Adolescence

ADOLESCENCE - period of maturation between childhood and adulthood - transitional period - peer relationships deepen - autonomy in decision-making grows - intellectual pursuits and social belonging are sought - time of exploration and making choices → concept of self Stages of Adolescence - Early Adolescence (12 to 14 years of age) - Growth spurt - Development of secondary sex characteristics - Beginning of social separation from parents and family - begin to criticize usual family habits - question previously accepted family values - greater affinity with peers - greater awareness of style and appearance - growing desire for autonomy, sometimes with challenging behaviors toward authority figures -

Middle Adolescence (14 – 16 years of age) Consolidation of the sense of self Self-esteem becomes a pivotal influence on positive and negative risktaking behaviors - Increased sexual experimentation - Decreased sense of threat from adults - tend to identify with a group of peers who become highly influential in their choices of activities, styles, music, idols, and role models -

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first signs of pubertal process: increased rate of growth weight Sexual Maturity Rating (SMR) - Tanner Stages - Range from SMR I (preadolescent) to SMR V (adult) - Breast development in girls - Genital maturity in boys - Pubic hair development Breast development Male Genitalia development Stage I only the papilla is Penis, testes, and Preadolescent elevated scrotum have a size and proportion similar to those seen in early childhood Stage II Elevation of the Penis size same Breast budding breasts and papillae Enlargement of the may occur as small testes and scrotum mounds Change in texture of Some increased the scrotal skin diameter of the scrotal skin may be areola diameter reddened

in both height and

Stage III

darker coarser and curlier

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Stage IV

Late Adolescence (17-19 years of age) Concerns about entering adult life – work, independence, intimacy continued exploration of academic pursuits, musical and artistic tastes, athletic participation, and social bonds leads a greater definition of self and a sense of belonging to certain groups or subcultures

Components of Adolescence 1. Physical Development - adolescence is related but not identical to puberty - puberty is a biological event - adolescence is a period designated by society Puberty - originates from the Latin word puber → “being of marriageable age” - implies emerging capacity for reproduction - process by which adolescents develop physical and sexual maturity, along with reproductive ability

Stage V

Breasts and areola continue to enlarge no separation of contour Areolae and papillae elevate above the level of the breasts and form secondary mounds Further development of the overall breast tissue

Mature female breasts Papillae may extend above the contour of the breasts as a result of the recession of he areolae

Penis elongated increased growth of testes and scrotum

Pubic Hair growth No sexual hair

Sparse, pigmented, long, straight mainly along labia and at the base of penis

Penis significantly Adult, but enlarged in length and decreased circumference, with distribution further development of the glans penis testes and scrotum continue to enlarge distinct darkening of the scrotal skin Penis, testes, and scrotum are adult with regard to size and shape

Adult in quantity and type with spread to medial thighs

Adolescent girls - primary sex characteristic: ovulation → the release of eggs from ovarian follicles, approximately once every 28 days - SMR III to IV: ovarian follicles are producing enough estrogen to result in menarche →onset of menstruation - SMR IV to V: an ovarian follicle matures on a monthly basis and ovulation occurs - Estrogen and progesterone - Promote sexual maturation - Further development of fallopian tubes and breasts Adolescent boys - primary sex characteristic: development of sperm by the testes - sperm development occurs in response to follicle-stimulating hormone acting on the seminiferous tubules within the testes - pubertal process is marked by the growth of he testes stimulated by luteinizing hormone - ejaculation: emerges within one year of reaching SMR II - secondary sexual characteristics - thickening of the skin - broadening of the shoulders - development of facial hair Factors that Affect the Onset of Puberty - genetics - nutrition - general health status - environmental factors - physiological factors 2. Cognitive Development - refers to the ability to think and reason - children (6 to 12 years old): concrete operational thinking - adolescence: marks the beginning of development of more complex thinking processes → formal operational thinking Formal Operational Thinking - abstract thinking (thinking about possibilities) - ability to reason from known principles (form own new ideas or questions) - ability to consider many points of view according to varying criteria (compare of debate ideas or opinions) - ability to think about the process of thinking - Six New Conceptual Skills - Capability to mentally control more than two types of variables at the same time - Capability to think about modification that may occur with time

