Anat-211-004w Part One

Skeletal System Physiology By: Sciartia Windisch Anatomy and Physiology 211-004W Part I/2

Andrew, Warren. “Human Skeletal System.” Britannica, www.britannica.com/science/human-skeletal-system.

Skeletal System Bone Structure and Function

Zagobligna, Monika. “How to Draw a Skeleton.” Evantotuts, 25 July 2018, design.tutsplus.com/tutorials/how-to-draw-askeleton--cms-31371.

• The study of bones is called Osteology.

• The skeletal system includes more than just bones. • Bones are more than framework, they are alive and primary organs.

• The system includes; bones, cartilage, ligaments and connective tissues. • The adult skeleton consists of 206 bones! • Bones and Osteology are more complex than most individuals realize, they are living and constantly changing and fusing. Many of the primary structures of the system work together in order for this system to work effectively. In addition a variety of other systems allow for this system to function in amazing ways!

“Types of Skeletal Systems.” Lumen Biology, courses.lumenlearning.com/boundlessbiology/chapter/types-of-skeletal-systems/.

Left- Appendicular Right-Axial

The Appendicular Skeleton V. Axial Skeleton The skeletal system is divided into two divisions; axial and appendicular. The axial is composed of 80 bones, the skull, vertebral column and the thorax. The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones and consists of the bones of the shoulder, upper extremities, hips and lower extremities. Bones of the upper extremities are connected to the axial skeleton by the shoulder bones such as the scapula and cavical. Bones of the lower extremities are connected to the axial skeleton via the pelvic girdle or the two hip bones. This primarily protects organs within the lower gastrointestinal system. Bones differ within the hip bones depending if you are male or female, males have a lower than 90 degree angle between the hip bones where areas females have a greater than 90 degree angle. This is necessary for child birth.

Basic structures in the Skeletal System • • • • • • • • • •

Cranium Cavical Scapula Sternum Humorous Radius Ulna Ribs Carpals Phalanges

• Sacrum

• • • • • •

Pelvis Femur Patella Fibula Tibia Tarsals

The cranium is the bones of the head. The bones of the shoulder include the scapula and cavical. The sternum is the dagger looking flat bone in the middle of the ribs. The Humorous is the large proximal bone of the arm connected to the radius and ulna or the two lower arm bones. These are then connected to the carpal and then the phalanges. The sacrum refers to the end of the spine the pelvis is the outer parts of the hip bone. The femur is then connected to the pelvis and the knee bone or patella. Going down we have the tibia and fibula and the tarsals and phalanges again.

Chukhlyebova , Valentyna. “3D Digital Render of a Human Skeleton in a Oi-Zukii Gari Martial Arts Position Isolated on White Background - Image ID: EA4FYE.” Alamy, www.alamy.com/stock-photo-3d-digital-render-of-a-human-skeleton-in-a-oi-zukiigari-martial-arts-75088370.html.

“Types of Skeletal Systems.” Lumen Biology, courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/types-ofskeletal-systems/.

Compact V. Spongy Bone • Compact Bone is dense, it is often more rigid and appears white, smooth and solid. • Spongy Bone is cancellous and internally compacted. When mature, it is avascular! • Compact bones are 80% of the bodies makeup where areas, spongy bone only makes up 20%! So compact bones are the primary type of bones within the human body! Spongy bone, due to it being avascular which means lacking a blood supply, it tends to look more porous.

BIDMC. Fun Facts About Bones and Joints. 1 Aug. 2018, www.bidmc.org/aboutbidmc/blogs/wellness-insight-landing/bones-and-joints/2018/08/fun-facts-about-bonesand-joints. Accessed 2 Nov. 2018.

Types of bones and examples

• Long Bones- Greater in length than width as given by the name, they are the most common bone shape within the body. • Short Bones- When looking at these bones, it is important to note that the length is nearly equal to the entire width of the bone. • Flat Bones-They are very thin and protect the underlying tissue.

• Irregular Bones-These bones are complex and do not fit into any of the • As you can see from the image, there are a variety of bones within the body however there is a classification system this allows Osteologists to understand the basic functions of whatever bone they pick up. Some examples of long bones include; Humor and Femur. Short bones examples include; Carpals and Tarsals. Flat Bones include the sternum, skull and the ilium of the pelvis. Finally Irregular bone examples is the spine, it has a total of 33 irregular bones! Howtown, Elizebeth. Overview. 24 Sept. 2018, www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview. Accessed 6 Nov. 2018.

Anatomy of a Long Bone The structure of a long bone is actually quite simple. In the example of a femur to the left, there are some primary structures that are important to note; In this example of the femur, it is important to ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢

“Anatomy of a Long Bone.” Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_bone.

