Aneesh Krishnan

PHYSICAL ATTACKS Nuclear ,Biological ,Chemical By ANEESH KRISHNAN, MBA(TT) 3rd sem.

• Physical attack includes any type of violence to people, property etc intended to create to harm • It includes hijacking,kidnapping, abduction, assault and crimes • Most common definitions of terrorism include only those acts which are intended to create fear (terror), • Are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a lone attack), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants

RECENT ATTACK ON TOURISTS A convoy of four jeeps carrying 15 tourists to Shibam were ambushed by gunmen in a hidden pickup truck.Two Belgian women as well as two Yemenis, a driver and a guide, were killed.

• July 28 • Baghdad. Three female suicide bombers and a roadside bomb targeted Shi'ite pilgrims headed towards Kazimiyah.32 died many more injured August 4 • Sibi, Balochistan. A bomb attached to a parked motorcycle exploded in the main bazaar. The bomb was detonated by remote. Three of the killed were said to be members of a tribe supporting the Islamabad government.

Nuclear Threat • Nuclear terrorism denotes the use, or threat of the use, of nuclear weapons or radiological weapons in acts of terrorism, including attacks against facilities where radioactive materials are present. • In legal terms, nuclear terrorism is an offense committed if a person unlawfully and intentionally “uses in any way radioactive material … with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury”, according to International conventions.

• Nuclear weapons are characterized in particular by their destructive power, the unspeakable suffering caused by their use • it is extremely difficult to bring aid to victims • it is impossible to control their effects in space and time, the risk of escalation and proliferation which any use of nuclear weapons necessarily involves, and the dangers which such weapons entail for the environment, future generations and the survival of humanity.

• The Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are considered to be acts of nuclear terrorism (specifically, nuclear state terrorism) by some groups.

Radiological assassinations • Poisoning of Nikolai Khokhlov by radioactive thallium poisoning in Frankfurt in 1957 by KGB • Assassination of Alexander Litvinenko with radionuclide polonium-210 on November 1, 2006

BIOLOGICAL ATTACK • A bioterrorism attack is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs (agents) used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants • Biological agents can be spread through the air, through water, or in food. • Terrorists may use biological agents because they can be extremely difficult to detect and do not cause illness for several hours to several days • Like Small pox viruses,Anthrax

BIOLOGICAL ATTACKS • In 1995 a small terrorist group, then called Aum Shintikyo but today called Aleph, launched a Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway system. The attack killed twelve and affected more than 5000. The response of Japanese emergency services successfully prevented an outcome with much higher mortality rates. • In the United States a more recent biological terrorism attack occurred in 2001 when letters laced with infectious anthrax were delivered to news media offices and the U.S Congress. The letters killed 5.

Types of biological agents • Category A agents • These are biological agents with both a high potential for adverse public health impact and that also have a serious potential for large-scale dissemination. The Category A agents are anthrax, smallpox, plague, botulism, tularemia, and viral hemorrhagic fevers.

• Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens • Food safety threats (e.g., Salmonella species, E coli • Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) • Typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii) • Viral encephalitis (alphaviruses, e.g.: Venezuelan equine encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis) • Water supply threats (e.g., Vibrio cholerae, Cryptosporidium parvum)

The international biological hazard symbol.

• Category C agents are pathogens that might be engineered for mass dissemination because they are easy to produce and have potential for high morbidity or mortality (examples: nipah virus, hantavirus and multi-drug resistant Tuberculosis (MTB).

Chemical Weapons

• Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances to kill, injure or incapacitate an enemy. • Chemical warfare is different from the use of conventional weapons or nuclear weapons because the destructive effects of chemical weapons are not primarily due to any explosive force.

TYPES OF CHEMICALS • Schedule 1 – Have few, if any, legitimate uses. These may only be produced or used for research, medical, pharmaceutical or protective purposes (i.e. testing of chemical weapons sensors and protective clothing). • Examples include nerve agents, ricin, lewisite and mustard gas.

• Schedule 2 – Have no large-scale industrial uses, but may have legitimate small-scale uses. • Examples include dimethylmethylphosphonate a precursor to sarin but which is also used as a flame retardant Thiodiglycol which is a precursor chemical used in the manufacture of mustard gas but is also widely used as a solvent in inks

• Schedule 3 • Have legitimate large-scale industrial uses. Examples include phosgene and chloropicrin. Both have been used as chemical weapons but phosgene is an important precursor in the manufacture of plastics and chloropicrin is used as a fumigant.

PHOTO SESSION

A soldier with mustard gas burns,

Dressing the Wounded during a Gas Attack, a 1918 painting by the British war artist Austin Osman Spare

Victims of Iraq's poison gas attack in civil area during Iran–Iraq War

picture depicting the use of poisoned arrows in ancient times

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e l t t Li Boy

‘Fat Man’