Ante Part Um Pregnancy

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Anatomy and Physiology of Female and Male Reproductive System

• Gynecology- study of female reproductive organ. • Andrology- study of male reproductive organ.

External Structures of the Female Reproductive System

Mons veneris- is a pad of adipose tissue located over the symphysis pubis, the pubic bone joint. It is covered by coarse curly hairs. Labia minora- just posterior to the mons veneris spread two folds of connective tissue, the labia minora. Normally, the folds of the labia minora are pink; the internal surface is covered with mucous membrane, the external surface with skin.

Labia Majora- two folds of adipose tissue covered by loose connective tissue and epithelium; they are positioned lateral to the labia minora. Vestibule- flattened, smooth surface the labia. Clitoris- small (approx. 1-2 cm) rounded organ of erectile tissue at the forward junction of the labia minora. Skene’s Glands- (paraurethral glands)

Bartholin’s Glands- (vulvovaginal glands) located lateral to the vaginal opening on both sides. Fourchette- ridge of tissue formed by the posterior joining of the labia majora Perinial body- a muscular area which is easily stretched g childbirth to allow the enlargement of the vagina and passage of the fetal head Hymen-is a tough but elastic

Vulvar Blood Supply- the blood supply of the external genitalia is mainly from pudendalartery and a portion of the inferior rectus artery VulvarNerve Supply- the anterior portion of the vulva derives its nerves supply from the ilioguinal and genitofemoral nerves (L1 level). The posterior portion and vagina are supplied by the pudendal nerve (S-3 level).

Organs of the Female Reproductive systems

Ovaries- the function of the two ovaries (the female gonads) to produce, mature and discharge ova(the egg cells).The ovaries are approximately 4 by 2 cm. in diameter and approximately 1.5 cm. thick or are the sizes and shape of almonds. They are grayish white in color and appear pitted or with minute indentations on the surface.

• Fallopian Tubes- arise from each upper corner of the uterine body and extend outward and backward so that each opens at the distal end next to an ovary. Fallopian tubes are approximately 10 cm in length in a mature woman.

Four Separate Parts of Fallopian Tube 4.Instertitial portion 5.Isthmus portion 6.Ampulla portion 7.Infundibular portion

• Uterus- hollow, muscular, pearshaped organ located in the lower pelvis; posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum. With maturity, a uterus is approximately 5 to 7 cm long, 5 cm wide, and its widest upper part 2.5 cm deep. A no pregnant uterus weighs approx. 60g. The function of the uterus is to receive the ova from the fallopian tube; provide a place for implantation and nourishment during

Three Divisions of Uterus 1. The body or corpus- uppermost part and forms the bulk of the uterus. The lining of the cavity is continous with that of the fallopian tubes, which fuse as its upper aspects. The portion of the uterus between the points of attachment of the fallopian tubes

2. Isthmus- short segment between the body and the cervix. In the no pregnant uterus, it is only 1 to 2mm in length. 3. Cervix- lowest portion of the uterus. It represents approximately 1/3 of the total uterus size or is

Uterine and Cervical Coats 4.Inner one of mucous membrane 5.Middle one of muscle fibers 6.Outer perimetrium sheath

Uterine Deviations 3.Anteversion 4.Retroversion 5.Anteflexion 6.Retroflexion

• Vagina- hollow, musculo membranous canal located posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum. It extends from the cervix of the uterus to the external vulva. Its function is to act as the organ of intercourse and to convey sperm to the cervix so that sperm can meet with the ovum in the fallopian tube with childbirth, it expands to serve as the birth canal.

Breasts- located anterior to the pectoral muscle and in many women. Breasts tissue extends well into the axilla. Pelvis- serves both to support and protect the reproductive and other pelvic organ.

Male Reproductive system

Male External Structures

Scrotum- rugated, skin-covered, muscular pouch suspended from the perineum. Its function is to support the testes and help regulate the temperature of the sperm. Testes- two ovoid glands, 2 to 3 cm wide, that lie in the scrotum. Penis- composed of 3 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue in the penis shaft: two termed the corpus cavernosa, and a third termed the corpus spongiosum.

Male Internal Structures

Epididymis- seminiferous tubule of each testis leads to a tightly coiled tube. Vas deferens- an additional hollow tube surrounded by arteries and veins and protected by a thick fibrous coating. Seminal vesicles- two convoluted pouches that lie along the lower portion of the posterior surface of the bladder and empty into the urethra by way of the ejaculatory ducts.

Ejaculatory ducts- pass through the prostate gland and join the seminal vesicles to the urethra. Prostate gland- chestnut-sized gland that lies just below the bladder. Bulbourethral glands- two bulbo urethral or cowper’s glands lie beside the prostate gland and empty by short ducts into the urethra. Urethra- hollow tube leading from the base of the bladder, which after passing through the prostate gland,

Common Teratogens and

Teratogen • - Any factor, chemical or physical that adversely affects the fertilized ovum, embryo or fetus.

Effects of Teratogens on Fetus 3. Strength of the teratogen 4. Timing of the teratogenic 5. Teratogen’s affinity for specific tissue

Teratogenic Material Infection - Can involve either sexually transmitted or systemic infections. Organisms that cross the placenta can be viral, bacterial or protozoan

TORCH - TORCH screen is an immunologic survey to determine whether these infections exist in either the pregnant woman or the newborn. T- oxoplasmosis 0- ther viral diseases R- ubella C- ytomegalovirus H- erpes simplex virus

Taxomoplasmosis - A protozoan infection, is spread commonly through contact with uncooked meat, although it may also be contracted through handling cat stool in soil.

Effect Mother • Malaise • Posterior cervical lymphadenopathy Fetus • • • • •

Central nervous system damage Hydrocephalus Microcephaly Intracerebral calcification Retinal deformities

Rubella - Also called as German measles

Effect Mother • Mild rash • Mild systemic illness

Infant • Deafness • Motor and mental challenges • Cataracts • Cardiac defects • Small for gestational age

Cytomegalovirus - Member of herpes virus family, that can cause extensive damage to a fetus while causing a few symptoms in a woman - Transmitted by droplet infection from person to person

Effect Infant • Neurologically challeged (hydrocephalus, microcephaly) • Eye damage • Deafness • Chronic liver disease • The child’s skin may be covered with “blueberry- muffin” lesions

Herpes Simplex Virus

Syphilis - Treponema pallidum (causative spirochete) - Sexually transmitted infection

Effect Infant • Deafness • Cognitive challenge • Osteochondritis • Fetal death

Thalidomide - Anti-cancer drug for use particularly with patients with multiple myeloma

Effects

Environmental Teratogens

Radiation

Effects