Ability to imagine rational series of events Capability of predicting results of actions Capacity to sense reasonable steadiness or contradictions in a set of statements - Capability to think of themselves, others and he world in a real way - Environmental Factors Which Help Foster Formal Operational Thought - Various relationships - Membership in a more heterogeneous group of peers - Various social groups, ethnicities, religions - School curriculum Early Adolescence - the use of more complex thinking is focused on personal decision making in school and home environments - use of formal logical operations in schoolwork - question authority and society standards - form and verbalize his own thoughts and views on a variety of topics, usually related to his own life - which sports are better to play - which groups are better to be included in - what personal appearances are desirable or attractive - what parental rules should be changed Middle Adoslescence - include more philosophical and futuristic concerns - questions more extensively - analyzes more extensively - thinks about and begins to form his own code of ethics - thinks about different possibilities and begins to develop own identity - thinks about and begins to make his own plans - begins to think long term - his use of systematic thinking begins to influence relationships with others Late Adolescence - a complex thinking processes are used to focus on less self-centered concepts as well as personal decision making - increased thoughts about more global concepts - develops idealistic views on specific topics or concerns - debate and develop intolerance of opposing views - begins to focus thinking on making career - begins to focus thinking on emerging role in adult society Ways to Encourage Positive and Healthy Cognitive Thinking in the Adolescent - include in discussions about a variety of topics, issues and current events - share ideas and thoughts with you - think independently and develop their own ideas - assist in setting their own goals -

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stimulate to think about possibilities of the future compliment and praise for well thought out decisions assist in re-evaluating poorly made decisions for themselves

3. Emotional Development 4. Social Development 5. Moral Development - morality is a set of values and beliefs about codes of behaviour that conform to those shared by others in society - tend to develop patterns of behaviours - characteristics of their family and educational environments - imitation of specific peers and adults whom they admire - no strictly tied to chronological age - outgrowth from cognitive development - adolescents recognize rules in terms of what is good for the society at large - Lawrence Kohlberg levels of morality - preconventional morality-punishment and obedience to the parent are the determining factors - morality of conventional role-conformity - children try to conform to gain approval and to maintain good relationships with others - self-accepted moral principles-children voluntarily comply with rules on the basis of a concept of ethical principles and make exceptions to rules in certain circumstances. - Gilligan points out that, in women, compassion and the ethics of caring are dominant features of moral decision-making, whereas, for men, predominant features of moral judgments are related more to a perception of justice, rationality, and a sense of fairness. 6. Self-esteem - a measure of one’s sense of self-worth based on perceived success and achievements, as well as a perception of how much one is valued by peers, family members, teachers and society in general - most important correlates of good self-esteem - one’s perception of positive physical appearance - high value to peers and family - secondary features of self-esteem - academic achievement - athletic abilities - special talents - mediated by positive feedback received from a peer group and family members - adolescents often seek out a peer group that offers acceptance, regardless of negative behaviours - adolescent girls have more of a problem maintaining self-esteem than do boys.

