American History 1800-1860 Test Study Guide

Matt Griessler Mr. Bowman/7 1800-1860 test review 11-16-08

Terms to know: Who or What/When/Where/Why Important Thomas Jefferson: the leader of the Democatic-Republicans (called Jeffersonians), elected president in 1800, beat President John Adams of the Federalists. First peaceful transfer of power from one party to another. Resulted in 12th amendment to prevent differing parties in president and vice-president MerriwetherLewis: along with William Clark organized a group to explore Louisiana Purchase after its purchase by Jefferson from Napoleon. Set off in 1804. Doubled size of US. William Clark: Merriwether’spartner. See Merriwether Lewis Marbury v. Madison: a few days before Jefferson’s inauguration Adams appointed Marbury, a Federalist, as a justice of the peace to give Federalists more power. Commission not delivered to Marbury and Jefferson’s secretary James Madison wouldn’t give it to him. Marbury tried to get the Supreme Court to force Madison to deliver commission but they said that that would be unconstitutional. 1803. Monroe Doctrine: 1823. President Monroe issued a message that any attempt of foreign powers to mess with the west would be seen as “dangerous to our peace and safety.” And the US would not mess with the east in return. Set foundation for future American policy. Democratic-Republicans: created by Thomas Jefferson. Believed that there should be strong state governments. Mostly supported by S. First 2 party system Federalists: created by Alexander Hamilton. Believed in a strong national government. Supported by N. First 2 party system. Elastic Clause: Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18 – “to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.” Basically Congress

can make any law it wants if it’s necessary. Important because this is the reason for Jeffersonians and Hamiltonians. Jeffersonians believe that elastic clause means that congress can do whatever it wants, loose interpretation. Hamiltonians believe you have to follow the constitution to the letter. John Q. Adams:won election of 1796 over Jefferson. Growing danger of sectionalism-N voted for Adams, S voted for Jefferson. Because of bad feelings with France. XYZ affair – French allowed US delegates to see 3 French nonameofficials, wanted $250,000 to see foreign minister. US commissioned navy, unofficial naval war of stealing ships. 1798. Supported Alien and Sedition Acts – Alien Acts: raised residence requirements allowed pres to deport or jail aliens. Sedition Act: fines and jail terms for hindering or speaking out against gov. Outraged Democrats. Jefferson and Madison as opposition to Alien and Sedition Acts wrote Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions – threatened seccession, asserted Nullification Henry Clay: known as Great Negotiator. Came up with American System, 1815, – established protective tariff, recharter national bank, national govsponsor internal improvements. Also, came up with Missouri Compromise: 36 degree 30 s slavery divide line and Maine free, Missouri slave. Compromise of 1850 – CA is free state, new and more effective fugitive slave law, popular sovereignty in NM and Utah territories. Andrew Jackson: first western pres. Promoted strength of common ppl. Pres from 1828 to 1836. Jacksonian Democracy – common ppl have chance to participate in national govthrough spoils system in which pres hires their supporters to positions. Supported Indian Removal Act, 1830, Jackson told Marshall to ignore Supreme Court and force Nativesoff land. Fought Nullification, tried to pass Force Bill in which military force could be used to make states comply. Fought National Bank, killed it, caused Panic of 1837. American System: see Henry Clay. Trail of Tears: 1838 on, path that US troops forced Cherokee to take on journey west. 800 miles. ¼ of Cherokee died. Nat Turner: Turner’s Rebellion, August 1831, Virginia slave, rebelled with 50 followers and attacked 4 plantations killing over 60 whites. Hung. Showed growing dissent against slavery.

