Air Pollution

AIR POLLUTION…. TOGETHER WE FIGHT IT…

GROUP MEMBERS: •GABRIEL HII •ARTHUR FONG •HO WEI KIAT •FUNG ZEN VUI •CALEB LEONG

OPEN BURNING… • Open burning release lots of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide which blocks out sunlight and causes worldwide food shortages because the sunlight cannot be absorbed by the leaves of the plants and so the photosynthesis process is disrupted and cannot be done. Henceforth, it will cause many animals to die because there is no food for them to eat anymore.

OPEN BURNING….. • BURNING CAUSES: Haze Smog Greenhouse Effect Global Warming Dust Storm

CONTENT OF PLASTIC • PET (PETE), polyethylene terephthalate: Commonly found on 2-liter soft drink bottles, water bottles, cooking oil bottles, peanut butter jars. • HDPE, high-density polyethylene: Commonly found on detergent bottles, milk jugs. • PVC, polyvinyl chloride: Commonly found on plastic pipes, outdoor furniture, siding, floor tiles, shower curtains, clamshell packaging. • LDPE, low-density polyethylene: Commonly found on dry-cleaning bags, produce bags, trash can liners, and food storage containers. • PP, polypropylene: Commonly found on bottle caps, drinking straws, yogurt containers, legos. • PS, polystyrene: Commonly found on "packing peanuts", cups, plastic tableware, meat trays, take-away food clamshell containers • OTHER, other: This plastic category, as its name of "other" implies, is any plastic other than the named #1–#6, Commonly found on certain kinds of food containers, Tupperware, and Nalgene bottles.

COAL POWERPLANT • Most countries are still using coal power plant as a primary source of energy. Coal may generate lots of electricity but it comes with a cost. Coal is a toxic material to the environment and has been one of the main factors that cause global warming and the greenhouse effect. This may cause massive problems to our eco-system and now has been taking affect.

COAL • Coal is a fossil fuel formed in ecosystems where plant remains were preserved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation, and which its chemical and physical properties have been changed as a result of geological action over time, thus sequestering atmospheric carbon. Coal is a readily combustible black or brownish-black rock.There are at least 5 coal power plant in use in Malaysia and this may increase our air pollution problem in Malaysia. The use of coal releases methane and carbon dioxide which are both greenhouse gases.It also contain mercury,ash,thorium,arsenic and many others

EFFECTS OF COAL Acid rain Generation of tons of waste product Lung cancer Respiratory problem Interference with ground water level Damages infrastructure Pollutes water(if river nearby source)

SMOKING Smoking has been practiced in one form or another since ancient times. Tobacco and various hallucinogenic drugs were smoked all over the Americas as early as 5000 BC in shamanistic rituals and originated in the Peruvian and Ecuadorian Andes Inhaling the vaporized gas form of substances into the lungs is a quick and very effective way of delivering drugs into the bloodstream and affects the user within seconds of the first inhalation. The lungs consist of several million tiny bulbs called alveoli that altogether have an area of over 70 m² (about the area of a tennis court). This can be used to administer useful medical as well as recreational drugs such as aerosols, consisting of tiny droplets of a medication, or as gas produced by burning plant material with a psychoactive substance or pure forms of the substance itself.

SMOKING VS HEALTH… • Of the various methods of consumption the primary health risks pertain to diseases of the cardiovascular system by the vector of smoking, which overtime allows high quantities of carcinogens to deposit in the mouth, throat, and lungs. Tobacco-related diseases are some of the biggest killers in the world today and are cited as one of the biggest causes of premature death in industrialized countries. In the United States some 500,000 deaths per year are attributed to smoking-related diseases and a recent study estimated that as much as 1/3 of China's male population will have significantly shortened life-spans due to smoking.

CONTENT OF CIGARETTES • Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons • Acrolein • Nitrosamines • Nicotine • Apoptosis • Radioactive carcinogens(polonium-210)

CIGARETTES • Chewing tobacco is one of the oldest ways of consuming tobacco leaves.The leaves are gently compacted against the lip. This stimulates the salivary glands, which leads to the development of a spittoon. • Gutka is a preparation of crushed betel nut, tobacco, catechu, lime, and flavorings. It is manufactured, exported, and consumed in India. Social custom does not permit children in India to smoke cigarettes, it has therefore become increasingly popular. • Smoking encompasses Beedi, Cigarette, Cigar, Hookah, Kreteks, and Pipe. ▫ Beedis, similar to cigarettes, are becoming increasingly popular in India and other South-East Asia. It produces three times more carbon monoxide and nicotine and five times more tar than regular cigarettes. ▫ Cigarette smoking is the most common method of tobacco consumption. There is no credible evidence that "Low Tar," "Light," or "Ultra Light" cigarettes are safer than regular cigarettes.Most of these terms refer to the type of filter that is used, and can vary depending on the brand. In some countries, advertising cigarettes as being "Light" has been banned. Increases mortality rates by 40% in those who smoke less than 10 cigarettes a day, by 70% in those who smoke 10–19 a day, by 90% in those who smoke 20–39 a day, and by 120% in those smoking two packs a day or more.