Current Environmental Influences and Adolescence - adolescent sexual behaviour - factors impacting sexual behaviour - personality traits - gender - cultural and religious background - racial factors - family attitudes - sexual education and prevention programs - pregnancy - abortion - risk-taking behaviour - drug and alcohol use - unsafe sexual practices - self-injurious behavior - reckless driving - violence - tattoos and body piercing - skills to develop a sense of belonging to a peer group, along with the ability to conform with the activities of that group are of central importance to a sense of well-being - friendships become more individualized, and personal secrets are likely shared with a friend rather than a family member Adolescent Sexual Behavior - Sexual experimentation in adolescents often begins with fantasy and masturbation in early adolescence - followed by noncoital genital touching with the opposite sex or same-sex partners, oral sex with partners, and initiation of sexual intercourse at a later point in development - Boys generally have more sexual partners than do girls, and boys are less likely than girls to seek emotional attachments with their sexual partners. Factors that Influence Adolescent Sexual Behavior - personality traits, gender, cultural and religious background, racial factors, family attitudes, and sexual education and prevention programs. - Contraceptives - The two most common methods are condoms and birth control pills. - Pregnancy - Children born to teenage mothers have a greater chance of dying before the age of 5 years - Those who survive are more likely to perform poorly in school and are at greater risk of abuse and neglect - Teenage mothers are also less likely to seek regular prenatal care, to take recommended daily multivitamins, and they are more likely to smoke, drink, or use drugs during pregnancy

Abortion - four of ten teen pregnancies end in abortion Risk-Taking Behavior - leading to confidence both in forming new relationships and in sports and social situations. Drug Use - Alcohol - Alcohol dependence, along with other drugs, is associated with depression, anxiety, oppositional defiant disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and an increased rate of suicide. - Nicotine - Cigarette smokers are more likely to get into fights, carry weapons, attempt suicide, suffer from mental health problems such as depression, and engage in high-risk sexual behaviors. - Cannabis - most popular illicit drug - marijuana is easier to get than alcohol or cigarettes. - Once teenagers are dependant on marijuana, they often tumble into truancy, crime, and depression. - Cocaine - Opioids - Heroin - Violence - Black male teenagers are far more likely to be murder victims than are boys from any other racial or ethnic group or girls of any race. - The factor most strongly associated with violence among adolescent boys is growing up in a household without a father or father surrogate - race, socioeconomic status, and education show no effect on the propensity toward violence Bullying - one's strength or status to intimidate, injure, or humiliate another person of lesser strength or status - Physical bullying involves physical injury or threat of injury to someone. - Verbal bullying refers to teasing or insulting someone - Social bullying refers to the use of peer rejection or exclusion to humiliate or isolate a victim. - Boys are more likely to be involved in bullying and violent behavior than girls. Girls tend to use verbal bullying rather than physical. Gangs - Gang membership is a brief phase - Boys are more likely to join gangs than girls - Female gang members are also involved in less delinquent or criminal activity than males and commit fewer violent crimes Weapons School Violence -

Many factors-inherited traits include impulsivity, learning difficulties, low IQ, or fearlessness - correlation also exists between witnessing violent acts and involvement in violence Sexual offense - There appear to be two types of juvenile sex offenders: those who target children, and those who offend against peers or adults. - Etiological factors of juvenile sex-maltreatment experiences, exposure to pornography, substance abuse, and exposure to aggressive role models - 25 to 50 percent offending adolescents have a childhood history of physical abuse 10 to 80 percent sexual abuse - most common psychosocial deficits of adolescent sexual offenders include low self-esteem, few social skills, minimal assertive skills, and poor academic performance - Male offenders are more often diagnosed with paraphilias and antisocial behavior, whereas female offenders are more likely to be diagnosed with mood disorders and engage in self-mutilation. Prostitution - Most adolescent prostitutes are girls, but boys are involved as homosexual prostitutes - Most teenagers who enter a life of prostitution come from broken homes - Many were victims of rape, or were abused as children Tattoos and Body Piercing - Both tattoos and body piercing are more common in girls than in boys - Adolescents who endorsed possession of at least one tattoo or body piercing are more likely to endorse use of gateway drugs (cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana), as well as experience with hard drugs (cocaine, crystal methamphetamine, and ecstasy). - Female adolescents who had tattoos or body piercings more likely to endorse a history of suicidal ideation or behaviours -

ADULTHOOD - early or young (ages 20-40) - middle (ages 40-65) - late or old Transition to Early Adulthood - separate psychologically from the parents and achieve self-sufficiency in the adult world - find a gratifying place in the world of work - experience sexual and emotional intimacy within a committed relationship - become a parent - accept the aging process in the body - integrate the growing awareness of time limitation and personal death

