Actividad Nombres Compuestos Ii-2009

Sección 1 1. Lee el siguiente texto 2.- Reunirse en equipos de 5 personas 3.- Extrae la idea principal del texto 4.- Extrae del texto 5 nombres compuestos e indica su significado en Español. 5.- Extrae del texto una oración con cada uno de los siguientes tiempos verbales y coloca el significado de dichas oraciones. - Simple Present - Simple Past - Present Perfect - Past Perfect 6.- Explica el contenido del texto en máximo 6 líneas 7.- Utilicen el formato que se encuentra en la diapositiva ubicada después del texto para el desarrollo de la actividad. 8.- Utilicen Powerpoint para el desarrollo de la actividad. NO necesitan incluir el texto en las diapositivas donde estará la actividad. 9.- Deben enviar su presentación al correo de la profesora: [email protected] Prof. Yohimar Sivira

Texto 1

Sección 1

Ep idem iol ogy is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine. It is considered a cornerstone methodology of public health research, and is highly regarded in evidence-based medicine for identifying risk factors for disease and determining optimal treatment approaches to clinical practice. In the study of communicable and non-communicable diseases, the work of epidemiologists ranges from outbreak investigation to study design, data collection and analysis including the development of statistical models to test hypotheses and the documentation of results for submission to peer-reviewed journals. Epidemiologists rely on a number of other scientific disciplines, such as biology (to better understand disease processes), Geographic Information Science (to store data and map disease patterns) and social science disciplines including philosophy (to better understand proximate and distal risk factors). The Greek physician Hippocrates is sometimes said to be the uncle of epidemiology. He is the first person known to have examined the relationships between the occurrence of disease and environmental influences. He coined the terms endemic (for diseases usually found in some places but not in others) and epidemic (for disease that are seen at some times but not others) One of the earliest theories on the origin of disease was that it was primarily the fault of human luxury. This was expressed by philosophers such as Plato and Rousseau, and social critics like Jonathan Swift. In the medieval Islamic world, physicians discovered the contagious nature of infectious disease. In particular, the Persian physician Avicenna, considered a "father of modern medicine," in The Canon of Medicine (1020s), discovered the contagious nature of tuberculosis and sexually transmitted disease, and the distribution of disease through water and soil.. Avicenna stated that bodily secretion is contaminated by foul foreign earthly bodies before being infected. He introduced the method of quarantine as a means of limiting the spread of contagious disease. He also used the method of risk factor analysis, and proposed the idea of a syndrome in the diagnosis of specific diseases.

When the Black Death (bubonic plague) reached Al Andalus in the 14th century, Ibn Khatima hypothesized that infectious diseases are caused by small "minute bodies" which enter the human body and cause disease. Another 14th century Andalusian-Arabian physician, Ibn al-Khatib (1313–1374), wrote a treatise called On the Plague, in which he stated how infectious disease can be transmitted through bodily contact and "through garments, vessels and earrings." In the middle of the 16th century, a famous Italian doctor from Verona named Girolamo Fracastoro was the first to propose a theory that these very small, unseeable, particles that cause disease were alive. They were considered to be able to spread by air, multiply by themselves and to be destroyable by fire. In this way he refuted Galen's theory of miasms (poison gas in sick people). In 1543 he wrote a book De contagione et contagiosis morbis, in which he was the first to promote personal and environmental hygiene to prevent disease. The development of a sufficiently powerful microscope by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1675 provided visual evidence of living particles consistent with a germ theory of disease. John Graunt, a professional haberdasher and serious amateur scientist, published Natural and Political Observations ... upon the Bills of Mortality in 1662. In it, he was using analysis of the mortality rolls in London before the Great Plague to present one of the first life tables and report time trends for many diseases, new and old. He provided statistical evidence for many theories on disease, and also refuted many widespread ideas on them. Dr. John Snow is famous for his investigations into the causes of the 19th Century Cholera epidemics. He began with noticing the significantly higher death rates in two areas supplied by Southwark Company. His identification of the Broad Street pump as the cause of the Soho epidemic is considered the classic example of epidemiology. He used chlorine in an attempt to clean the water and had the handle removed, thus ending the outbreak. (It has been questioned as to whether the epidemic was already in decline when Snow took action.) This has been perceived as a major event in the history of public health and can be regarded as the founding event of the science of epidemiology. Other pioneers include Danish physician P. A. Schleisner, who in 1849 related his work on the prevention of the epidemic of tetanus neonatorum on the Vestmanna Islands in Iceland. Another important pioneer was Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis, who in 1847 brought down infant mortality at a Vienna hospital by instituting a disinfection procedure. His findings were published in 1850, but his work was ill received by his colleagues, who discontinued the procedure. Disinfection had not become widely practiced until British surgeon Joseph Lister 'discovered' antiseptics in 1865 in light of the work of Louis Pasteur. In the early 20th century, mathematical methods were introduced into epidemiology by Ronald Ross, Anderson Gray McKendrick and others. Another breakthrough was the 1954 publication of the results of a British Doctors Study, led by Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill, which lent very strong statistical support to the suspicion that tobacco smoking was linked to lung cancer.