CIGARETTES ▫ Cigar smoking is generally not inhaled as is cigarette smoke, because the high alkalinity of the smoke can quickly become irritating to the trachea and lungs. The relative risk for cigar-only smokers of all-cause mortality is 1.02 for 1-2 cigars/day, 1.08 for 3-4 cigars/day, and 1.17 for 5+ cigars/day. A NIH study done concerning those who smoked at least one cigar per day, found that "The health risks associated with less than daily smoking (occasional smokers) are not known."Though most cigar smokers do not inhale, those that do have risks of lung cancer similar to cigarette smokers. Increased risk for heart attack is less for cigar smokers, but still present. ▫ Hookah, also referred to as Shishas, are smoked in Eastern Mediterranean region.[citation needed] Some studies suggest that hookah smoking is considered to be safer than other forms of smoking. However, water is not effective for removing all relevant toxins, e.g. the carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons are not water-soluble. Several negative health effects are linked to hookah smoking and studies indicate that it is likely to be more harmful than cigarettes, due in part to the volume of smoke inhaled. • Second-hand smoke, also called passive smoking, it is a involuntary inhalation from the end of cigarette, cigar, pipe, or otherwise. • Snuff is a smokeless tobacco inhaled through the nose. • Snus, also with the variation of dipping tobacco, are placed between the upper lip and

CIGARETTES ▫ Kreteks are cloves and tobacco cigarettes most commonly smoked in Indonesia. ▫ Pipe smoking are the usage of tobacco from which the tobacco leaves are ground and placed into a pipe for inhalation. Pipe smoking has also been researched and found to increase the risk of various cancers by 33%.In addition to the cancer risk, there is some risk of infectious disease resulting from pipe sharing, and other risks associated with the common addition of other psychoactive drugs to the tobacco.  Cigar smoking is generally not inhaled as is cigarette smoke, because the high alkalinity of the smoke can quickly become irritating to the trachea and lungs.The relative risk for cigar-only smokers of all-cause mortality is 1.02 for 1-2 cigars/day, 1.08 for 3-4 cigars/day, and 1.17 for 5+ cigars/day. A NIH study done concerning those who smoked at least one cigar per day, found that "The health risks associated with less than daily smoking (occasional smokers) are not known."Though most cigar smokers do not inhale, those that do have risks of lung cancer similar to cigarette smokers. Increased risk for heart attack is less for cigar smokers, but still present.

CIGARETTES ▫ Hookah, also referred to as Shishas, are smoked in Eastern Mediterranean region.[ citation needed] Some studies suggest that hookah smoking is considered to be safer than other forms of smoking. However, water is not effective for removing all relevant toxins, e.g. the carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons are not water-soluble. Several negative health effects are linked to hookah smoking and studies indicate that it is likely to be more harmful than cigarettes, due in part to the volume of smoke inhaled.[20][21] ▫ Kreteks are cloves and tobacco cigarettes most commonly smoked in Indonesia. ▫ Pipe smoking are the usage of tobacco from which the tobacco leaves are ground and placed into a pipe for inhalation. Pipe smoking has also been researched and found to increase the risk of various cancers by 33%.[22] In addition to the cancer risk, there is some risk of infectious disease resulting from pipe sharing, and other risks associated with the common addition of other psychoactive drugs to the tobacco.[23] • Second-hand smoke, also called passive smoking, it is a involuntary inhalation from the end of cigarette, cigar, pipe, or otherwise. • Snuff is a smokeless tobacco inhaled through the nose. • Snus, also with the variation of dipping tobacco, are placed between the upper lip and teeth, where nicotine is absorbed into the bloodstream through the mucuous m

EFFECTS OF CIGARETTES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Lung Cancer Genetic Defect Miscarriage(for women) Radioactive Poisoning Heart Attack Emphysema Pancreatic Cancer Pulmonary Damage Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Tuberculosis Bronchitis Nausea Dizziness Rapid Heart Beat Cigarette Smoke May Affect Non-Smokers

FACTORIES • Factories are one of the main air and water polluters of the world. They are responsible for many release of dangerous substances which dangerous to humans and so to the eco-system. They have polluted the air as much as vehicles. Though they have been built far from cities, their effect on the environment is visible even residents in the city will be affected with the air transfer of toxins from the factories.

