Aluminium
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Josep Poch March 07
Aluminium (Al)
Introduction ► Aluminium
is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust and constitutes 7.3% by mass ► In nature it only exists in very stable combinations with other materials ► It was not until 1808 that its existence was first established. It took many years of research to "unlock" the metal from its ore and many more to produce a viable, commercial production process
History (I) ► 1808
Sir Humphry Davy (Britain) established the existence of aluminium ► 1821 P. Berthier (France) discovers a hard and reddish material containing 52% of Al2O3 near the village of Les Baux in France. He called it bauxite, the most common ore of aluminium
Bauxite mineral and bauxite mining in Guinea (Africa)
History (II) ► 1855
A bar of aluminium, the new precious metal, is exhibited at the Paris Exhibition ► 1886 Two young scientists, Paul Louis Toussaint Héroult (France) and Charles Martin Hall (USA), working separately simultaneously invent a new electrolytic process, the Hall-Héroult process, which is the basis for all aluminium production today
Paul Héroult
Charles M. Hall
History (III) 25000
World Production
20000 15000 10000 5000 0 1900 thousand tonnes
1946 year
2000
Aluminium production
RAW MATERIALS Bauxite (5t) Fuel Electric Energy (15MWh) Chemical products Alumina (Al2O3) FINAL PRODUCT Aluminium (1t) WASTE Chemical waste CO2
Alumina production ► The
aluminium industry uses the Bayer process to produce alumina from bauxite ► Some 5 tonnes of bauxite are required to produce 2 tonnes of alumina (Al2O3)
Obtaining Al from Al2O3 ► Alumina
is reduced to aluminium metal in electrolytic cells known as pots ► From 2t of alumina we get 1t of aluminium 2Al2O3
+ 3C
--->
A modern pot line this one can produce over 200 000 tonnes of aluminium per year
4Al
+
3CO2
Aluminium applications Some current uses ► Transport ► Electricity ► Packaging ► Construction,
cookware…
Cars, planes, fast trains High voltage lines are made of aluminium: it’s conductor, light and resistant to corrosion
Energy and recycling ► Recycling
aluminium takes 95% less energy than producing it from bauxite
Electricity needed to produce 1t of aluminium 15 10 MWh 5 0
From the ore
From recycled Al
Aluminium cans recycling rates (%)
nc e Fr a
Sp ai n
K U
ta rg et
ed en Sw
EU
Sw
it ze rl an d
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Source: European Commission, 2001
Aluminium (Al)
Introduction ► Aluminium
is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust and constitutes 7.3% by mass ► In nature it only exists in very stable combinations with other materials ► It was not until 1808 that its existence was first established. It took many years of research to "unlock" the metal from its ore and many more to produce a viable, commercial production process
History (I) ► 1808
Sir Humphry Davy (Britain) established the existence of aluminium ► 1821 P. Berthier (France) discovers a hard and reddish material containing 52% of Al2O3 near the village of Les Baux in France. He called it bauxite, the most common ore of aluminium
Bauxite mineral and bauxite mining in Guinea (Africa)
History (II) ► 1855
A bar of aluminium, the new precious metal, is exhibited at the Paris Exhibition ► 1886 Two young scientists, Paul Louis Toussaint Héroult (France) and Charles Martin Hall (USA), working separately simultaneously invent a new electrolytic process, the Hall-Héroult process, which is the basis for all aluminium production today
Paul Héroult
Charles M. Hall
History (III) 25000
World Production
20000 15000 10000 5000 0 1900 thousand tonnes
1946 year
2000
Aluminium production
RAW MATERIALS Bauxite (5t) Fuel Electric Energy (15MWh) Chemical products Alumina (Al2O3) FINAL PRODUCT Aluminium (1t) WASTE Chemical waste CO2
Alumina production ► The
aluminium industry uses the Bayer process to produce alumina from bauxite ► Some 5 tonnes of bauxite are required to produce 2 tonnes of alumina (Al2O3)
Obtaining Al from Al2O3 ► Alumina
is reduced to aluminium metal in electrolytic cells known as pots ► From 2t of alumina we get 1t of aluminium 2Al2O3
+ 3C
--->
A modern pot line this one can produce over 200 000 tonnes of aluminium per year
4Al
+
3CO2
Aluminium applications Some current uses ► Transport ► Electricity ► Packaging ► Construction,
cookware…
Cars, planes, fast trains High voltage lines are made of aluminium: it’s conductor, light and resistant to corrosion
Energy and recycling ► Recycling
aluminium takes 95% less energy than producing it from bauxite
Electricity needed to produce 1t of aluminium 15 10 MWh 5 0
From the ore
From recycled Al
Aluminium cans recycling rates (%)
nc e Fr a
Sp ai n
K U
ta rg et
ed en Sw
EU
Sw
it ze rl an d
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Source: European Commission, 2001
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