Integrantes: Parte I:

Idea Principal del texto

Parte II:

5 Nombres Compuestos

Ej: Blackboard:_______Pizarra____ Parte III:

Oraciones con diferentes tiempos verbales Simple present Ej: I study Medicine a UNEFM Significado: Yo estudio Medicina en la UNEFM

Parte IV:

Explicación breve del Contenido del

texto

Prof. Yohimar Sivira

Sección 2 1. Lee el siguiente texto 2.- Reunirse en equipos de 5 personas 3.- Extrae la idea principal del texto 4.- Extrae del texto 5 nombres compuestos e indica su significado en Español. 5.- Extrae del texto una oración con cada uno de los siguientes tiempos verbales y coloca el significado de dichas oraciones. - Simple Present - Simple Past - Present Perfect - Past Perfect 6.- Explica el contenido del texto en máximo 6 líneas 7.- Utiliza el formato que se encuentra en la diapositiva ubicada después del texto para el desarrollo de la actividad. 8.- Utilicen Powerpoint para el desarrollo de la actividad. NO necesitan incluir el texto en las diapositivas donde estará la actividad. 9.- Deben enviar su presentación al correo de la profesora: [email protected] Prof. Yohimar Sivira

Lessons from History: Human Anatomy, Sección from2the Origin to the Renaissance Texto

The essential knowledge of anatomy has remained one of the basic principles of surgery over the centuries. Human anatomy is the ‘physics’ of medical sciences. The word anatomy was gotten from the Greek word “anatom? ” meaning to cut up or to cut repeatedly (‘ana’-up; ‘tome’-cut) (Anson 1908). The intellectual development of anatomy began in the golden age of Greece (Phillips 1973). The Greeks demonstrated unrelenting efforts to understand the workings of the living body and to build a coherent system of the workings. Hippocrates II was the first to write about human anatomy. The Greeks’ pursuance was targeted at animal anatomy because dissection was forbidden on religious grounds then. This was largely out of respect for the dead and the then popular belief that dead human bodies still have some awareness of things that happen to it and therefore still had an absolute right to be buried intact and undisturbed. After the fall of the Roman Empire, there was minimal progress in the development of anatomy. Its development was significantly slowed down by the doctrine, philosophy and practice of the authoritarian era. The advent of the renaissance about a 1000 years later witnessed a resurrection of its development. The development of Neuroanatomy from the beginning to the renaissance has revolved around great men like Hippocrates, Aristotle, Herophilus, Galen and Vesalius. Alcmaeon and Empedocles. The scientific dissection and vivisection of animals may have begun with the work of Alcmaeon (500 B.C.) of Crotona in Italy and Empedocles (490-430 B.C.) in Sicily. Alcmaeon was both a great physician and anatomist. He had published a treatise entitled “On Nature”(Durant 1939b). In preparation for this book, he had dissected many animals and described his findings in detail. This great anatomist was the first to describe and locate the optic nerve and the auditive tube (Eustachian tube), and he is also given the credit for proposing that the brain is the seat of consciousness, intelligence and emotions. Empedocles, who believed that the heart distributed life-giving heat to the body, initiated the idea that an ethereal substance called pneuma, which was both life and soul, flowed through the blood vessels. Although such early anatomists were often incorrect, their work was essential to the development of later scientists. Hippocrates II. Anatomical inferences without dissection continued in Greece with Hippocrates II (460-370 B.C.), who is known as the Father of Medicine. Hippocrates of Cos was born to Heraclides and Phaenarete. His father and mother were descendants of Asclepius and Hercules respectively. He was a 17th-generation ancient Greek physician and the first to write about human anatomy even though he did not restrict himself in stricto sensu to anatomy. He might also be called the Father of Holistic Medicine, since he advocated the importance of the relationship between patient, physician, and disease in title diagnosis and treatment of illness. This philosophy was rejected at a time when diseases were still thought to be punishments from the gods. To him should go the credit for partially freeing medicine from mysticism and magic. In spite of the mythical milieu in which he lived and practised with other physicians, Hippocratic books contained anatomical factual passages that were based on the inspection of skeletons as well as from observations of living bodies injured and uninjured. Seizing every opportunity to investigate his assumptions and develop his opinions he had some accurate observations on osteology. He demonstrated the sutures of the cranium, shape of the bones and their mutual connections.