Abolitionism: believe that slavery is wrong, growing tensions between n and s. Missouri Compromise: see Henry Clay Nullification: belief that states can declare act of congress unconstitutional and nullify it. Jackson really didn’t like it. States’ rights: power struggle between state and federal gov. stateshave rights because US constitution is a compact among sovereign states. Each has rights such as nullification. Basis of Sectionalism. Part of growing tensions between N and S. John C. Calhoun: a southerner that worked with Henry Clay. Proposed Nullification, 1828. Pushed for expansion of slavery. Second Great Awakening: widespread Christian movement, 1790s to 1839s. Main tool of movement was revival meeting, lasted for days, studied bible, reflected on lives, heardemotional sermons. Strong impact. 1 in 6 ppl member in church. Santa Fe Trail: one of busiest trails used by settlers and traders. 780 miles from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, NM. 1821 to 1860s. Oregon Trail: Independence, Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon. Blazed in 1836 by 2 Methodist missionaries, Marcus and Narcissa Whitman. Used by many pioneers. War for Texas Independence: Americans immigrated to Texas Mexico to settle there. Mexico outlawed slavery. Mexicans were Roman Catholic while Texans were Protestants. Mexicans spoke Spanish, Americans spoke English. Mexican politics are increasingly unstable. To force Texans to follow Mexican law Santa Anna marched army to San Antonio. Battle of Alamo, every American died. “Remember the Alamo!” Texans captured Santa Anna and didn’t let him go till he signed the Treaty of Velasco that gave independence to Texas. Sam Houston elected president of Republic of Texas. Joined Union Dec 29, 1845. James K. Polk: supported Texas being admitted as a state. President in 1844. 1845, entered war with Mexico to get CA and New Mexico. Entered war in

1845. Mexico signed Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Feb 2, 1848. N of Rio Grande is US territory. US payed 15 million. Mexican War: see James K. Polk. Established current boundaries of continental US along with 10 million dollar Gadsden purchase. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: treaty that ended Mexican War. See Mexican War and James K. Polk. Secession: When a state leaves the Union to become its own Union. S secedesthe Union in 1860 followed by Mississippi, FL, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. Form Confederacy. Last straw. The Union is now divided. Will result in Civil War. DredScott: A slave that fought for freedom because he had gone to free territory in Illinois and Wisconsin and then back to Missouri. Said that since he lived in free stateand territory he should be free. March 6, 1857 Supreme Court issued ruling. Blacks cannot be citizens and thus cannot sue. No matter where slaves go they are still slaves. One of most controversial of supreme courtdecisions. One of last events before secession. John Brown: Studied historic slave uprisings. Thought it was a good time for another one in US. Secretly got funding. Led a band of 21 men to Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Wanted to sieze federal arsenal and start slave uprising. Stopped by military. Brown put to death. Intense reactions from N and S. Harriet Tubman: one of most famous conductors on Underground Railroad. Former slave. 1849, owner died, feared she would be sold, escaped to Philadelphia. Made 19 trips and saved 300 slaves. Jefferson Davis: elected president of Confederacy, Feb, 1861. Fugitive Slave Act: part of Compromise of 1850. allegedfugitives weren’t allowed trial by jury. Anyone convicted of helping slaves were liable of fine up to $1000 and up to 6 months in prison. Enraged N more determined to help slaves escape to freedom. Stephen A. Douglass: N that didn’t believe in slavery. Helped push Compromise of 1850 through. Believed in popular Sovereignty. Ran against Lincoln in 1858 race for US Senate. Debated against him. Lost. Also lost