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maintain physical and emotional intimacy in the face of the powerful physical, psychological, and environmental pressures of midlife facilitate the emergence of childhood into adulthood develop and sustain friendships with individuals of different ages and backgrounds continue to play leave a legacy for future generations by facilitating the development of younger individuals

A. Early or Young Adulthood (20 to 40 Years of Age) - begins at the end of adolescence, age 20 - characterized by - peaking biological development - assumption of major social roles - evolution of an adult self and life structure - successful passage into adulthood depends on satisfactory resolution of childhood and adolescent crises - Early adulthood requires choosing new roles Developmental Tasks - establishing a self that is separate from parents is a major task - occupation - developing adult friendships - marriage or other intimate relationships - parenthood Developmental Periods (Levinson. et al) - building an entry life structure for early Adulthood (ages 22-28) - age 30 transition (ages 28-33) - building a culminating life structure for early adulthood (ages 33-40) Developmental Tasks (Colarusso) - to develop a young adult sense of self and others - to develop adult friendships - to develop the capacity for intimacy; to become a spouse - to become a biological and psychological parent - to develop a relationship of mutuality and equality with parents while facilitating their midlife development - to establish an adult work identity - to develop adult forms of play - to integrate new attitudes toward time Erik Erikson - intimacy vs isolation - contacts with others are made - intimate relationships develop

commitment to another person develops

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Occupation - blue collar – enter after HS - white collar – enter workforce after college or professional school - healthy adaptation to work - outlet for creativity - satisfactory relationships with colleagues - pride in accomplishment - increased self-esteem -

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Maladaptation dissatisfaction with oneself and with the job insecurity decreased self-esteem anger resentment at having to work job dissatisfaction → job changes, absenteeism, mistakes at work, accident proneness, sabotage

more women have been entering the workplace proportion of working age women with jobs has increased - 1960-35% - 2000 - 70%

Unemployment - loss of income - incidence of alcohol dependence, homicide, violence, suicide, and mental illness rises - decreased self-esteem Developing Adult Friendships - before marriage and parenthood → friendships are often the primary source of emotional sustenance - emotional needs for closeness and confidentiality are largely met by friendships - As marriages occurs and children are born → central emotional importance of friendships diminishes - movement toward a new form of friendship → couples friendships Marriage - most persons marry in their mid to late 20s - cohabitation: - 1960 - 8% - Currently – more than 50% - Marital adjustment – emotional adjustment (Reed)

Advocates communication and verbal confrontation Openness More talking Increased sensitivity to feelings Personalizing of language symbols Keeping the communication channels open - How a marriage works out relates to: - Partnesr selected - Personality organization or disorganization of each Interaction between them - Original reasons for the union - Marital Problems - Persons marry for a variety of reasons emotional, social, economic, and political, among others. - look to the spouse to meet unfulfilled childhood needs for good parenting - see the spouse as someone to be saved from an otherwise unhappy life - irrational expectations between spouses - financial issues - Marriage counselling - Only a particular conflict related to the immediate concerns of the family discussed - Conducted by persons with less psychotherapeutic training - Marriage Therapy - Places greater emphasis on restructuring the interaction between the couple - Exploring the psychodynamics of each partner - A trained person establishes a professional contract with the couple * Both help marital partners cope effectively with the problems -

Parenthood - By age 30, most have established families and must deal with parent-child problems - Economic burden - Emotional costs - 20s and 30s, parenting has been described as a continuing process of letting go - Involves separation from their children who are starting school - men have been more concerned with their work and occupational advancement than with child rearing - women have been more concerned about their role as mothers than with advancement in their occupation - Adoption - Replaced institutional care as the preferred way to raise children who are neglected, unwanted, or abandoned - Parent-child developmental issues - Adoption issues

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Adopted children are more likely to develop conduct disorders, problems with drug abuse, and antisocial personality traits

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT