evitativo 20,8% 21,7% Apego ansioso 25,5% 8,5%

 (QWRWDOORVGRVPpWRGRVFRLQFLGHQHQHOGHORVFDVRVSHURVH GDXQGHFDVRVHQORVTXHHOHVWLORGHDSHJRGHOVXMHWRGLILHUHHQ IXQFLyQ GHO LQVWUXPHQWR XWLOL]DGR (O FRHILFLHQWH GH FRQWLQJHQFLD HQWUH DPEDV PHGLGDV HV LJXDO D  S  SRU OR TXH SXHGH FRQVLGHUDUVH TXH FRLQFLGHQ GH IRUPD VLJQLILFDWLYD 1R REVWDQWH OD HVWUDWHJLD D VHJXLU HQ DTXHOORV FDVRV HQ ORV TXH QR KD\ FRLQFLGHQFLD HQWUH ODV GRV PHGLGDV QR HVWi PX\ FODUD $Vt 0LNXOLQFHU \ FROV   RSWDQSRUXWLOL]DUODSXQWXDFLyQGHODHVFDODSDUDWRGRVORVVXMHWRVSHUR SRVWHULRUPHQWH 0LNXOLQFHU \ (UHY   \ 0LNXOLQFHU \ 2UEDFK   HOLPLQDQ DTXHOORV FDVRV GH GLVFRUGDQFLD HQWUH ODV GRV PHGLGDV GH ORV DQiOLVLV
66


   
          

M. Carmen Hidalgo

HVWD IRUPD HQ QXHVWUR HVWXGLR RSWDPRV SRU DGRSWDU HO HVWLOR GH DSHJR REWHQLGRHQODHVFDODSDUDWRGRVORVVXMHWRV /DV FRUUHODFLRQHV HQWUH HVWRV HVWLORV QRV LQGLFDQ TXH HO DSHJR HYLWDWLYRHVWiQHJDWLYDPHQWHUHODFLRQDGRFRQHODSHJR VHJXURU  S  LQGLFDQGR TXH XQD PD\RU SXQWXDFLyQ HQ HO HVWLOR VHJXUR YD DVRFLDGR FRQ XQ PHQRU QLYHO GH HVWLOR HYLWDWLYR (Q FDPELR QR KD\ UHODFLyQHQWUHORVHVWLORVVHJXUR\DQVLRVRU  /DUHODFLyQHQWUHORV HVWLORV HYLWDWLYR \ DQVLRVR HV SRVLWLYD DXQTXH PRGHUDGD U   S  Estilos de apego al lugar

(Q SULPHU OXJDU UHDOL]DPRV XQ DQiOLVLV GH FRPSRQHQWHV SULQFLSDOHV FRQ URWDFLyQ YDULPD[ FRQ ORV  LWHPV GH OD HVFDOD (VWH DQiOLVLV VH UHSLWLy SDUD ORV WUHV iPELWRV GH DSHJR SRU VHSDUDGR FDVD EDUULR \ FLXGDG DVt FRPR SDUD ORV WUHV iPELWRV FRQMXQWDPHQWH 'DGR TXH ORV UHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVVRQVLPLODUHVWDQWRHQORVIDFWRUHVH[WUDtGRVFRPR HQ HO SRUFHQWDMH GH YDULDQ]D H[SOLFDGD GHWDOODPRV DTXt ~QLFDPHQWH HO DQiOLVLV IDFWRULDO GH FDUiFWHU PiV JHQHUDO HV GHFLU DTXpO HQ HO TXH VH KDQ LQFOXLGR ORV WUHV iPELWRV (Q HO $QH[R VH SUHVHQWDQ ORV RWURV WUHV IDFWRULDOHVSRUVHSDUDGR/RVUHVXOWDGRVVHPXHVWUDQHQOD7DEOD&RPR SXHGH DSUHFLDUVH HQ HVWH FDVR QR VH FRQILUPDQ ORV WUHV HVWLORV SURSXHVWRV6LELHQDSDUHFHQWUHVIDFWRUHVFRQYDORUHVSURSLRVPD\RUTXH HOWHUFHURORGHVHFKDPRV\DTXHVyORXQtWHPSXQW~DHQHVHIDFWRU(O SULPHUIDFWRUH[SOLFDSRUVtVRORHOGHODYDULDQ]D\HQpOVDWXUDQOD PD\RUtD GH ORV tWHPV GH OD HVFDOD &RQFUHWDPHQWH ORV FLQFR tWHPV GH DSHJRHYLWDWLYRVDWXUDQFRQVLJQRSRVLWLYRPLHQWUDVTXHFXDWURtWHPVGH HVWLOR VHJXUR OR KDFHQ FRQ VLJQR QHJDWLYR \ GRV GHO HVWLOR DQVLRVR 'H HVWDIRUPDHOIDFWRU,ORLQWHUSUHWDPRVFRPRXQDGLPHQVLyQELSRODUHQWUH HOHVWLORVHJXUR \HOHYLWDWLYR'HQRPLQDUHPRVSXHVDHVWHIDFWRU´(VWLOR VHJXURHYLWDWLYRµ (QFXDQWRDOIDFWRU,,H[SOLFDHOGHODYDULDQ]D\HQpOVDWXUDQ FXDWUR GH ORV FLQFR tWHPV GHO HVWLOR DQVLRVR SRU OR TXH SRGHPRV FRQVLGHUDUOR HQ HVWH VHQWLGR /RV tWHPV Q  \  GDGR TXH VDWXUDQ FRQ PD\RUSHVRHQHOSULPHUIDFWRUKDQVLGRDVLJQDGRVDpVWH'HQRPLQDPRV SXHVDOVHJXQGRIDFWRU´(VWLORDQVLRVRµ 