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Prof. Yohimar Sivira

observations and unconfirmed opinions is a pitfall from which we can all still learn today. In this respect, he relied on initial observations and formulation of ideas. We could say that in spite of his precocious empiricism, he was essentially an idealist. The concepts of hypothesis and experimentations for positive proofs were to come centuries later. He called the brain a gland, from which exudes a viscid fluid. He seems to be unaware of the central nervous system. He used the term nerve, to signify a sinew or a tendon. Many agrarian languages still use the same term for ‘nerves’ and ‘tendons’ today. Even then morphology, nomenclature and taxonomy were not concepts that occurred or were clear to any minds at that time. His believe was that the arteries were filled with air, an idea gained from their emptiness in dead animals (Durant 1939b), that the lungs consist of five ashcoloured lobes, the substance of which is cellular (honeycomb-like) and spongy, naturally dry, but refreshed by the air; and that the kidneys were glands, but possess an attractive faculty, by virtue of which the moisture of the drink is separated and descends into the bladder. Conceptually, and in arrears note worthy were his genius to move from descriptive work in to essential questions as well as his efforts to relate structure and form to Aristotle. (384 - 322 B.C.), known as Aristoteles in in most languagesAnthropomorphism other than English,and is function, in spite of the residual anthropomorphism his paradigm. one of the towering timessciences and considered Charles Darwin the world’s personification wereintellects commonof in all natural in those by days and are yet toas completely greatest natural scientist. Along with Plato who was his teacher, he is often considered to be vanish even today. one of the two most influential and greatest natural philosophers in Western thought. Maximising what was culturally available to him, Aristotle studied animals which he dissected and based his opinions of the human body on his findings in animals. He however merely speculated about the internal organs in humans based on the internal parts of animals most nearly allied to humans. Aristotle laid the foundation of comparative anatomy and established embryology on a scientific foundation by his direct studies of the chick embryo. His preformation theory of embryonic development survived in one form or the other until the 17th century. The first three books of “Historia Animalium”, a treatise consisting of ten books, and the four books on “The Parts of Animals”, constitute the great monument of the Aristotelian Anatomy. In human anatomy Herophilus outclassed him, largely because Herophilus had human cadavers for study (Durant 1939a). Aristotle was the first who corrected the erroneous statements of Polybus, Syennesis and Diogenes regarding the blood vessels, which they thought arose from the head and brain. He distinguished the thick, firm and more tendinous structure of the aorta from the thin and membranous structure of vein; he however mistook the ureters for branches of the aorta. Of the nerves he thought they arose from the heart and that they connect all articulated bones; in these, this great authority certainly made his conclusions more certain than his factual premises allowed. With the liver and spleen, and the whole alimentary canal, he was well acquainted. A lot of credit however must go to this indisputable father of comparative anatomy. His venturing into embryology is contextually mind-boggling. The total effect of Aristotle on learning in arrears has been a mixed blessing. Prevailing idealism in philosophy and science kept the world merely speculating on his profound works, waiting for the renaissance to let in the fresh air and sunlight of empiricism

Integrantes:xxxx Parte I:

Idea Principal del texto

Parte II:

5 Nombres Compuestos

Ej: Blackboard:_______Pizarra____ Parte III:

Oraciones con diferentes tiempos verbales Ej: Simple present I study Medicine a UNEFM Significado: Yo estudio Medicina en la UNEFM

Parte IV:

Explicación breve del Contenido del

texto

Prof. Yohimar Sivira