FACTORIES IN MALAYSIA • There are many factories in Malaysia. There are more than 200 factories in Malaysia and most are furniture and wood factories. These factories release a huge amount of sawdust which may enter the lungs of someone if it is small enough.

TOXINS RELEASED • • • • • • •

Carbon monoxide Chlorofluorocarbon Hydrocarbon Nitrogen oxide Sulfur oxide Troposphere ozone Petroleum(solvent)

EFFECTS OF TOXINS RELEASED • • • • •

Thinning of the ozone layer Haze Smog Blocking of ultraviolet rays Kills plants and animals

AEROSOL SPRAY Aerosol spray has been widely used around the world. It was invented by Lyle Goodhue and William Sullivan. Pressurized by liquefied gas, which gave it propellant qualities, the small, portable can enabled soldiers to defend against malaria-carrying bugs by spraying inside tents in the Pacific during World War II. In 1948, three companies were granted licenses by the United States government to manufacture aerosols.It was filled with chlorofluorocarbon and later most changed to methane or butane but the disadvantages were that they were flammable.

CONTENTS OF AEROSOL SPRAY • • • • • • •

CFC(Chlorofluorocarbon) Methane Butane Isobutene Nitrous oxide(laughing gas) Carbon dioxide Methyl ethyl ether

EFFECTS OF AEROSOL SPRAY • • • • •

Increase of rubbish Thinning of the ozone layer Explosion Death if inhaled Difficulty breathing

VOLCANO • Volcano is an opening or a rupture in a planet’s crust which allow hot, molten rock, ash and gases to escape from below to the surface. Volcano can be caused by mantle plumes(hotspot) example, Hawaii. Hotspot volcanoes are found on rocky planets in the solar system. Volcanoes are usually found where tectonics plates diverge and converge

TYPES OF VOLCANO • • • • • •

Shield volcano Super volcano Stratovolcano Submarine volcano Sub glacial volcano Mud volcano

CONTENT OF VOLCANO • • • • • • •

Water vapor Carbon dioxide Sulfur dioxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Ash(rocks) Magma

Sulfuric Acid

EFFECT OF VOLCANO ERUPTION • • • • • • • • •

Albedo(amount of light reflection back to space) Famine Difficulty breathing(ashes) Pyroclastic flow Release of chlorofluorocarbon gases Destroys ozone layer Acid rain Cooling of the world Plants cannot produce food because ash cover leaves…

AUTOMOBILE • There are more than 590 million cars on the road today. The word automobile comes, via the French automobile, from the Ancient Greek word αὐτός (autós, "self") and the Latin mobilis ("movable"); meaning a vehicle that moves itself, rather than being pulled or pushed by a separate animal or another vehicle. The alternative name car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum ("wheeled vehicle"), or the Middle English word carre ("cart") (from Old North French), or karros (a Gallic wagon). Therefore, making it the no.1 contributor to global warming and greenhouse effect.

TYPE OF PROPULSION • • • • • • • • • •

Diesel Gasoline Biofuel Electric Petroleum Steam Air Gas turbine Rotary engine Rocket and jet cars

RELEASE OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GAS • • • • •

Carbon dioxide Lead Carbon monoxide Hydrocarbon Nitrogen

EFFECT OF AUTOMOBILE TO THE ENVIRONMENT • • • • • •

Global warming Greenhouse effect Defect in babies Respiratory difficulties Acid rain Destruction of habitats (building of roads)

SOLUTION TO AIR POLLUTION • Renewable energy Solar Geothermal Wind Biomass Hydrogen fuel cell • Scrubber

SOLAR Solar power technologies provide electrical generation by means of heat engines or photovoltaics. A partial list of solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, potable water via distillation and disinfection, day lighting, hot water, thermal energy for cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes. The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year

USE OF SOLAR PANEL • • • • • • • • • • •

Architecture and urban planning Solar lighting Solar thermal Water heating Heating, cooling and ventilation Water treatment Cooking Process heat Electrical generation Photovoltaics Solar vehicles

STORAGE OF SOLAR ENERGY • Solar energy is not available at night, and energy storage is an important issue because modern energy systems usually assume continuous availability of energy. • Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or seasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shift timeof-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements. • Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating system, in 1948. • Solar energy can be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems. The Solar Two used this method of energy storage, allowing it to store 1.44 TJ in its 68 m³ storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99%.

• Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid. Net metering programs give these systems a credit for the electricity they deliver to the grid. This credit offsets electricity provided from the grid when the system cannot meet demand, effectively using the grid as a storage mechanism. • Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one. The energy is recoverered when demand is high by releasing the water to run through a hydroelectric power generator

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY • Geothermal power (from the Greek roots geo, meaning earth, and thermos, meaning heat) is energy generated from heat stored in the earth, or the collection of absorbed heat derived from underground. • Prince Piero Ginori Conti tested the first geothermal generator on 4 July 1904, at the Larderello dry steam field in Italy.[1] The largest group of geothermal power plants in the world is located at The Geysers, a geothermal field in California, United States.[2] The Philippines and Iceland are the only countries to generate a significant percentage of their electricity from geothermal sources; in both countries 15-20% of power comes from geothermal plants. As of 2008, geothermal power supplies less than 1% of the world's energy.[3] The most common type of geothermal power plants ( binary plants) are closed cycle operations and release essentially no Greenhouse gas emissions; geothermal power is available 24 hours a day with average availabilities above 90% (compared to about 75% for coal plants). [4]

ADVANTAGES OF GEOTHERMAL • Geothermal power requires no fuel, and is therefore virtually emissions free and insusceptible to fluctuations in fuel cost. And because a geothermal power station doesn't rely on transient sources of energy, unlike, for example, wind turbines or solar panels, its capacity factor can be quite large; up to 90% in practice. • It is considered to be sustainable because the heat extraction is small compared to the size of the heat reservoir. • Geothermal has minimal land use requirements; existing geothermal plants use 1-8 acres per megawatt (MW) versus 5-10 acres per MW for nuclear operations and 19 acres per MW for coal power plants. It also offers a degree of scalability: a large geothermal plant can power entire cities while smaller power plants can supply more remote sites such as rural villages.

DISADVATANGES OF GEOTHERMAL • From an engineering perspective, the geothermal fluid is corrosive and, worse, is at a low temperature compared to steam from boilers. By the laws of thermodynamics this low temperature limits the efficiency of heat engines in extracting useful energy during the generation of electricity. Much of the heat energy is lost, unless there is also a local use for low-temperature heat such as greenhouses, timber mills, and district heating. • However, since this energy is almost free once the plant is established, the efficiency of the system is not as significant as for a coal or other powered plant. Although geothermal sites are capable of providing heat for many decades, locations may eventually cool down. • For example, the world's second-oldest geothermal generator at Wairakei has reduced production. It is likely that locations like these were designed too large for the site, since there is only so much energy that can be stored and replenished in a given volume of earth. If left alone, however, these places should recover their lost heat, as the Earth's mantle and core have vast heat reserves.

WIND ENERGY • Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form, such as electricity, using wind turbines. At the end of 2008, worldwide nameplate capacity of wind-powered generators was 120.8 gigawatts.[1] Although wind produces only about 1.5% of worldwide electricity use,[1] it is growing rapidly, having doubled in the three years between 2005 and 2008. • Wind energy has historically been used directly to propel sailing ships or converted into mechanical energy for pumping water or grinding grain, but the principal application of wind power today is the generation of electricity. Large scale wind farms are typically connected to the local electric power transmission network, with smaller turbines being used to provide electricity to isolated locations. Utility companies increasingly buy back surplus electricity produced by small domestic turbines. Wind energy as a power source is favoured by many environmentalists as an alternative to fossil fuels, as it is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, and produces lower greenhouse gas emissions, although the construction of wind farms is not universally welcomed due to their visual impact and other effects on the environment.

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT • Wind power consumes no fuel for continuing operation, and has no emissions directly related to electricity production. Operation does not produce carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, mercury, particulates, or any other type of air pollution, as fossil fuel power sources do. • Wind power plants consume resources in manufacturing and construction. During manufacture of the wind turbine, steel, concrete, aluminium and other materials will have to be made and transported using energy-intensive processes, generally using fossil energy sources. • Danger to birds is often the main complaint against the installation of a wind turbine. • However, studies show that the number of birds killed by wind turbines is negligible compared to the number that die as a result of other human activities such as traffic, hunting, power lines and highrise buildings and especially the environmental impacts of using nonclean power sources.