   
          

67

Estilos de apego al lugar Tabla 5. Análisis factorial de los estilos de apego al lugar Items

F. I

  "!"# $&%(' )+*)%&),!-.' / !0*1!20/(34)%&)6587), , / 1.53/ $9 ) 9 :8 "!/ 2;<$ / !&' )!%(' ),)- ! = ) 919 !0/(34)%&)6587), , / 1.53/ $9 ) 9 >? "!)- !#, )"@&1- @!,)+0/(34)%&)65<7), , / 1653/ $9) 9 A? "!"# $&%(' ), B )%&!#$ / ,@ / @/ !29 1!20/(34)%&)(5<7), , / 1.53/ $9 ) 9 C  D6)0!24' ), B )"' !2!,;$!0+$9 ), 0!)1&' , )34)%&)65<7), , / 1.53/ $9 ) 9

R L?S J
E8 F810!"#$&%(' )!%(' ),!20+/(34)%&)65<7), , / 1.53/ $9 ) 9 G  H , !&I / !, 1!%(' ),<- !.= 1%9 !0+/(34)%&)65<7), , / 1653/ $9 )9 J? "!9 !%&)#, ) 9 )+- - !#),)+0/(34)%&)65<7)<, , / 1653/ $9 ) 9 K? "!"# $&%(' ), B )"@/ @/ ,!2"1&' , )34)%&)6587), , / 1.53/ $9 ) 9  L? "!)- !# , ), B )"' !2!,;<$!0+$9 ), 0!

L?S KP C L L?S K8E L?S K8: C  L?S G A C L L?S J C :<:

< M 22 / 2&#N2%/ ' / 10!"%/ !24' 1' )27 / !2"34101!20+/(34)% 5<7), :8 F81"%&1*1, ' 1!%(' ),)- ! = ) 919 !0+/(34)%&)6587), , / 1653/ $9 )9  >? OP/ !24' 1$2# , )<2* - ) 34!,)-&- - !#),)+0/(34)%&)65<7), , / 1.53/ $9 ) 9  A? F810!"#$&%(' ), B )"@/ @/ ,!22/ 2# N2"1&' , 1"%/ ' / 1  C  "!9 1- !, B )+0+$3Q1' !2!,;$!9 ! = )<,<0/434)%&)65<7), , / 1.53/ $9 ) 9

R L?S K
R L?S G L
F. II

F. III

L?S K8E C A L?S AP< C L?S C L8:L

L?S G A L?S J
Var. explicada: 69,23%, n=261

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68


   
          

M. Carmen Hidalgo Tabla 6. Estilos de apego al lugar en función del ámbito espacial Casa Barrio Seguro-Evit. 50% 48% Ansioso 50% 45%

Ciudad 46% 52%

 3DUDFRPSUREDUODUHODFLyQH[LVWHQWHHQWUHDPERVHVWLORVGHDSHJRDO OXJDU UHDOL]DPRV XQ DQiOLVLV GH FRUUHODFLyQ GH 3HDUVRQ HQWUH ODV SXQWXDFLRQHV GH ORV VXMHWRV HQ FDGD IDFWRU /RV UHVXOWDGRV LQGLFDQ TXH H[LVWH XQD UHODFLyQ VLJQLILFDWLYD GH VLJQR QHJDWLYR HQWUH ORV GRV HVWLORV U S (VGHFLUXQDPD\RUSXQWXDFLyQHQHOHVWLORVHJXUR HYLWDWLYRVHDVRFLDFRQXQQLYHOPiVEDMRGHHVWLORDQVLRVR  Tabla 7. Correlación de Pearson entre los estilos de apego adulto y de apego al lugar A. Segur-evi A. Ansioso A. Seguro -0,0299 0,1099 A. Evitativo 0,4687* * 0,0037 A. Ansioso 0,1106 0,2509* * * * p<0,0001

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69

Estilos de apego al lugar

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Discusión

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