against him in Election of 1860 for president. Pushed Kansas-Nebraska Act through. Harriet Beecher Stowe: wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, book written from a slaves’ point of view. Emphasized that slavery was unmoral. Pretty much caused Civil War. Enraged both sides. Popular Sovereignty: states and territories can vote whether to be slave or freestates. Pretty much superseded by Dred Scott decision. Underground Railroad: a network of people that helped slaves escape to freedom Compromise of 1850: see Henry Clay. Staved off slavery crisis for a short while. Pushed through by Douglass after Clay gave up. Kansas-Nebraska Act: bill introduced by Douglass Jan 23, 1854. Would divide Nebraska territory into two states – Kansas and Nebraska and would institute popular sovereignty opposed because it was above 36 30. Became law in 1854. Free-Soilers: 1840s, opposed extension of slavery into territories because slaves would compete with white jobs. Convinced of S conspiracy to spread slavery throughout US. Not necessarily abolitionists. Sojourner Truth: former slave, outspoken abolitionist, 1851 argued for women’s rights at a women’s rights convention. The Liberator: written by the most radical white abolitionist, an editor by the name of William Lloyd Garrison. Wanted one thing: immediate emancipation. One of first to demand immediate emancipation, proslavery pplhated Garrison. Widespread black support. Supported Frederick Douglass. Garrison believed in using any means necessary for slave freedom. Elizabeth Cady Stanton: women’s rights supporter. Abolitionist. Angry at being discriminated at World’s Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840. Along with LucretiaMott held a women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls, NY. Wrote a modified version of US Declaration of Independence protesting the limited rights women had.

Frederick Douglass: escaped slave, genius poet, sponsored by Garrison. Did not agree with Garrison because he wanted peaceful negotiations, not any means necessary. Started his own paper The North Star. Aaron Burr: became Jefferson’s vpafter 35 tied ballots in the House. The flaw resulted in the 12th amendment – separate pres and vp ballots. Eli Whitney: N American that invented cotton gin 1793, possible for S to produce more cotton faster. Vastly increased slavery. Abraham Lincoln – president 1860 – 1865, abolitionist. Pres during civil war. Caused S to secede.

Understand the following 1. What were the differences between Federalists and DemocraticRepublicans? Federalists Democratic-Republicans Strong national gov Strong state gov Led by elite Led by common man Loose interpretation of Strict interpretation of Constitution Constitution Shipping and manufacturing Agriculture economy economy 2. Why were Lewis and Clark sent west? – to explore Louisiana Territory 3. How are states’ rights and nullification related? – nullification would be a right of the state. 4. What were the points of the Monroe Doctrine? – east don’t bother west, west don’t bother east. 5. How did the spoils system affect the president’s power? – it increased it because now everyone that had a government job was on his side. 6. How was Jacksonian democracy more democratic? – promoted the common man as opposed to the elite.

7. Why was Andrew Jackson opposed to the Bank of the US? – he thought it gave to much power to a couple of wealthy, elite while ignoring the common man. 8. What was the key issue of American settlers in Texas under Mexican rule? – Mexico abolished slavery in 1829. Texans didn’t want to get rid of their slaves. 9. What were the effects of the Missouri Compromise, and in what territory? – divided Louisiana Territory on the 36 degree 30 second line, above is free, below is slave. Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine was admitted as free state. 10. What were the effects of the Compromise of 1850, and in what territory? – staved off secession for a short while. Utah and NM territories given popular sovereignty to decide whether slave or not. Fugitive Slave Act. CA is a free state. N got even more enraged at slavery and greatly increased slave support. 11. What were the effects of the Kansas-Nebraska Act? – Nebraska territory broken into Kansas and Nebraska as states. Given popular sovereignty. Resulted in “Bleeding Kansas” because of illegal sneaking of proslavery ppl to vote from Missouri. 12. Explain the DredScott case. - Having lived in free territory and free state DredScott, a slave, sued that he should be free. Supreme Court ruling said that African-Americans cannot be citizens and thus cannot sue. Also, no matter where slaves go they are still slaves. Pretty much nullifies popular sovereignty. 13. What were the major reform movements of the period, why did they happen, and what was their aim? - Second Great Awakening: strengthening of Christianity. Women’s Rights Movement: because women were becoming unhappy with their very unimportant role. They wanted more, the right to vote, to be independent of their husbands. Abolitionist Movement: an antislavery push for the abolishment of slavery. The complete eradication of slavery. Happened because people were starting to come to their senses and realize how wrong slavery was.