ECONOMIC AND FEASILIBILITY • Wind and hydroelectric power generation have negligible fuel costs and relatively low maintenance costs; in economic terms, wind power has a low marginal cost and a high proportion of capital cost. • The estimated average cost per unit incorporates the cost of construction of the turbine and transmission facilities, borrowed funds, return to investors (including cost of risk), estimated annual production, and other components, averaged over the projected useful life of the equipment, which may be in excess of twenty years. Energy cost estimates are highly dependent on these assumptions so published cost figures can differ substantially. • Cost per unit of energy produced was estimated in 2006 to be comparable to the cost of new generating capacity in the United States for coal and natural gas: wind cost was estimated at $55.80 per MWh, coal at $53.10/MWh and natural gas at $52.50

BIOMASS ENERGY • Biomass, as a renewable energy source, refers to living and recently dead biological material that can be used as fuel or for industrial production. In this context, biomass refers to plant matter grown to generate electricity or produce for example trash such as dead trees and branches, yard clippings and wood chips biofuel, and it also includes plant or animal matter used for production of fibres, chemicals or heat. Biomass may also include biodegradable wastes that can be burnt as fuel. • Industrial biomass can be grown from numerous types of plants, including miscanthus, switchgrass, hemp, corn, poplar, willow, sorghum, sugarcane , and a variety of tree species, ranging from eucalyptus to oil palm (palm oil). The particular plant used is usually not very important to the end products, but it does affect the processing of the raw material.

ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT • Biomass is part of the carbon cycle. Carbon from the atmosphere is converted into biological matter by photosynthesis. On death or combustion the carbon goes back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2). This happens over a relatively short timescale and plant matter used as a fuel can be constantly replaced by planting for new growth. Therefore a reasonably stable level of atmospheric carbon results from its use as a fuel. It is accepted that the amount of carbon stored in dry wood is approximately 50% by weight.[3] • Though biomass is a renewable fuel, and is sometimes called a "carbon neutral" fuel, its use can still contribute to global warming. This happens when the natural carbon equilibrium is disturbed; for example by deforestation or urbanization of green sites. When biomass is used as a fuel, as a replacement for fossil fuels, it still puts the same amount of CO2 into the atmosphere.

• However, when biomass is used for energy production it is widely considered carbon neutral, or a net reducer of greenhouse gasses because of the offset of methane that would have otherwise entered the atmosphere. • The carbon in biomass material, which makes up approximately fifty percent of its dry-matter content, is already part of the atmospheric carbon cycle. • Biomass absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere during its growing lifetime, after which its carbon reverts to the atmosphere as a mixture of CO2 and methane (CH4), depending on the ultimate fate of the biomass material. CH4 converts to CO2 in the atmosphere, completing the cycle. In contrast to biomass carbon, the car from longterm storage, and adds it to the stock of carbon in the atmospheric cycle.

HYDROGEN FUEL CELL • A fuel cell is an electrochemical conversion device. It produces electricity from fuel (on the anode side) and an oxidant (on the cathode side), which react in the presence of an electrolyte. • The reactants flow into the cell, and the reaction products flow out of it, while the electrolyte remains within it. Fuel cells can operate virtually continuously as long as the necessary flows are maintained.

APPLICATIONS

• Fuel cells are very useful as power sources in remote locations, such as spacecraft, remote weather stations, large parks, rural locations, and in certain military applications. A fuel cell system running on hydrogen can be compact and lightweight, and have no major moving parts. Because fuel cells have no moving parts and do not involve combustion, in ideal conditions they can achieve up to 99.9999% reliability. This equates to around one minute of down time in a two year period. • Micro combined heat and power systems such as home fuel cells and cogeneration for office buildings and factories are in mass production phase. The stationary fuel cell application generates constant electric power (selling excess power back to the grid when it is not consumed), and at the same time produces hot air and water from the waste heat. A lower fuel-to-electricity conversion efficiency is tolerated (typically 15-20%), because most of the energy not converted into electricity is utilized as heat. Some heat is lost with the exhaust gas just as in a normal furnace, so the combined heat and power efficiency is still lower than 100%, typically around 80%.

HYDROGEN TRANSPORTATION

• The first public hydrogen refuelling station was opened in Reykjavík, Iceland in April 2003. This station serves three buses built by DaimlerChrysler that are in service in the public transport net of Reykjavík. The station produces the hydrogen it needs by itself, with an electrolyzing unit (produced by Norsk Hydro), and does not need refilling: all that enters is electricity and water. Royal Dutch Shell is also a partner in the project. The station has no roof, in order to allow any leaked hydrogen to escape to the atmosphere. • The 2001 Chrysler Natrium used its own on-board hydrogen processor. It produces hydrogen for the fuel cell by reacting sodium borohydride fuel with Borax, both of which Chrysler claimed were naturally occurring in great quantity in the United States. The hydrogen produces electric power in the fuel cell for near-silent operation and a range of 300 miles without impinging on passenger space. • Chrysler also developed vehicles which separated hydrogen from gasoline in the vehicle, the purpose being to reduce emissions without relying on a nonexistent hydrogen infrastructure and to avoid large storage tanks.

THE END