Articular Cartilage Red Bone Marrow Epiphyseal Lines Medullary Cavity Yellow Bone Marrow Periosteum Perforating Fibers Site of Endosteum Compact Bone Spongy Bone Proximal Epiphysis Diaphysis Distal Epiphysis

identify the structures of the bones. The Diaphysis is the medial shaft of the bone. The ends of the bone are the distal and proximal diaphysis, the end of each of those are covered with articular cartilage that are usually composed of hyaline cartilage. These allow for bones to move with no friction! It is very important that bones can move around with other bones and systems and the articular cartilage allows that! Epiphyseal lines are just calcified junctions within a bone! The medullary cavity is just a depression within the bone that is hollow. Red bone marrow is the bones way of generating blood cells and yellow produces fat cartilage. I think it is also important to note that in the picture you can see a nutrient artery, this carries and provides nutrients for the bones via blood arteries.

Bones on the cellular level! • Osteoblasts• Osteocytes• Osteoclasts• OsteonsThe osteoblasts are important, they are a cell within the bodies bones that secrete the matrix for all of the bones formations. This leads to calcification which is the bodies process of mineralization that required both vitamins D and C along with calcium and phosphate. Osteocytes are mature bone cells that are taken from osteoblasts but have somewhere along the line lost the ability to make new bone formations, they can detect mechanical stress. Osteoclasts are phagocytic cells that come from fused bone marrow cells. Finally, osteons are the basic structures of compact bone marrow.

“Microscopic Image of a Bone.” Clip Art, etc.usf.edu/clipart/50700/50764/50764_micro.htm.

Zone of ossification “Microscopic Image of a Bone.” Clip Art, etc.usf.edu/clipart/50700/50764/50764_micro .htm.

A micrograph of a Epiphyseal Plate

Zone of calcification

Zone of hypertrophy and maturation

Zone of proliferation

Zone of reserve cartilage

The zone of ossification is the above the diaphysis and contains calcified osteoblasts. The zone of calcification is where chondrocytes begin to die and harden from salt deposits. The zone of hypertrophy divides the chondrocytes and enlarges the lacunae. The zone of proliferation just divides the chondrocytes. The final zone is the zone of reserve cartilage and this zone is closest to the epiphysis and contains reserve chondrocytes.

“Synovial Joints .” Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial_joint.

Cartilage, Joints and Articulations! There are a variety of different types of joints that all work together to fuse bones. As a child you will have more bones than you would an adult, 306 to be exact. This is because in early life bones are not fully calcified and still need to be fused together to make the adult bones. “Some infant bones are made entirely of soft, flexible tissue called cartilage that’s slowly replaced by hard bone as the baby develops.” (KidsHealth.org). Cartilaginous joints include symphyses, and synchondroses. Fibrous Joints include sutures; found on the skull, syndromes, and gomphoses. Synovial joints include a large number of joints including plane joints, condyloid, saddle, hinge, pivot and ball-and-socket. The main difference in these three types of joints is the movements that they can preform, fibrous do not move, cartilaginous ❑ Fibrous Joints (Immobile) are slightly mobile and synovial have a large variety of ❑ Cartilaginous (slightly mobile) movements.

❑ Synovial (freely mobile)

“A coating of another fibrous tissue called cartilage covers the bone surface and keeps the bones from rubbing directly against each other.” (Harvard Medical School)

Synovial Joints

“Synovial Joints .” Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial_joint.

“Synovial joints are movable joints. They make up most of the joints in the body and are located mostly in the limbs, where mobility is critical. They contain synovial fluid, which helps them to move freely.” (Harvard Medical School). Synovial joints have a variety of functions and movements. Plane Joints slide back and fourth and left to right, they are found in the intercarpal. Condyloid joints rotate, they are found in the metacarpophalangeal joints. Saddle joints allow for left to right rotations and are found in the carpometacarpal joints. A hinge joint moves back and fourth and is found at the elbow joint. The pivot joint is like a bar with a wrap over it to keep it from falling out and this can rotate around the bar, these are found in the proximal radioulnar joint. Finally, the ball-andsocket joint is the most freely movable joint and can spin around like a normal ball. This is the most mobile of the synovial joints.

Citations (Images under them) • B. (2018, August 01). Fun Facts About Bones and Joints. Retrieved November 2, 2018, from https://www.bidmc.org/about-bidmc/blogs/wellness-insight-landing/bones-and-joints/2018/08/fun-factsabout-bones-and-joints • Health Care Policy | Harvard Medical School. (2018, October 01). Retrieved December 5, 2018, from https://www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/ • White, T. D., & Folkens, P. A. (n.d.). Osteology. Retrieved December 5, 2018, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/osteology • Ammerman, E. C. (2017). Exploring Anatomy and Physiology in the Laboratory (Third ed.).